Search

International Legal Assistance is the assurance of efficiency in the form of procedural developments by the state authorities, respectively, the state that implements the procedural actions at the request of the other state pursuing civil proceedings with a foreign element. By providing international legal assistance, states contribute to a stable, democratic area and sustainable development in the commitment to share achievements in conducting procedural actions across borders. The objective of the paper is to reflect the progress of the state conducting the requesting state procedure as well as to try to improve and promote cross-border judicial cooperation in the beneficiary countries to investigate and prosecute cross- border crime. Regarding to this paper will also reach the initial delays in cross-border cooperation with practical examples, the time element and the international element. The main advantage of international legal assistance is the opportunity and ability to share information, the rules of use and exchange of information and evidence through formal requirements, and why not and an ongoing avant-garde communication between relevant institutions or bodies. (Using technology platforms, greater collaboration between countries takes place. Through different real-time communication applications, information is obtained, which although may be in different countries, provides the same quality of service between organs. One thing such will undoubtedly increase confidence in institutions, procedure processes and parties wherever they are). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The governments of the Kingdom of Thailand and neighboring countries have, over the past few years, attempted to legalize the flow of migrant workers. This paper aims to examine, based on empirical data consisting of 97 semi-structured interviews with migrant workers in the Kingdom of Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Republic of the Union of Myanmar, the challenges migrants face in facilitating legal work in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). This paper analyzes, by employing a rights-based approach to migration issues, the obstacles migrants face in seeking legal work in these regions. The findings of the study indicated four main issues related to migration under the current governance system including lack of knowledge of authority and procedure, perceived expense of the recruitment process, migrants' perspectives concerning formal and informal recruitment and limited capacity for assessing labor market needs. Based on the results, the development of laws or measures have been suggested in both the migrant-sending country and Thailand which specify the costs and duration of the process to import labor. It is essential that all personnel give consistent information to interested persons and improve pre-departure training courses to help migrant workers understand the specifications in the bilateral MOUs with Thailand. This knowledge and information should be provided to migrants, prospective migrants, their families, and relevant agencies in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines an assessment of the level of air transport services liberalization in Australia in order to generate recommendations on what key market access features of Air Services Agreements should be revised to reflect the changes in air transport characteristics, including the increase in air cargo traffic during the COVID-19 period. The different variants of the key market access features of ASA, levels of air transport liberalization and the extent of air transport service liberalization between Australia and 104 partner countries were analysed using descriptive study, comparison analysis and the ALI index. The ALI index is calculated for four different weighting schemes. Passenger capacity in 41 bilateral agreements contain restrictions of frequency, capacity and aircraft type. The analysis of cooperative arrangements indicated that Australia has a single aviation market only with New Zealand. The cargo capacity analysis identified different types of capacity restrictions based on weekly cargo service, volume, destinations, designated airline and aircraft types. In conclusion, cargo capacity analysis illustrates that the level of liberalization is high, but the air services agreements between Australia and other countries in the first and second cargo capacity groups should be revised to reflect the increase in air cargo traffic during COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Dialogue: East-West is the property of International Center for Slavic Education- Sveti Nikole and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Geografia: Revista Colombiana de Geografía is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The EU has concluded many international agreements with third states. Since the EU is not a state, it cannot act as a party before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), either as an applicant or as a defendant, which means that the enforcement of these agreements must be regulated through Dispute Settlement provisions in the agreements themselves (though, depending on the subject of the dispute, a procedure within the framework of the WTO is also possible). However, the Court of Justice might have opened the door for a new enforcement possibility in its Venezuela v. Council judgment, where it ruled that Venezuela -- a third state -- could have legal standing before the Court on the basis of the fourth paragraph of Article 263 TFEU. This article will analyse whether third states could have access to the Court, in order to seek annulment of an EU legal act that potentially violates a provision of an international agreement that the third state had previously concluded with the EU. It will do so by looking at the ratio decidendi of the Court in Venezuela v. Council, and by analysing the conditions of direct and individual concern, the potential exclusionary effects of Dispute Settlement provisions in international agreements, and the need for direct effect of these agreements. For a variety of reasons, the article will mostly focus on Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the bilateral agreement on the reciprocal protection of minorities that Serbia has signed with Hungary. The provisions of this agreement is examined, with the application of the legal-dogmatic, descriptive and comparative legal methods, and compared with the corresponding