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This article pushes towards the integration of the history of Black Adult Education (AE) into the broader history of AE literature and it contributes a critique of the field's general omissions and misrepresentations of Black history. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to critique the white-dominated history of AE texts and (2) to provide a historiographical essay that highlights works focused on the Black history of AE. In doing so, we offer a historical counternarrative rooted in the secondary historical literature that addresses the history of Black education. Ultimately, this paper critiques historiographical essays focused on AE, situates our discussion within debates on approaches to race in AE, and revisits works of Black AE from within the field as well as key works by educational historians that address issues related to Black AE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“This is a Black Paper,” declared BUILD’s statement criticizing the Buffalo Public School system for providing inferior education to black children in Buffalo, New York. Written in 1967 by the community organization, BUILD (which stood for Build Unity, Independence, Liberty, and Dignity), “BUILD Black Paper Number One” was a call for change. Like other black communities in late 1960s America, black Buffalo was caught up in the fervor of the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements. A “Rust Belt” city, Buffalo was hit hard by deindustrialization, which, coupled with unemployment, segregated housing and unequal education, adversely affected its black community. In 1967, a riot exploded in Buffalo’s predominantly black East Side. This article analyzes statements made by black Buffalonians and argues that Black Power thrived in Buffalo in the late 1960s, through community organizations which attempted to address urban issues that negatively affected African Americans in a postindustrial city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, there are a large number of incarcerated individuals, resulting in high numbers of previously incarcerated individuals out on parole undergoing reentry into society. An aging prison population translates to an older parolee population and increased incidence of kidney disease requiring either long‐term dialysis or transplantation. This paper argues that due to challenges specific to the parolee population as well as societal biases and priorities, Transplant Centers and healthcare professionals face an ethical imperative to attend to the needs of parolees as a class and take steps to address challenges related to access to Centers for renal transplantation evaluation for this disadvantaged group. It will first review the regulatory context of kidney transplantation and highlight the specific ways it effects parolees. The paper will then discuss the broader social context of parolee reentry into society and barriers faced by parolees in this process. This ethical analysis examines the complexity of these issues, and deliberates on ways to balance the competing priorities of justice, respect for this patient population as individuals and as a disadvantaged class, and the societal interests regarding organ allocation and considerable economic burdens of end‐stage renal disease on parolees, the justice system, and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health needs and relationships of Black women partnered with behaviorally bisexual Black men are under addressed in the public health literature. This paper explores the relationship dynamics of Black women’s sexual relationships with behaviorally bisexual Black men. We conducted thirty qualitative interviews with a group of HIV negative and HIV positive women partnered with behaviorally bisexual Black men in the San Francisco Bay Area. Women took part in a one-time qualitative interview that addressed relationships, bisexual partners, sexuality, HIV risk behaviors, and disclosure. Women described experiences of their own and their partner’s experiences of disclosure and sexual stigma, along with structural racism and masculine cultural norms that contribute to men’s non-disclosure of sex with men. The paper identifies the ways in which disclosure and stigma are experienced by a sample of women in relationships with behaviorally bisexual Black male partners, pointing to the ways in which these women demonstrate sexual agency in these relationships. These sexual narratives emphasize the ways in which Black women are at once agentic and also navigate gendered vulnerability in their relationships with bisexual men. These findings of Black women’s sexual agency present a call to develop health interventions resonant with Black women’s relationship experiences and structures of bisexual relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the lived experience of stress as described by Black childbearing women. Design: A phenomenological approach was used. Methods: Seven mothers who met inclusion criteria participated in both individual and group interviews between August 2018 and August 2019. Each session was audio recorded and professionally transcribed. Consistent with van Manen's phenomenological approach, three rounds of reflective transcript analysis were conducted over several months. Results: Several stress themes were identified from the data. However, the most pervasive theme was the fear of having a son and keeping him safe. In this paper, the themes of Living in Fear and Living with Fear are detailed. Conclusion: Previous research has found that Black populations in America fear for their safety. This study identified a pervasive and profound fear for their children, specifically sons who are at a higher risk of being killed in normal daily activities. Mothers also expressed fears about their responsibility to keep them safe by providing the right tools. Impact: Although scientists have long studied poor pregnancy outcomes for Black American women, the disparity persists. This study sought to identify stressors acknowledged by Black mothers themselves. For the first time, Black mothers stated that their primary stress is fear for their children's lives. The role this fear has in adverse pregnancy outcomes, if any, is yet to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black/African Americans have the most severe and disproportionate burden of HIV of all racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Oppression operates at four interrelated levels (i.e., socio-structural (macro), institutional (exo), community/family (meso), and inter- and intrapersonal (micro)) that perpetuate the HIV epidemic in Black/African American communities. Oppressive (e.g., racist and sexist) cultural scripts transferred to individuals through community, family and interpersonal relationships may play a role in HIV/STI risk. However, socio-behavioral health interventions or behavioral risk reduction interventions have traditionally focused solely on individual-level health risk behaviors allowing invisible, inequitable socio-structural factors to continue unchallenged. A new intervention, Black Men and Women: Empowering Self, Relationships and Community, was sculpted from two existing interventions Community Wise and Men of African American Legacy Empowering Self (MAALES) to develop awareness of oppressive cultural scripts operating on interpersonal and intrapersonal levels and to take action against these oppressive messages to reclaim identity, restore relationships, and build community. This paper summarizes the theory and selected sociodramatic components of the intervention that promote healing in action to reduce HIV/STI risk among heterosexually identified, low-income African American men and women with multiple sex partners. Lessons learned in theory, research and practice are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the transnational networks formed between women who were part of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) within the United States (US) and its South African missionary societies during the early twentieth century. From the outset, these networks enabled South African women to gain tertiary education in the US, but were nonetheless entrenched in unequal power dynamics. US-based women considered themselves metaphorical mothers to the female South African members, portraying the African women as daughters in need of social and financial support. US AME women were complex role models for Black African women who could not reasonably maintain the lifestyle enjoyed by many AME missionary women. Often, however, South African women appear to have utilized these unequal power dynamics, embracing the rhetoric of being “forlorn daughters” of Africa to maintain the AME’s support. Nevertheless, these networks helped sustain both US and South African women’s participation within the AME Church. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Homeschooling has witnessed an upsurge in the United States since the movement for school choice gained momentum in the 1990s. Most research on homeschooling has been on non-representative samples of median-income white Americans, making it difficult for policymakers to accept its reliability. In addition, homeschoolers now include other ethnic groups and families with low socio-economic status, who existing research has largely ignored. We also know little about the families' perceptions of barriers to homeschooling. In this paper, we address these gaps in homeschooling research by analyzing a state-representative sample of homeschooling families in Georgia belonging to a fragile community (e.g., household income $40,000 or less, disproportionately African American, children ages 2–18) recruited to the panel through randomized double-blind methods. Cross-sectional findings suggest that demographic variables do not explain much of the variation in homeschooling. Four perceived barriers stand out as significant negative predictors of both outcomes (i.e., now homeschooling and desire to homeschool). These barriers are parents not understanding homeschool laws, having various concerns about their children (e.g., concern social services agency may bother them if they homeschool), apprehensions about the socialization of their children, and unease about their own knowledge to homeschool. Findings suggest that policymakers should differentiate between the barriers to homeschooling faced by fragile families that do not already homeschool their children versus those that currently homeschool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterosexual African American youth face substantial disparities in sexual health consequences such as HIV and STI. Based on the social ecological framework, the current paper provides a comprehensive, narrative review of the past 14 years of literature examining HIV/STI risk, including risky sexual behavior, among heterosexual African American youth and a conceptual model of risk among this population. The review found that individual psychological and biological factors are insufficient to explain the sexual health disparities faced by this group; instead, structural disadvantage, interpersonal risk, and community dysfunction contribute to the disparity in HIV/STI outcomes directly and indirectly through individual psychological factors. The conceptual model presented suggests that for African American youth, (1) HIV/STI risk commonly begins at the structural level and trickles down to the community, social, and individual levels, (2) risk works in a positive feedback system such that downstream effects compound the influence of structural risks, and (3) contextual and individual risk factors must be considered within the advanced stage of the epidemic facing this population. Despite advanced HIV and STI epidemics among heterosexual African American youth, multisystemic interventions that target structural risk factors and their downstream effects are posited to reduce the disparity among this high-risk population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand health disparities, it is important to use an intersectional framework that examines unique experiences of oppression faced by particular groups due to their intersecting identities and social positions linked to societal structures. We focus on Black and Latina women and their experiences with 'gendered racism' – unique forms of oppression due to the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender – to foster understanding of disparities between Black and Latina versus White women in sexual and reproductive health outcomes in the U.S. Specifically, we focus on stereotype-related gendered racism (ongoing discrimination and stereotype threat based on historically-rooted stereotypes about Black and Latina women's sexuality and motherhood) and birth control-related mistrust (ongoing mistrust of the government and medical system related to birth control due to historical and current abuses). Design: We analyzed data from two survey studies with adult women in New York (Study 1: paper-and-pencil community data collection, N = 135, Mage = 43.35) and across the U.S. (Study 2: online data collection, N = 343, Mage = 29.49) who were currently pregnant or had at least one child and identified as Black, Latina, or White. Results: Black and Latina women reported greater frequency of and concern over stereotype-related gendered