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The effectiveness of academic research enterprise depends on several factors including talented and interconnected scholars, adequate and dependable resources, and quality research. These elements need to function in harmony in order to result in research knowledge that adds value to society. Given that research capacity and innovation are internationally recognized as main determinates of national progress and prosperity, most nations make significant investment in academic research and knowledge transfer. In addition, higher education institutions worldwide are increasingly pressured to build research capacity and to increase research activity. Meanwhile, researchers are expected to show high level of research productivity and efficiency to prove their research excellence. This exploratory research study is based on the voices of 32 respondents from 15 countries to showcase their perceptions on research productivity demands at their respective institutions. A literature review about current climate of research enterprise along with the respondents' voices clearly indicate that research productivity demands are growing and researchers find it difficult to meet expectations posed upon them. The findings lead to the conclusion that more attention needs to be dedicated to institutional policies and practices that influence researchers work and on a larger scale the effectiveness of academic research enterprise.

We are delighted to welcome you to the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2016, taking place in Lisbon, Portugal, from 30 of April to 2 of May, 2016. Psychology, nowadays, offers a large range of scientific fields where it can be applied. The goal of understanding individuals and groups (mental functions and behavioral standpoints), from this academic and practical scientific discipline, is aimed ultimately to benefit society. This International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the several areas within the Psychology field, new developments in studies and proposals for future scientific projects. The goal is to offer a worldwide connection between psychologists, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in psychological issues. The conference is a forum that connects and brings together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. There is an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement the view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons there are nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounter and development. InPACT 2016 received 332 submissions, from 37 different countries, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take form of Oral Presentations, Posters, Virtual Presentations and Workshops. It was accepted for presentation in the conference 96 submissions (29% acceptance rate). The conference also includes: (1) A keynote presentation from Prof. Dr. Richard Bentall (Institute of Psychology, Health & Society of the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom); (2) Three Special Talks, one from Emeritus Professor Carlos Amaral Dias (University of Coimbra, Director of Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Vice-President of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Private practitioner of psychiatry and psychoanalysis, Portugal) and Prof. Clara Pracana (Full and Training member of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Portugal), another from Emeritus Professor Michael Wang (University of Leicester, United Kingdom), and a third one from Dr. Conceição Almeida (Founder of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy, and Vice-President of the Board. Member of the Teaching Committee, Portugal); (3) An Invited Talk from Dr. Ana Vasconcelos (SAMS--Serviços de Assistência Médico-Social do Sindicato dos Bancários de Sul e Ilhas, founding member of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and member of NPA-Neuropshycanalysis Association, Portugal). Thus, we would like to express our gratitude to all our invitees. This volume is composed by the abstracts of the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT 2016), organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.). This conference addresses different categories inside Applied Psychology area and papers fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. To develop the conference program six main broad-ranging categories had been chosen, which also cover different interest areas: (1) In CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Emotions and related psychological processes; Assessment; Psychotherapy and counseling; Addictive behaviors; Eating disorders; Personality disorders; Quality of life and mental health; Communication within relationships; Services of mental health; and Psychopathology. (2) In EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Language and cognitive processes; School environment and childhood disorders; Parenting and parenting related processes; Learning and technology; Psychology in schools; Intelligence and creativity; Motivation in classroom; Perspectives on teaching; Assessment and evaluation; and Individual differences in learning. (3) In SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Cross-cultural dimensions of mental disorders; Employment issues and training; Organizational psychology; Psychology in politics and international issues; Social factors in adolescence and its development; Social anxiety and self-esteem; Immigration and social policy; Self-efficacy and identity development; Parenting and social