provisions in other bilateral agreements that Serbia has signed with neighboring countries, as well as with the provisions on the protection of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities as stated in the Constitution and laws of Serbia. The study pays special attention to the work of the mixed government commission; the state authorities' measures regarding the implementation of the agreement and the judicial protection. There is the formulation some recommendations through which this legal instrument could become a more effective legal remedy for the protection of national minorities. This analysis seeks an answer to the question of to what extent the bilateral agreement has contributed to the international and domestic legal framework for the legal protection of national minorities in Serbia, and whether it is today mainly a political instrument without particular legal relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having in mind that this is the first time that a Member State decided to withdraw from the EU pursuant to Article 50 TEU there are many aspects of this process that attract the attention of scholars studying EU related issues. Regardless of the outcome of the ongoing political debate and the course of action that will be taken eventually, after the CJEU decision in Wightman, we deem the need to further explore the extent of Article 50 and its implications on a number of stakeholders self- evident. In this paper we will deal with the capacity of non-EU countries to negotiate and conclude bilateral agreements with the UK i.e. a country withdrawing from the EU. The analysis is based on the proposed framework under the Draft Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the EU and the Euratom and the possible interpretation and understanding of terms "the principle of sincere cooperation" and "the Union's interest" in this context, the principles of international law including the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the general principles of Union law. The primary focus is on the legal uncertainty the lack of a more thorough approach creates to non- EU countries, especially to third countries aspiring to join the EU. Considering that they do not participate in the withdrawal negotiations, it is a challenge for them to take part in prospect bilateral negotiations with the UK, while, at the same time, making sure they stay on their EU path. We argue in favor of the deal, as a universally accepted approach in case of future withdrawals, not only for the purpose of establishing a reference for any future application of Article 50, but also for providing legal certainty to those parties that are not prima facie affected by the withdrawal, but that do have to act in accordance with all deals made without the right to be heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portability of social benefits across professions and countries is an increasing concern for individuals and policy makers. Lacking or incomplete transfers of acquired social rights are feared to negatively impact individual labor market decisions as well as capacity to address social risks with consequences for economic and social outcomes. The paper gives a fresh and provocative look on the international perspective of the topic that has so far been dominated by social policy lawyers working within the framework of bilateral agreements; the input by economists has been very limited. It offers an analytical framework for portability analysis that suggests separating the risk pooling, (implicit or actual) pre-funding, and redistributive elements in the benefit design, and explores the proposed alternative approach for pensions and health care benefits. This promising approach may serve both as a substitute and complement to bi- and multilateral agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) would increase economic output, create jobs, establish regulatory standards with global reach and set a new ‘gold standard’ for other trade agreements. However, institutionalised differences in key policy areas, divergent preferences for what constitutes an acceptable agreement, and sceptical populations constitute insurmountable hurdles. Using empirical and theoretical arguments, this paper is both a prediction for the TTIP and a contribution to our understanding of when and why trade negotiations fail, while also highlighting the positive side effects of negotiations. Assessing the extent to which the factors presented in this paper are present in other negotiations improves our understanding of the outcome of complex bilateral negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The main focus of this paper will be to anchor the Obama thrust within the framework of American diplomatic and defense priorities of the recent past. How will that emphasis survive the presidential transition in January 2017? The campaigns of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump offer little evidence about their priorities, other than their mutual desire to exit the Trans-Pacific Partnership. However, Asian pressures will impinge into the new President's decision-making, and it will not be too soon in April 2017 to summarize what we will know so far about the Asian direction of the new administration. The decision of President Obama to "pivot" towards Asia in his second term in office was in tune with the decisions of previous administrations. Perhaps he was looking for a fresh policy focus, after years of frustration with Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and other nations of the Middle East. It is also probably the case that the economic dynamism of Asia was a draw, and the parallel focus of Russia's President Putin on priorities in Asia offered competition as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the qualitative analysis of the trade and investment potential between Indonesia and Slovakia, two contrasting economies characterized by dynamic differences and untapped economic synergy. Using theories and frameworks from international trade and foreign direct investment, this study aims to give a full picture of the complicated web of economic complementarities, barriers, and policy landscapes that affect the flow of trade and investment between two countries. By conducting a comprehensive examination of existing scholarly works, supplemented by in-depth interviews with experts and focused analysis of specific instances, this study reveals significant areas that are conducive to