racism (F(3,131) = 17.90, p <.001 Study 1; F(3,339) = 22.23, p <.001 Study 2) and greater birth control-related mistrust (F(3,131) = 7.55, p <.001 Study 1; F(3,339) = 17.32, p <.001 Study 2) than White women did. In turn, stereotype-related gendered racism was positively associated with pregnancy-specific stress (ß =.40, p <.001 Study 1; ß =.33, p <.001 Study 2), and birth control-related mistrust was negatively associated with sexual relationship power (ß = −.19, p =.002 Study 2), which are factors known to contribute to birth outcomes and sexual risk, respectively. Conclusion: Findings suggest that gendered racism may play an important role in existing racial/ethnic disparities in women's sexual and reproductive health outcomes, and interventions addressing gendered racism at multiple levels are needed to promote health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecstasy is a drug commonly associated with all-night, or all-weekend electronic dance events known as raves. Upper- and middle-class clubs, gay bars and clubs, and party venues are other common public settings where ecstasy use occurs. During the mid to late 1990s its use was reported in locations as distant as Australia and New Zealand, England and Scotland, and North America. In the United States, use increased dramatically at the end of the millennium, and drug monitoring systems began to report its presence among urban youth. Using social influence, social marketing and diffusion theory, this paper outlines the micro-level processes through which ecstasy traveled from downtown clubs catering to suburban young adults through urban youth networks through distributors and users. The paper is based on participant observation, and in-depth interviews with dealers and users collected during the period of peak diffusion 1999-2001, and survey data collected from 401 poly-drug users between the ages of 16 and 24 and collected at two time points from 1999-2002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review examines the impact of parental preconception adversity on offspring mental health among African Americans (AAs) and Native Americans (NAs), two populations that have experienced historical trauma and currently experience ethnic/racial mental health disparities in the United States. PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies that included at least two generations of AAs or NAs from the same family, measured parental preconception adversity and their offspring's mental health, and examined the association between these variables. Over 3,200 articles were screened, and 18 articles representing 13 unique studies were included in this review. Among the studies with samples that included AAs (n = 12, 92%), 10 (83%) reported a significant association between parental preconception adversity and adverse offspring mental health. The only study with a sample of NAs (n = 1, 8%) also reported a significant association between these variables. Although the literature suggests that parental preconception adversity is associated with offspring mental health among AAs and NAs, it must be interpreted in the context of the small number of studies on this topic and the less-than-ideal samples utilized—just one study included a sample of NAs and several studies (n = 6, 46%) used multi-ethnic/racial samples without testing for ethnic/racial disparities in their results. A more rigorous body of literature on this topic is needed as it may help explain an important factor underlying ethnic/racial mental health disparities, with important implications for interventions and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been extensive research and examination dedicated to the advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurship, both in general and specifically for African Americans. Significant research has been devoted to understanding the economic outcomes of African American men, and there is an area of opportunity to study how African American men, specifically, can leverage entrepreneurship to increase the probability of successful economic outcomes for themselves and their families. Entrepreneurial research has the potential to be leveraged to combat waning labor force participation rates and heightened unemployment rates among African American men. Leveraging the theories of Trust, Goal-Orientation, Logotherapy, and Social Identity Theory, a study was conducted among United States-based business owners. The sample size was forty-one African American male business owners. The results demonstrate how these African American men have leveraged entrepreneurship to build social capital and wealth, while improving their standard of living, as well as highlight the hurdles and barriers they have endured during the process of business ownership. The majority of African American owned business are owned by African American men, and this study provides insights into the phenomenology of African American male entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roman Catholic Studies has had little interest in or sources on Catholics marginalized by region or age or both. Challenging this assumed wisdom calls for a new orientation to the study of Catholicism, an orientation found in Anthropology. In this paper, I question why scholars have failed to ask questions about how age—different stations in life and varying generational contexts, across space, time and within one historical moment—shapes Roman Catholic practice on the individual as well as communal level? To attempt to answer this question, I use examples from my work; two ethnographic studies with Southern Catholics of all ages to explore how an interdisciplinary, anthropological approach provides scholars with a new set of questions, draws their attention to new arenas of religious action, and broadens the cast of characters who play key roles in religious communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will attempt to identify and discuss the following issues: (1) the concepts of African American and Native American identities as aspects of the mode of production in Euro-American or Western capitalism, specifically as employed by the former North American colonies that now comprise the United States, as well as the United States during the modern era; (2) How these identities in the form of "Blackness" and "Indianness" were utilized to establish Euro-American capitalism in the modern era; (3) The concept of political and economic upheaval in the form of what I have dubbed the "Montezuma Effect"; and finally, (4) how mental and physical maroon spaces within the overlapping realms of Indianness and Blackness present the potentiality of a Montezuma Effect to take hold in modern capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have long documented the need for increased representation of African American teachers in the United States teacher workforce. However, much of the resulting literature has been unsuccessful in eliciting change, as it does not explain why this need for increased representation persists. To address this gap, various researchers have turned to documenting the barriers which exist for African Americans at multiple stages of the process of becoming a teacher. This paper reviews, summarizes, and critiques this literature in order to document and describe the current depiction of the context of becoming a teacher for African Americans. Limitations in the literature are described based on Padilla (Handb Res Multicult Educ 2:127-145, 2004), and future steps to accommodate for and surpass the weaknesses of the current literature are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the disproportionate killings of Blacks in the United States of America by the police. I argue that the legal standards in the United States regulate the use of force by police officers, are tainted with bias and do not comply with international law. I further argue that that the grand jury process and prosecutors involved in prosecuting police officers who kill blacks are tainted with implicit bias. This results in impunity for these killings. I conclude with several recommendations on how to combat police brutality against blacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the efforts of Frederick L. Hoffman-a statistician and actuary with Prudential Life Insurance-to chart African American proletarianization through actuarial narratives of race suicide in turn-of-the-century America. Drawing on works such as 'Vital Statistics of the Negro' (1892), Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro (1896), and Hoffman's voluminous personal correspondence, this paper details how the young actuary used the metrics of crime, race mixing, and the broadly defined 'vital capacity' (a measure of respiratory health) to quantify the respective social, physical, and economic effects of African Americans' transition from bonded to contract labour. With the rise of corporate industrial insurance, health-or more specifically death-became a key commodity in racial labour division. Positing mortality as the primary marker of racial health, actuaries such as Hoffman drew on the narrative discourses of evolutionary theory to quantify and monetize shifts in political economy through the rhetoric of race suicide. Paired with the narrative structures of scientific management, these actuarial narratives of racial health told stories of development and decline, efficiency and inefficiency, and the constant tension between civilization and savagery. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and the desire to maintain the hierarchies of white supremacy made the figure of the 'vanishing Negro' an imperative of turn-of-the-century American political economy and a cautionary tale of the perils of racial decline in a rapidly modernizing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research highlights the importance and pervasiveness of racial discrimination for minority youth in the United States. Adolescents may experience either personal or group race-based discrimination. While past research found both forms of discrimination are harmful to well-being it is unknown whether parental microprotections, which may buffer against the negative effects of discrimination, protect against both forms of discrimination. Informed by ecological frameworks the present study examined whether parent microprotections (parental warmth/acceptance, cultural socialization, preparation for bias) buffered the effects of personal and group discrimination on adolescents' depressive symptoms. Participants were African American early adolescents ( N = 129; 58% female) and their parents (90% mothers). Adolescents attended a Midwestern, Title 1, urban, public middle school and completed surveys in their homerooms and parents completed paper-pencil surveys at home, online or surveys via telephone. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test whether adolescents' personal and group discrimination at school were related to their reports of depressive symptoms and evaluate whether parent microprotections buffered these associations. Results showed that parental microprotections moderated the effects of personal discrimination on depressive symptoms but did not buffer the effects of group discrimination. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing between personal and group discrimination. Further, additional protective factors need to be identified and tested to better understand parental actions that potentially buffer the negative effects of discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Young Black gay and bisexual men (YBGBM) in the United States face significant disparities in HIV care outcomes. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have shown promise with improving outcomes for YBGBM across the HIV care continuum. Methods: We developed an mHealth application using human-centered design (HCD) from 2019–2021 in collaboration with YBGBM living with HIV and with HIV service providers. Our HCD process began with six focus groups with 50 YBGBM and interviews with 12 providers. These insights were used to inform rapid prototyping, which involved iterative testing and refining of program features and content, with 31 YBGBM and 12 providers. We then collected user feedback via an online survey with 200 YBGBM nationwide and usability testing of a functional prototype with 21 YBGBM. Results: Focus groups and interviews illuminated challenges faced by YBGBM living with HIV, including coping with an HIV diagnosis, stigma, need for social support, and a dearth of suitable information sources. YBGBM desired a holistic approach that could meet the needs of those newly diagnosed as well as those who have been living with HIV for many years. Program preferences included video-based content where users could learn from peers and experts, a range of topics, a community of people living with HIV, and tools to support their health and well-being. Providers expressed enthusiasm for an mHealth program to improve HIV care outcomes and help them serve clients. Rapid prototyping resulted in a list of content topics, resources, video characteristics, community features, and mHealth tools to support adherence, retention, goal setting, and laboratory results tracking, as well as tools to help organization staff to support clients. Online survey and usability testing confirmed the feasibility, acceptability, and usability of the content, tools, and features. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the potential of a video-based mHealth program to address the unique needs of YBGBM living with HIV, offering support and comprehensive information through a user-friendly interface and videos of peers living with HIV and of experts. The HCD approach allowed for continuous improvements to the concept to maximize cultural appropriateness, utility, and potential effectiveness for both YBGBM and HIV service organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the crucial role the COVID-19 vaccine played in curbing the pandemic, a significant portion of Black and African American individuals expressed hesitancy toward being vaccinated. This review aimed to identify the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Black and African American individuals in the U.S. The literature search was conducted in December 2022 according to the PRISMA criteria focusing on empirical studies. Data extraction methods, critical appraisal, and secondary thematic analysis were conducted on both quantitative and qualitative studies. Sixteen quantitative studies identified the key factors associated with vaccine hesitancy, such as confidence in vaccine effectiveness, safety, and trust in the healthcare system. Fourteen qualitative studies revealed major themes of mistrust, fear, and information needs, including historical mistrust, concerns about the vaccine development process, and contemporary institutional mistrust. The synthesis of quantitative and qualitative findings derived from this review provides a nuanced understanding of the determinants of vaccine hesitancy in Black and African American communities in the U.S., offering a foundation for the development of evidence-based interventions. Mistrust in the healthcare system, fear, and informational gaps on vaccine safety and effectiveness were identified as significant barriers to vaccination, demanding targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to gain an understanding of the growth performance of top African American-owned employer firms when compared with their White counterparts. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses longitudinal, revenue data from a sample of the largest African American-owned employer firms in the USA with that of a comparable sample of White-owned firms. Findings – The paper finds that complex and volatile industry environments have a significantly greater negative impact on African American businesses than their White-owned counterparts. Social implications – The complexity and volatility associated with one of the most difficult US business environments since the 1940s may increase the performance disparity between established African American and White-owned firms. On a macroeconomic level, such a performance disparity will have significant negative impact on US economy output and job creation, particularly as the number of new minority businesses continues to outpace the rate of all US business. Originality/value – This is the only published research to date, which examines the growth of top African American businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The election of Barack Obama could not help but alter what Charles Johnson calls the 'black American narrative.' This paper focuses on the endurance of the black American masculine narrative over time, how it may have changed, and what might be at stake for its future in light of Obama's election. The black American masculine narrative brings with it different implications than those in play for 'black America' (however defined) more generally, including the laws of unintended consequences that find some critics looking back nostalgically to the days of segregation. The paper considers whether or not 'politician' might be added to the short list of potential career aspirations for African American men and whether or not such an addition would count as progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores why fewer African American women obtain leadership positions in higher education. This work originates from my personal accounts and experiences while engaging in false perspectives of self throughout my academic career . As an African American woman, who is currently in a doctoral program, I have experienced the negative effects when I have placed restrictions on my abilities to lead in academia. Through research findings my experiences are not isolated. Therefore, this paper addresses some of the pitfalls African American women often encounter when they harbor internal false perspectives or false self-concepts, which usually limits their progression into leadership roles in higher education. The study is an analysis of African American female academicians in leadership positions, specifically in the roles of college presidents, vice-presidents and provosts in colleges and universities in the United States. New Crisis (2001) reports 27 of the 2,320 four-year institutions of higher learning in the United States are reported to be led by Black women. This study is an historical collection of narratives and interviews of African American women leaders in higher education. This paper explores the common threads that bind them in womanhood and scholarship, and suggests strategies, qualities and characteristics necessary to increase the numbers of future Black female chief executives in higher education. The significance of this study may translate for other women of color internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African Americans who have spent formative years in the United States have a viewpoint grounded in a specific culture. This paper defines "African American mystery" as crime or detective fiction written by African Americans. African American mystery novels have grown in number and diversity over time. As the audience has grown, publishers and reviewers have given more attention to the genre. While the stories are not necessarily about race, they are richly imbued with African American culture and themes. An overview of review sources, an annotated bibliography of four essential back- ground sources, a classified list of African American mystery novels, and a list of award-winning African American mysteries are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The paper examines the role of community-based participatory research (CBPR) within the context of social justice literature and practice. Methods: Two CBPR case studies addressing health inequities related to Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular disease were selected from a national cross-site study assessing effective academic-community research partnerships. One