support; and Addiction and stigmatization. (4) In LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY: Violence and trauma; Mass-media and aggression; Intra-familial violence; Juvenile delinquency; Aggressive behavior in childhood; Internet offending; Working with crime perpetrators; Forensic psychology; Violent risk assessment; and Law enforcement and stress. (5) In COGNITIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: Perception, memory and attention; Decision making and problem-solving; Concept formation, reasoning and judgment; Language processing; Learning skills and education; Cognitive Neuroscience; Computer analogies and information processing (Artificial Intelligence and computer simulations); Social and cultural factors in the cognitive approach; Experimental methods, research and statistics; and Biopsychology. (6) In PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOANALYTICAL PSYCHOTHERAPY: Psychoanalysis and psychology; The unconscious; The Oedipus complex; Psychoanalysis of children; Pathological mourning; Addictive personalities; Borderline organizations; Narcissistic personalities; Anxiety and phobias; Psychosis; Neuropsychoanalysis. The proceedings contain the results of the research and developments conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to promote growth in research methods intimately related to Psychology and its applications. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters by sharing their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. Authors will be invited to publish extended contributions for a book to be published by inScience Press. We would like to express thanks to all the authors and participants, the members of the academic scientific committee, partners and, of course, to the organizing and administration team for making and putting this conference together. (Individual papers contain references.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]

The Commission on International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) provides a forum for the discussion of international issues related to adult education in general, as well as adult education in various countries around the globe. The following purposes summarize the work of the Commission: (1) To develop linkages with adult education associations in other countries; (2) To encourage exchanges between AAACE and associations from other countries; (3) To invite conference participation and presentations by interested adult educators around the world; (4) To discuss how adult educators from AAACE and other nations may cooperate on projects of mutual interest and benefit to those we serve. The Commission holds its annual meeting in conjunction with the AAACE conference. The following papers were presented at the 62nd annual conference: (1) Obstacles Facing Adult Education in Saudi Arabia (Sarah M. Alajlan, Claudette Peterson, Obaidalah H. Aljohanis); (2) Learning National Identity in a Divided Country: How Greek-Cypriot and Turkish-Cypriot Young Adults Make Sense of Their National Identity (Christos Anagiotos); (3) A Global Examination of Policies and Practices for Lifelong Learning (Phyllis A. Cummins, Suzanne R. Kunkel); (4) When Learning Falls into Place (Tony Dreise); (5) An Hypothetical Model to Help Facilitators in the Use of Learning Contracts with Learners (Monica Fedeli, Ettore Felisatti, Mario Giampaolo); (6) Matrix of Teacher Profle: Guidelines and Development Plans to Design Teacher Training (Ettore Felisatti, Monica Fedeli, Cristina Mazzucco, Mario Giampaolo); (7) Men's Learning in International Settings (Barry Golding); (8) Important New Developments in Andragogical Perspectives (John Henschke); (9) Effective Learning Systems through Blended Teaching Modules in Adult Secondary Education Systems in Developing Nations: Need for Partnership (Eucharia Ike, Ibeh Bartholomew Okechukwu); (10) Benefits, Challenges, Joys and Successes of Study Abroad (Waynne B. James, Helena Wallenberg-Lerner, Gianina Hayes, Eunkyung Na); (11) Advantages of Graduate Programs with International Components (Melisa Kakas, Nora Cavazos, Carrie Boden-McGill); (12) Is the Olympic Truce Relevant Today to the Modern Olympic Games? A Coach's Perspective (Cameron Kiosoglous); (13) Dynamics of Adult Education Provision in the African Sub-Region: Focus on University-Based Adult Education in Ghana (Olivia A. T. Frimpong Kwapong); (14) Benefits of Correctional Education in South Africa: Implications for Adult Inmates as Group with Special Needs (Matata J. Mokoele); (15) The WEA [Workers Educational Association] in Sydney, 1913-2013: Achievements; Controversies; and an Inherent Difficulty ( Roger K. Morris); (16) Language Policy, Civil Rights, and the Adult Learner in a Globalized World (William R. Naugle); (17) Education for Including the Excluded: Case Study of Almajiri Education in Nigeria (Olaniran, Sunday Olawale); (18) The Future of Entrepreneurship and the Role of Adult Education in Nigeria (Simeon-Fayomi B.C., Abimbola Olugbenga Fayomi, Adedolapo Femi-Aderinto); (19) Individualistic Teacher, Collectivist Student (LaNette W. Thompson); (20) Collaboration Agenda of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (Mouau): For Future Learning (Nneka A. Umezulike); (21) The Development of an Instrument to Measure the Cognitive Domain of Intercultural Maturity (Melanie L. Wicinski); and (22) Intercultural Sensitivity at the Army Medical Department Center and School as Measured by the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (Roberta E. Worsham, Melanie L. Wicinski). [Individual papers contain references.]

