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In this paper optimal designing of two hybrid photovoltaic/wind turbine (PV/WT) systems with different storage include battery and hydrogen is presented with objective of minimising cost of energy generation (COEG) and considering reliability constraint as deficit power probability of the system using improved salp swarm optimisation algorithm (ISSOA) for commercial centre area, for Iran country. Different hybrid systems are compared in view of cost and reliability and the optimal size is determined. The results show that the PV/WT with battery storage has lower COEG than PV/WT with hydrogen storage to supply the commercial centre and also its reliability is better than the system integrated with hydrogen. The average cost of per kW of load supply for the PV/WT system with battery and hydrogen storage is 0.216$ and 0.610$, respectively. Superiority of ISSOA is confirmed in comparison with conventional SSOA and particle swarm optimisation in hybrid systems designing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an optimization model is developed to determine the best size of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for electrification to a remote area located in Kerman, Iran. The model is defined based on three decision variables related to the system components, namely, total area occupied by the set of PV panels (a continuous variable), total swept area by the rotating turbines’ blades (a continuous variable) and the number of batteries (an integer variable). In order to find the optimal values of the variables, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and some of its variants are proposed. Due to the non-linearity and non-convexity of the sizing problem, PSO which is an efficient population-based heuristic technique can be a good candidate. Particles of PSO probe the search space to minimize the life cycle cost (LCC), ensuring at the same time certain level of system reliability. Simulation results reveal that the PV/WT/battery system is the most cost-effective one and adaptive inertia weight-based PSO algorithm yields more promising results than the other PSO variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper optimal and cost-effective design of a photovoltaic/wind turbine/fuel cell (PV/WT/FC), the renewable energy system is proposed with the objective of lifespan cost of hybrid system (LSCS) minimisation and considering reliability constraint as a maximum of load interruption probability (LIP) as LIPmax to supply the demand of residential-commercial centres (RCC) located in Iran based on real data of irradiance and wind speed of this region. A new hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm named hybrid grey wolf optimiser-sine cosine algorithm (HGWOSCA) based on the exponential decreasing function (EDF) with high accuracy and speed of optimisation in achieving to the global solution is applied to determine the optimal size of system components. The superiority of the proposed HGWOSCA is compared with SCA, GWO and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) methods in designing of different combinations of the hybrid system and under varying reliability constraint. The results showed that the PV/WT/FC combination is the best combination in view of LSCS and LIPmax for supplying the RCC as a cost-effective and reliable combination. The superiority of the HGWOSCA in designing different combinations of the hybrid system is proved with fewer LSCS and LIP than the other methods with more convergence speed and accuracy. The results clearly showed that the use of hydrogen storage as a reserve power has well compensated the fluctuations in renewable sources production for meeting the RCC load to achieve optimal reliability. The results cleared that the cost of per kW of RCC supply for LIPmax = 1% and LIPmax = 5% is 0.853 and 0.764 $. The results indicated that increasing the failure rate of the components increases the system cost and weakens the reliability. In addition, the results showed that increased FC efficiency has reduced the level of reserve hydrogen, reduced the LSCS, and improved reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, optimal designing and energy management of hybrid photovoltaic/wind/fuel cell (PV/WT/FC) system is presented with cost of hybrid system life span (CHSLS) minimizing and considering loss of load interruption probability (LOLIP) for Recreational Center of Gonbad (RCOG), a remote area region in Iran country using actual irradiance and wind speed data of this region. A meta-heuristic improved sine–cosine algorithm (ISCA) is used based on nonlinearly decreasing inertia weight strategy (NDIWS) for improving global and local search of the conventional SCA to find the optimal combination of hybrid system. In designing problem the optimal size of hybrid system components is determined using ISCA considering CHLS and LOLIP to satisfy the RCOG load demand in most cost-effective way. The performance of the proposed ISCA is compared with conventional SCA and well-known PSO methods in different combinations and under LOLIP changing conditions. Simulation results showed that the ISCA finds easily the optimal combination as PV/WT/FC system with lower CHSLS and better LOLIP. Also WT/FC system is not economical due to high CHSLS for RCOG. The results demonstrated that the average cost of per kW RCOG load supply using the PV/WT/FC for maximum LOLIP of 1% is equal to 0.87$ and for maximum LOLIP of 5% is 0.76$. The results showed the contribution and management of PV, WT and fuel cell together as PV/WT/FC is made a reliable and cost-effective energy system to supply the remote area application like RCOG. Moreover superiority of the ISCA than the SCA and PSO is proved with better convergence speed and accuracy. Also, the effect of some effective factors on the system designing is evaluated. • Hybrid system designing for RCOG load supply using ISCA, case study for Iran. • Optimal sizing of PV/WT/FC with minimizing the CHSLS and respect to the LOLIP. • Determination of reliable and cost-effective system combination to supply RCOG load. • Superiority of the ISCA performance compared to SCA and well-known PSO method. • Investigating the effect of some economic and technical factors on system designing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]