CBPR partnership works with African Americans in rural Pemiscot County, Missouri and the other CBPR partnership works with African American and Latinos in urban South Bronx, New York City. Data collection included semi-structured key informant interviews and focus groups. Analysis focused on partnerships' context/ history and their use of multiple justice-oriented strategies to achieve systemic and policy changes in order to address social determinants of health in their communities. Results: Community context and history shaped each partnership's strategies to address social determinants. Four social justice approaches (identity/recognition, procedural, distributive, and structural justice) used by both partnerships were identified. These social justice approaches were employed to address underlying causes of inequitable distribution of resources and power structures, while remaining within a scientific research framework. Conclusion: CBPR can bridge the role of science with civic engagement and political participation, empowering community members to become political agents who integrate evidence into their social justice organizing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African Americans experience poorer diabetes outcomes than non-Hispanic Whites. Few clinical trials of diabetes self-management interventions specifically target African Americans, perhaps due to well-documented barriers to recruitment in this population. This paper describes strategies used to successfully recruit 211 low-income African Americans from community clinics of a large, urban public hospital system to a randomized clinical trial of an 18-month diabetes self-management intervention. Diabetes-related physiological, psychosocial, and behavioral characteristics of the sample are reported. The sample was 77% female, mean age = 55, mean A1C = 8.5%, 39% low health literacy, 28.4% moderate/severe depression, and 48.3% low adherence. Participants ate a high-fat diet with low vegetable consumption. Relative to males, females had higher BMI, depression, and stress, and better glycemic control, less physical activity, and less alcohol consumption. Males consumed more daily calories, but females consumed a greater proportion of carbohydrates. Gender-specific diabetes self-management strategies may be warranted in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perinatal depression is a serious public health issue among African American adolescents who experience significant racial health disparities in addition to age-related mental and physical health risks. Perinatal depression prevention interventions that specifically target the needs of African American adolescents are warranted. The current study presents the development and preliminary results of an intervention designed to prevent perinatal depression among African American adolescents using the heuristic framework for cultural adaptations. Adaptations were applied to an existing evidence-based cognitive behavioral group intervention to develop the Mothers and Babies Course for African American Adolescents. Adaptations were guided by qualitative data collected from a focus group and individual interviews, and by existing research on specific risk and protective factors that drive engagement with and barriers to interventions for this population. The adapted intervention was piloted with 7 pregnant and 21 postpartum African American adolescent students at four different public high schools in an urban city in the United States. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess pre- and post-intervention perinatal depression scores. Accessibility and feasibility were assessed using participant and observer evaluations, respectively. Results indicated reductions in pre- to post-intervention depression scores and high acceptability and feasibility of the pilot study. Additional adaptations of the intervention based on qualitative feedback from study participants are discussed. Future development and implementation of the intervention provides an opportunity to reduce a mental health disparity that disproportionately affects African American adolescents. Highlights: Perinatal depression is a serious public health issue among African American adolescents who experience significant racial health disparities in addition to age-related mental and physical health risks. Introduces adaptation methods and results of an intervention pilot-study designed to prevent perinatal depression among African American adolescents. The intervention was adapted from an existing evidence-based perinatal depression prevention intervention using the heuristic framework for cultural adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of AIDS & Behavior is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The USA is on the verge of becoming a majority-minority nation. Given their growing size and influence on American culture, multicultural segments can no longer be considered niche markets.They have indeed become an integral part of America's new mainstream, and brands must adapt their business models accordingly if they want to stay relevant and grow. The 'multicultural versus general market' paradigm is rapidly becoming obsolete. Instead, marketers are starting to evolve their thinking toward 'total market' approaches that leverage similarities and at the same time respect cultural nuances across and within consumer segments, including the non-Hispanic white majority.This journey is not easy. It has implications on virtually every step of the marketing cycle, from early-stage research and product development to the creation of marketing and commercial programmes. It often requires a change in corporate culture, too. Drawing on extensive research and consulting work done by the author, this paper provides several guiding principles to help brand owners navigate this new normal and turn the challenges of marketing to a culturally diverse audience into growth opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the involvement of the black nationalist Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in black political violence in the early-interwar period in the United States. Evidence suggests that the UNIA was the organisation most often involved in black political confrontations, and the article discusses how the state, the black and white press and other black activist organisations may have both benefitted from and perpetuated the UNIA's reputation for political violence. The essay argues that the UNIA's involvement in violence against other black organisations and groups can be explained partly by the intensity of the 'war of words' among prominent black leaders in the United