This document contains the second volume of the proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education. Conference presentations are centered around the theme "Mathematics at the Centre." This volume features 60 research reports by presenters with last names beginning between Abr and Dri: (1) The Odds of Understanding the Law of Large Numbers: A Design for Grounding Intuitive Probability in Combinatorial Analysis (Dor Abrahamson and Rose M. Cendak); (2) Imaginary-Symbolic Relations, Pedagogic Resources and the Constitution of Mathematics for Teaching in In-Service Mathematics Teacher Education (Jill Adler and Zain Davis); (3) Relationship between Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers' Teaching and Learning Beliefs and Their Practices (Hatice Akkoc and Feral Ogan-Bekiroglu); (4) Teachers' Awareness of Dimensions of Variation: A Mathematics Intervention Project (Thabit Al-Murani); (5) The Student Teacher and the Others: Multimembership on the Process of Introducing Technology in the Classroom (Nelia Amado and Susana Carreira); (6) Improving Student Teachers' Understanding of Fractions (Solange Amorim Amato); (7) Autodidactic Learning of Probabilistic Concepts through Games (Miriam Amit and Irma Jan); (8) Graduate Students' Processes in Generating Examples of Mathematical Objects (Samuele Antonini); (9) Reasoning in an Absurd World: Difficulties with Proof by Contradiction (Samuele Antonini and Maria Alessandra Mariotti); (10) Will Penelope Choose Another Bridegroom? Looking for an Answer through Signs (Ferdinando Arzarello, Luciana Bazzini, Francesca Ferrara, Ornella Robutti, Cristina Sabena, and Bruna Villa); (11) Motivation and Perceptions of Classroom Culture in Mathematics of Students across Grades 5 to 7 (Chryso Athanasiou and George N. Philippou); (12) Deductive Reasoning: Different Conceptions and Approaches (Michal Ayalon and Ruhama Even); (13) The Tendency to Use Intuitive Rules among Students with Different Piagetian Cognitive Levels (Reuven Babai); (14) Coming to Appreciate the Pedagogical Uses of CAS (Lynda Ball and Kaye Stacey); (15) Students' Conceptions of "m" and "c": How to Tune a Linear Function (Caroline Bardini and Kaye Stacey); (16) A Contradiction between Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Teaching Indications (Ibrahim Bayazit and Eddie Gray); (17) Identifying and Supporting Mathematical Conjectures through the Use of Dynamic Software (David Benitez Mojica and Manuel Santos Trigo); (18) Students Constructing Representations for Outcomes of Experiments (Palma Benko and Carolyn A. Maher); (19) Logarithms: Snapshots from Two Tasks (Tanya Berezovski and Rina Zazkis); (20) Trying to Reach the Limit--The Role of Algebra in Mathematical Reasoning (Christer Bergsten); (21) Semiotic Sequence Analysis--Constructing Epistemic Types Empirically (Angelika Bikner-Ahsbahs); (22) Service Teaching: Mathematical Education of Students of Client Departments (Erhan Bingolbali, John Monaghan, and Tom Roper); (23) Students' Thinking about the Tangent Line (Irene Biza, Constantinos Christou, and Theodossios Zachariades); (24) Habermas' Theory of Rationality as a Comprehensive Frame for Conjecturing and Proving in School (Paulo Boero); (25) Extending Students' Understanding of Decimal Numbers via Realistic Mathematical Modeling and Problem Posing (Cinzia Bonotto); (26) Different Media, Different Types of Collective Work in Online Continuing Teacher Education: Would You Pass the Pen, Please? (Marcelo C. Borba and Rubia B. A. Zulatto); (27) Reformulating "Mathematical Modelling" in the Framework of the Anthropological Theory