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As perhaps the staunchest advocates of repertoire purging as the central mechanism of immunological tolerance, we note with satisfaction a spate of recent, elegant papers which suggest an intrathymic clonal abortion model as the explanation for at least some examples of T-cell tolerance. This view agrees with the classical formulation of the Billingham-Brent-Medawar school of tolerance as a specific, central failure of immune responsiveness. Repertoire purging within the B-lymphocyte compartment remains much more controversial. There is no doubt that experimental models exist where the B cell is the reversible target of tolerance induction. The question is, in view of the ease of inducing autoantibody formation both in vivo and in vitro, just how relevant are such clonal anergy mechanisms to authentic self-tolerance? Arguments are presented that there must be two windows of tolerance susceptibility in the ontogeny of the B cell; one while it is maturing in the bone marrow, to prevent autoreactivity of high affinity to important accessible self-antigens; and a second soon after activation of pre-memory cells by exogenous antigen, to prevent fortuitous mutations towards high-affinity anti-self-reactivity establishing a forbidden clone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that HLA-DR molecules are acting as the products of HLA-linked immune response genes (Ir-genes), because (i) HLA-DR molecules are the restriction elements in the interaction between CD4+ helper T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC) to respond to many antigens such as streptococcal cell wall antigen (SCW) (Nishimura & Sasazuki, 1983; Sone et al., 1985; Hizayama et al., 1986), schistosomal antigen (Sj) (Hirayama et al., 1987), Mycobacterium leprae antigen (ML) (Kikuchi et al., 1986) and so on; and (ii) anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies completely abolish the immune response to those antigens (Nishimura & Sasazuki, 1983; Sone et al., 1985). However, genetic analysis of the immune response to those antigens in families or populations revealed that responsiveness is recessive and non-responsiveness to those antigens is a dominant genetic trait that is tightly linked to HLA (Sasazuki et al., 1980a, 1983; Watanabe et al., 1988). This is completely opposite to the situation under the Ir-gene control where responsiveness is dominant and non-responsiveness is recessive. In this paper, we report evidence of how we came across the concept of HLA-linked immune suppression genes (Is-genes) besides Ir-genes, and show evidence for the epistatic interaction between HLA-DR and DQ to determine the immune response to several antigens in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells help B cells to generate affinity-matured antibodies. Three papers in this issue of Immunity () provide information about the reciprocal relationship between B cells and Tfh cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]