States, such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. Furthermore, the article suggests that ethnic and gender differences within the American UNIA itself could exacerbate pre-existing tensions between different groups of Garveyites. Contextualising black political violence in these ways allows us to move beyond a reductionist view of grassroots Garveyites as prone to violence. Instead, this approach allows us to better understand the relationship between the famous 'war of words' and the kinds of tensions, confrontations and violence that sometimes occurred at grassroots level between supporters of different black organisations and groups. The article contributes not only to the growing historiography about the UNIA at grassroots level, but also to discussions about the militarisation of black protest during World War I and in the 1920s, including the use of self-defence and paramilitary-style tactics by people of African descent in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we review the contextual background that has provided the pretext for the varying responses by US corporations to Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) and Affirmative Action (AA) issues over the years. The Hewlett-Packard Company is used as a case study to explore specific responses to EEO/AA issues. From this case study, we derive practical implications for how corporations around the world might better negotiate the legal environment of their respective country, as it relates to EEO/AA issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Given the historical nature of the Obama presidency, this paper qualitatively examines whether black men and women believe the Obamas can change low marriage rates among blacks in America. By using a marital–political–cultural change framework as our foundation, this exploratory study examined the written responses of 17 blacks between the ages of 23 and 61 years to two questions. (1) “Do you believe that President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama have the ability to change low marriage rates among blacks in the United States?” (2) “In what ways can President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama change low marriage rates among blacks in the United States?” Qualitative analyses of the data resulted in four delineated themes: (1) the inability of the Obamas to change the importance of marriage; (2) the inability of the Obamas to change marital motivations and stability; (3) the ability of the Obamas to change low marriage rates among blacks through positive interactions; and (4) the ability of the Obamas to change low marriage rates among blacks as a positive model for marriage. Supporting qualitative data are presented in connection with each theme. Policy implications for black marriage are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

HOPE VI has funded the demolition of public housing developments across the United States and created in their place mixed-income communities that are often inaccessible to the majority of former tenants. This recent uprooting of low-income, urban, and predominantly African American communities raises concern about the health impacts of the HOPE VI program for a population that already shoulders an enormous burden of excess morbidity and mortality. In this paper, we rely on existing literature about HOPE VI relocation to evaluate the program from the perspective of weathering-a biosocial process hypothesized by Geronimus to underlie early health deterioration and excess mortality observed among African Americans. Relying on the weathering framework, we consider the effects of HOPE VI relocation on the material context of urban poverty, autonomous institutions that are health protective, and on the broader discourse surrounding urban poverty. We conclude that relocated HOPE VI residents have experienced few improvements to the living conditions and economic realities that are likely sources of stress and illness among this population. Additionally, we find that relocated residents must contend with these material realities, without the health-protective, community-based social resources that they often rely on in public housing. Finally, we conclude that by disregarding the significance of health-protective autonomous institutions and by obscuring the structural context that gave rise to racially segregated public housing projects, the discourse surrounding HOPE VI is likely to reinforce health-demoting stereotypes of low-income urban African American communities. Given the potential for urban and housing policies to negatively affect the health of an already vulnerable population, we argue that a health-equity perspective is a critical component of future policy conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we offer a conceptualization of mortgage foreclosure as serial displacement by highlighting the current crisis in the context of historically repeated extraction of capital-economic, social, and human-from communities defined at different scales: geographically, socially, and that of embodied individuals. We argue that serial displacement is the loss of capital, physical resources, social integration and collective capacity, and psycho-social resources at each of these scales, with losses at one level affecting other levels. The repeated extraction of resources has negative implications for the health of individuals and groups, within generations as well as across generations, through the accumulation of loss over time. Our analysis of the foreclosure crisis as serial displacement for African American households in the United States begins with the 'housing niche' model. We focus on the foreclosure crisis as an example of the interconnectedness of structured inequality in health and housing. Then we briefly review the history of policies related to racial inequality in homeownership in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. We end with an analysis of the scales of displacement and the human, social, and capital asset extraction that accompany them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the racial composition of National Basketball Association (NBA) Teams with the racial composition of their franchise cities in 5 year increments from 1990 to 2005. Although research comparing attendance records with the racial composition of teams and their franchise cities indicates mixed results, Karabel and Karen (1982) found a positive correlation between the number of African Americans on NBA teams and the cities in which the franchises were located. Anecdotal evidence also indicates that owners sought to attract fans with teams that reflected their cities' racial demographics. In 1980, Ted