of Didactics (Marianna Bosch, Fco. Javier Garcia, Josep Gascon, and Luisa Ruiz Higueras); (28) Students' Impressions of the Value of Games for the Learning of Mathematics (Leicha A. Bragg); (29) The Transition from Arithmetic to Algebra: To Reason, Explain, Argue, Generalize and Justify (Trygve Breiteig and Barbro Grevholm); (30) Resisting Reform Pedagogy: Teacher and Learner Contributions (Karin Brodie); (31) Manifestations of Affordances of a Technology-Rich Teaching and Learning Environment (TRTLE) (Jill P. Brown); (32) Types of Representations of the Number Line in Textbooks (Alicia Bruno and Noemi Cabrera); (33) Educational Neuroscience: New Horizons for Research in Mathematics Education (Stephen R. Campbell); (34) Variability in a Probability Context: Developing Pre-Service Teachers' Understanding (Daniel L. Canada); (35) Implementing a Reform-Oriented Mathematics Syllabus: A Survey of Secondary Teachers (Michael Cavanagh); (36) Student's Modelling with a Lattice of Conceptions in the Domain of Linear Equations and Inequations (Hamid Chaachoua, Marilena Bittar, and Jean-Francois Nicaud); (37) Using Reading and Coloring to Enhance Incomplete Prover's Performance in Geometry Proof (Ying-Hao Cheng and Fou-Lai Lin); (38) Aspects of Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Decimals (Helen Chick, Monica Baker, Thuy Pham, and Hui Cheng); (39) Collaborative Action Research on Implementing Inquiry-Based Instruction in an Eighth Grade Mathematics Class: An Alternative Mode for Mathematics Teacher Professional Development (Erh-Tsung Chin, Yung-Chi Lin, Yann-Tyng Ko, Chi-Tung Chien, and Hsiao-Lin Tuan); (40) Routine and Novel Mathematical Solutions: Central-Cognitive or Peripheral-Affective Participation in Mathematics Learning (Mei-Shiu Chiu); (41) The Role of Self-Generated Problem Posing in Mathematics Exploration (Victor V. Cifarelli and Jinfa Cai); (42) A Longitudinal Study of Children's Mental Computation Strategies (Barbara Clarke, Doug M. Clarke, and Marj Horne); (43) Assessing Fraction Understanding Using Task-Based Interviews (Doug M. Clarke, Michal Sukenik, Anne Roche, and Annie Mitchell); (44) Evaluation of a Teaching Concept for the Development of Problem Solving Competences in Connection with Self-Regulation (Christina Collet and Regina Bruder); (45) Developing Probability Thinking in Primary School: A Case Study on the Constructive Role of Natural Language in Classroom Discussions (Valeria Consogno, Teresa Gazzolo, and Paulo Boero); (46) Collaboration with Teachers to Improve Mathematics Learning: Pedagogy at Three Levels (Tom J. Cooper, Annette R. Baturo, and Edlyn J. Grant); (47) "Aim High--Beat Yourself": Effective Mathematics Teaching in a Remote Indigenous Community (Tom J. Cooper, Annette R. Baturo, Elizabeth Warren, and Edlyn J. Grant); (48) Development of Children's Understanding of Length, Area, and Volume Measurement Principles (Margaret Curry, Michael Mitchelmore, and Lynne Outhred; (49) Mathematics-for-Teaching: The Cases of Multiplication and Division (Brent Davis, Elaine Simmt, and Dennis Sumara); (50) Generative Concept Images (Gary E. Davis and Catherine A. Pearn); (51) Developmental Assessment of Data Handling Performance Age 7-14 (Pauline Davis, Maria Pampaka, Julian Williams, and Lawrence Wo); (52) The Effect of Different Teaching Tools in Overcoming the Impact of the Intuitive Rules (Eleni Deliyianni, Eleni Michael, and Demetra Pitta-Pantazi); (53) Investigating Social and Individual Aspects in Teacher's Approaches to Problem Solving (Fien Depaepe, Erik De Corte, and Lieven Verschaffel); (54) Maths Avoidance and the Choice