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Rapid increase in use of fungicides for the agricultural and industrial purposes has marked the deterioration of water resources which ultimately affects the human life. Accordingly, various attempts have been made in the removal of these noxious compounds. In the same context, we are presenting biopolymers based nanohydrogel sheets; guar gum- crosslinked -Soya lecithin nanohydrogel sheets (GG- crosslinked -SY NHS) used for the effective removal of a fungicide; thiophanate methyl from aqueous solution. Guar gum and soya lecithin were employed as the biopolymers in the fabrication of nanohydrogel sheets due to their non- toxic nature, easy availability, cheapness and significant properties. Due to the presence of highly reactive functional groups onto the surface of GG- crosslinked -SY NHS, good adsorption results have been obtained. Maximum adsorption capacity of 59.205 mg/g was observed with 20 mg GG- crosslinked -SY NHS and 25 ppm thiophanate methyl solution concentration as calculated from the Langmuir isotherm. Results showed that neutral pH favoured the adsorption process. Kinetics results were indicative of the physical interactions between the thiophanate methyl and GG- crosslinked -SY NHS surface. Thermodynamic results have shown the spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs), as emerging pollutants, have attracted the attention of environmentalists, statespersons, and the scientific community over the last few decades. To address the spread of MPs in the environment, it is imperative to develop various removal techniques and materials that are effective, scalable, and ecologically benign. However, to the best of our knowledge, no review has systematically examined the removal of MPs using adsorption or provided an in-depth discussion on various adsorbents. Adsorption is an inexpensive and effective technology for wastewater treatment. Recently, many researchers have conducted studies on MP remediation using diverse adsorbent materials, such as biochar, activated carbon, sponges, carbon nanotubes, metal-layered oxides, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and zeolites. Each adsorbent has advantages and disadvantages. To overcome their disadvantages, researchers have been designing and developing hybrid adsorbents for MP remediation. This review provides insights into these individual adsorbents and also discusses hybrid adsorbents for MP removal. Finally, the review elaborates on future possibilities and ways to enable more efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly MP cleanup. Overall, this review bridges the gap between contemporary MP remediation using adsorption techniques and adsorbent development. [Display omitted] • Adsorption-based microplastic remediation was reviewed. • The factors affecting microplastic adsorption were thoroughly discussed. • A comprehensive analysis is presented on several microplastic adsorbents. • Microplastic adsorption challenges and future perspectives are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid industrial development is associated with high discharge of toxic pollutants into the environment. The industries discharge their wastewater containing organic pollutants directly into the water system without treating them that has posed many serious threats to environmental protection. The use of bioadsorbents for the removal of such toxic pollutants from the waste water due to its simple synthesis, easy operation, effectiveness, and economic viability have emerged a new dimension in the wastewater treatment approaches. Various adsorbents have been prepared to examine their adsorption capacity against different adsorbates, but, to attain sustainability, biocompatibility, and biodegradation, bio-adsorbents have been found to won the battle. Seaweed derived polysaccharide; Carrageenan (CR) has been proven to be an excellent adsorbent for the wastewater treatment. It has been successfully modified with various components to form CR based-magnetic composites, hydrogels, nanoparticle modified CR composites and many others to enrich and diversify its properties. In this review, we have explained the adsorption behaviour of various carrageenan based adsorbents for the removal of different dyes. The influence of various parameters such as the effect of initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, pH, temperature, and ion concentration on dye adsorption is well explained. This paper also summarizes the structure, morphology, swelling ability, and thermal stability of carrageenan. The data also expounds on the adsorption capacity, kinetic model, isotherm model, and nature of the adsorption process. Different types of solvents are used for the regeneration and reusability of carrageenan adsorbents and their regeneration studies and desorption efficiency is well-explained. The adsorption mechanism of dyes onto carrageenan based adsorbents has been well described in this review. This review provides a deep insight about the use of carrageenan based adsorbents for the wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] • A comprehensive review based on carrageenan or its various composites. • Carrageenan based adsorbents for removal of numerous pollutants were surveyed. • Various influential factors on the adsorption was taken into consideration. • Various categories of carrageenan were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoride contamination of groundwater is a serious problem in several countries of the world because of the intake of excessive fluoride caused by the drinking of the contaminated groundwater. Geological and anthropogenic factors are responsible for the contamination of groundwater with fluoride. Excess amounts of fluoride in potable water may cause irreversible demineralisation of bone and tooth tissues, a condition called fluorosis, and long-term damage to the brain, liver, thyroid, and kidney. There has long been a need for fluoride removal from potable water to make it safe for human use. From among several defluoridation technologies, adsorption is the technology most commonly used due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of operation, and simple physical process. In this paper, the adsorption capacities and fluoride removal efficiencies of different types of adsorbents are compiled from relevant published data available in the literature and represented graphically. The most promising adsorbents tested so far from each category of adsorbents are also highlighted. There is still a need to discover the actual feasibility of usage of adsorbents in the field on a commercial scale and to define the reusability of adsorbents to reduce cost and the waste produced from the adsorption process. The present paper reviews the currently available methods and emerging approaches for defluoridation of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]