Stepien, owner of the Cleveland Cavaliers, proclaimed, "I think the Cavs have too many blacks, ten of eleven. You need a blend of white and black. I think that draws and I think that's a better team." While the percentage of African Americans in the U.S. remained constant during the 15-year period of this study, the percentage of African American players in the NBA rose in the mid-1990s and then declined gradually until 2005 when it reached a level similar to the early 1990s. Analysis of NBA teams, and 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005 Census Bureau data reveal little evidence that NBA organizations field teams that reflect the racial composition of their franchise Metro Statistical Areas (MSAs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is an exploration of the political rise of politician Edward W. Brooke and his impact on the Republican Party and the black community throughout the 1960s. I argue that Brooke's role in American political and social life reflected the convergence of civil rights and American conservatism, specifically as it related to the struggle for racial equality and the path of the Republican Party; within the article, I explore the ways in which Brooke attempted to prove that liberal ideas about race were not incompatible with the conservatism of the GOP; the black Republican also argued that once coupled, such ideas could be used to create innovative solutions to the needs of the nation's citizens. Ultimately I conclude that Brooke represented a centrist vision in the battle for the identity and direction of the modern GOP. Along with other black Republicans of the era, Brooke envisioned and fought for an alternative path for the GOP and for the nation-one that could provide African Americans in the 1960s and 1970s with an attractive and viable alternative to the modern liberalism of the Democratic Party. Brooke's challenge was dual in nature: repair the soul of the Republican Party while growing the confidence of African American voters. Indeed, Ed Brooke's involvement in the GOP and civil rights broadens our scholarly understanding of the diversity of black politics and 20th-century American history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African American faculty have historically been underrepresented within predominantly white institutions (PWIs) and deal with academic isolation, marginalization of their scholarship, and racial hostility. Little is known about the experiences of African American faculty who teach in student affairs graduate programs. The purpose of this study was to focus on their experiences through examination and utilization of their personal counter-narratives. This paper highlights the racial profiling that often shapes their experiences. We employ a qualitative critical race analysis that utilizes counterstorytelling as method to elucidate the experiences of the 13 African American faculty participants in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the new millennium United States, race and gender are popularly understood, from legislation to television, as personal, individual, and mutable traits and not structural, institutional, and historic forces. The incredible popularity of African-American supermodel cum media mogul Tyra Banks reflects, creates, and perpetuates such post-racial and post-feminist ideologies. In this paper I examine the recent infotainment-media scrutiny of Banks's weight gain and her publicity team's carefully scripted “so what!” retort. I thus explore how the figure of Tyra Banks functions as a celebrity-exemplar of the post-feminist/post-racial U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular physical activity is important for health benefits among youth, but disparities exist. This paper describes disparities in physical activity participation and sedentary behaviors among youth in the United States, provides intervention implications, and offers recommendations for future research focused on reducing disparities related to levels of physical activity. Secondary analysis of national accelerometer data showed that achievement of recommended levels of physical activity ranged across subgroups from 2% to 61%. Mean hours per day spent in sedentary behavior ranged from 5.5 to 8.5. The largest disparities were by gender and age. An improved understanding of correlates may inform the design of interventions to increase physical activity in targeted subgroups. Additional theoretically based research is needed to elucidate which factors contributing to physical activity disparities are amenable to change via intervention. To eliminate health disparities, changes in policies that have an impact on physical activity may be necessary to promote physical activity among high-risk youth.Journal of Public Health Policy (2009) 30, S309–S334. doi:10.1057/jphp.2008.46 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the realm of active living in urban neighborhoods in the United States, only a few studies have addressed the factors that promote or inhibit active living among residents in public housing. This paper examines the environmental and interpersonal factors associated with active living and health in public housing. We specifically examine the environmental predictors of fear of crime, and whether fear is related to moderate physical activity, and in turn, health and obesity. The analysis drew upon data from a sample of 328 African-American residents living in two severely distressed public housing developments in 2007. Structural equation modeling was used to calculate a path model of direct and indirect effects. Perceptions of violence were positively associated with fear, and both fear and physical activity predicted health. However, neither fear nor physical activity was associated with obesity. We discuss the implications of these findings for improving the quality of life of disadvantaged residents living in high-crime neighborhoods.Journal of Public Health Policy (2009) 30, S286–S308. doi:10.1057/jphp.2008.62 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that since the 1960s, African Americans have substantially increased their political participation in the U.S. political system. It claims that Blacks in the U.S. have built a strong political foundation and that their influence in the country’s political system has grown within the past four decades. The paper highlights, however, that more Black women tend to be active participants in the electoral process than Black men and that there is the potential for Black women to equal or surpass Black men in the number of elected officials within their race in the years and decades to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]