of University (Pietro Di Martino and Francesca Morselli); (55) Primary Students' Reasoning about Diagrams: The Building Blocks of Matrix Knowledge (Carmel M. Diezmann); (56) Integrating Errors into Developmental Assessment: "Time" for Ages 8-13 (Brian Doig, Julian Williams, Lawrence Wo, and Maria Pampaka); (57) Vygotsky's Everyday Concepts/Scientific Concepts Dialectics in School Context: A Case Study (Nadia Douek); (58) Creating Mathematical Models with Structures (Katherine Doyle); (59) Mechanisms for Consolidating Knowledge Constructs (Tommy Dreyfus, Nurit Hadas, Rina Hershkowitz, and Baruch Schwarz); and (60) Reconciling Factorizations Made with CAS and with Paper-and-Pencil: The Power of Confronting Two Media (Paul Drijvers, Carolyn Kieran, Andre Boileau, Fernando Hitt, Denis Tanguay, Luis Saldanha, and Jose Guzman). (Individual papers contain references.)

The theme of the 38th meeting of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME 38) and the 36th meeting of the North American Chapter of the Psychology of Mathematics Education (PME-NA 36) was "Mathematics Education at the Edge." Academically, the theme provides opportunities to highlight and examine mathematics education research that is: (1) breaking new ground or on the cutting edge of innovative research and research methodologies; and (2) exploring issues with groups that are often positioned at the edge or periphery of educational research, such as social justice, peace education, equity, and Indigenous education. Geographically, the theme "Mathematics Education at the Edge" describes the very place of the conference setting, Vancouver, a city situated at the edge of Canada on the Pacific Ocean and Coast Mountain Range. The papers in the six volumes of these proceedings are organized according to the type of presentation. Volume 1 contains the presentations of the plenary speakers, Research Forum activities, Discussion Group activities, Working Session activities and the National Presentation of mathematics education in Canada. Volumes 2-5 contain the Research Reports of the conference, while Volume 6 consists of the Short Oral and Poster Presentations. The organization of PME 2014 is a collaborative effort involving teams of colleagues at the University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser University.

This second volume of the 31st annual proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education conference presents research reports for author surnames beginning Alc- through Hal-. Reports include: (1) How Do Your Students Think about Proof? A DVD Resource for Mathematicians (Lara Alcock); (2) Teachers' Conceptions of Mathematical Challenge in School Mathematics (Mark Applebaum and Roza Leikin); (3) Semiotic Games: The Role of the Teacher (Ferdinando Arzarello and Domingo Paola); (4) Examples, a Missing Link (Amir H. Asghari); (5) Scaffolding Revisited: From Tool for Result to Tool-and-Result (Mike Askew); (6) How Can We Assess Mathematical Understanding? (Patrick Barmby, Tony Harries, Steve Higgins, and Jennifer Suggate); (7) The Discursive Construction of Mathematical Thinking: The Role of Researchers' Descriptions (Richard Barwell); (8) Authority and Esteem Effects of Enhancing Remote Indigenous Teacher-Assistants' Mathematics-Education Knowledge and Skills (Annette R. Baturo, Tom J. Cooper, and Katherine Doyle); (9) Raising Students' Understanding: Linear Algebra (Marianna Bogomolny); (10) Informal Conceptions of Distribution Held by Elementary Preservice Teachers (Daniel L. Canada); (11) First Graders' Strategies for Numerical Notation, Number Reading and the Number Concept (Gabrielle A. Cayton and Barbara M. Brizuela); (12) An Exploratory Study of Elementary Beginning Mathematics Teacher Efficacy (Y. L. Chang and S. C. Wu); (13) Preservice Secondary Mathematics Teachers' Knowledge and Inquiry Teaching Approaches (Olive Chapman); (14) Developing and Testing a Scale for Measuring Students' Understanding of Fractions (Charalambos Y. Charalambous); (15) The Effectiveness and Limitation of Reading and Coloring Strategy in Learning Geometry Proof (Ying-Hao Cheng and Fou-Lai Lin); (16) Grade 5/6 Teachers' Perceptions of Algebra in the Primary School Curriculum (Helen L. Chick and Kiri Harris); (17) The Influence of Inquiry-Based MathematicsTeaching on 11th Grade High Achievers: Focusing on Metacognition (Erh-Tsung Chin, Yung-Chi Lin, Chih-Wei Chuang, and Hsiao-Lin Tuan); (18) The Effects of "Spatial Geometry Curriculum with 3D DGS" in Lower Secondary School Mathematics (Kimiho Chino, Tatsuo Morozumi, Hitoshi Arai, Fumihiro Ogihara, Yuichi Oguchi, and Mikio Miyazaki); (19) Mathematics as Mother/Basis of Science in Affect: Analysis of TIMSS 2003 Data (Mei-Shiu Chiu); (20) Mediating Model between Logo and DGS for Planar Curves (Han Hyuk Cho, Min Ho Song, and Hwa Kyung Kim); (21) Comparing Korean and U.S. Third Grade Elementary Student Conceptual Understanding of Basic Multiplication Facts (Insook Chung and Hee-Chan Lew); (22) Self-Monitoring by Lesson Reports from Teachers in Problem-Solving Maths Lessons (Christina Collet, Regina Bruder, and Evelyn Komorek); (23) Mathematics Education and Torres Strait Islander Blocklaying Students: The Power of Vocational Context and Structural Understanding (Tom J. Cooper, Annette R. Baturo, Bronwyn Ewing, Elizabeth Duus, and Kaitlin Moore); (24) Interdisciplinary Learning and Perceptions of Interconnectedness of Mathematics (Ng Kit Ee Dawn, Gloria Stillman, and Kaye Stacey); (25) The Treatment of Addition and Subtraction of Fractions in Cypriot, Irish, and Taiwanese Textbooks (Sean Delaney, Charalambos Y. Charalambous, Hui-Yu Hsu, and Vilma Mesa); (26) The Development of Primary Students' Knowledge of the Structured Number Line (Carmel Diezmann and Tom Lowrie); (27) Reasoning with Metaphors and Constructing an Understanding of the Mathematical Function Concept (Hamide Dogan-Dunlap); (28) Exploring the English Proficiency-Mathematical Proficiency Relationship in Learners: An Investigation Using Instructional English Computer Software (Anthony Essien and Mamokgethi Setati); (29) Vet in the Middle: Catering for Motivational Differences in Vocational Access Courses in Numeracy (Bronwyn Ewing, Annette Baturo, Tom Cooper, Elizabeth Duus, and Kaitlin Moore); (30) The Gendering of Mathematics in Israel and Australia (Helen J. Forgasz and David Mittelberg); (31) 21st Century Children, Numeracy and Technology: An Analysis of Peer-Reviewed Literature (Jillian L. Fox); (32) Teaching and Teacher's Competence with ICT in Mathematics in a Community of Inquiry (Anne Berit Fuglestad); (33) Statistical Inference in Textbooks: Mathematical and Everyday Contexts (Israel Garcia-Alonso and Juan Antonio Garcia-Cruz); (34) Pre-Service Elementary School Teachers' Experiences with the Process of Creating Proofs (Soheila Gholamazad); (35) International Survey of High School Students' Understanding of Key Concepts of Linearity (Carole Greenes, Kyung Yoon Chang, and David Ben-Chaim); and (36) Mathematical Beliefs in Pictures and Words Seen through "Multiple Eyes" (Stefan Halverscheid and Katrin Rolka). (Individual papers contain references.) [For other volumes in the series, see ED499416, ED499418, and ED499419.]