collaboration as well as the intricate obstacles that hinder commercial transactions. The results underscore the significant impact of legislative frameworks, market entry opportunities, and infrastructure preparedness on the facilitation or impediment of economic participation. Furthermore, the research highlights the necessity of implementing strategic bilateral agreements in order to effectively use the complete range of trade and investment prospects. The conversation expands to include practical consequences for legislators and business professionals, promoting specific measures to reduce obstacles and take advantage of the found economic synergies. This study makes a valuable contribution to the ongoing academic conversation surrounding the improvement of bilateral economic relations by providing a strategic plan for future collaborations between Indonesia and Slovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The increase of migrant workers into the Kingdom of Thailand began in the mid-1980s and early 1990s when Thailand was in transition from a low-end labour-intensive economy, to a capital-intensive one. The role of migrant workers became even more evident when Thailand encountered the economic crisis of the mid-1990s. Current statistics indicate that Thailand receives more than a million migrant workers from neighbouring countries, including Myanmar, Lao PDR and Cambodia. This paper traces the five stages of the Royal Thai Government's (RTG) policies to managing cross-border migration and migrant worker issues in Thailand. It argues that despite the introduction of policies of management of the issue, migrant workers are vulnerable to human trafficking. Furthermore, as more often than not migrant workers are irregular migrants, they are treated as a risk to national security. As such they are vulnerable to labour exploitation. This paper analyses the problems in policy and legal enforcement between countries of origin and the RTG, suggesting ways in which these problems can be overcome to ensure compliance with international norms, and thus the responsibility of the RTG to its 'foreign workers'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The office of the High Commissioner on National Minorities, body of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, published at the end of 2008 a set of recommendations dealing with the rights of national minorities in inter-state relations. In this paper circumstances related to the origins of Bolzano/Bozen Recommendations are analysed, subsequently the paper presents the content of the Recommendations, and finally, the paper analyses to what extent the Recommendations have been reflected in minority-related legislation and policies of Croatia and several neighbouring countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The friction that has occurred - and continues to occur - at some of the European Union's internal borders is a reflection of mechanisms for the delegation and transfer of immigration control between member states. This paper addresses these dynamics - defined as "internal externalisation" - through a comparative analysis of the specific management and legal regulation of France's border with Spain and Italy. These two borders are similar in many respects (being two mountain ranges) but are, at the same time, very different (in the geographical intensity of the controls and types of crossings). Comparing them could reveal the border control mechanisms that characterise the subordinate relationships between member states, and which represent true externalisation of the EU's internal borders. Some states are forced to take on the role of containment states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last years developed countries succeeded in introducing intellectual property rights into the international agenda. Developing countries were unwilling to adopt policies to protect intellectual assets since price increases of patented products restrict their consumption to certain population groups. In the case of intellectual property rights in the health industry, developed countries have understood that the level of protection reached at the WTO is insufficient and they have sought to harden the rules through bilateral agreements. This paper considers the benefit for developing countries to reach regional agreements between them and negotiate in block with developed countries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU envisions itself as a global leader in sustainable fisheries governance. This paper explores how two key policies seek to implement these aspirations internationally – the Illegal, Unregulated, and Unreported (IUU) regulation and the Sustainable Fishing Partnership Agreements (SFPAs). We draw on case studies in Thailand and Senegal to examine the specific mechanisms through which the EU influences fisheries governance beyond its territory, respectively through the IUU regulation and SFPAs. Drawing on normative power literature, we argue that the EU utilises network and market modes of governance to translate normative environmental values into third country regulations as part of dialogue and negotiation processes. In particular, we expand on the functioning of the network mode of governance by looking at how the EU has used socialisation and partnership approaches to promote certain values during its dialogues with both countries. In Thailand, the EU helped promote fisheries reform through its IUU yellow card mechanism, but its influence has at times been criticised as too directive. Meanwhile, the latest iteration of the EU's bilateral fishing relations with Senegal under the new SFPA scheme shows promising improvement compared to previous versions, but remains complicated by the two countries' relative power imbalance. Overall, our paper seeks to enrich the engagement of fisheries governance literature with questions of EU relations with third countries. Our two case studies demonstrate how exploring the functioning of normative aspects is significant particularly because the advancement of sustainability in global fisheries depends on concrete, historically complex, and multilaterally constructed power relations. • This paper explores two key mechanisms from the EU's external fisheries policy—the IUU Regulation and SFPAs. • Thailand and Senegal cases help exame how and to what extent the EU has exercised green aspects of normative power during its negotiations. • The EU translates normative values of sustainable fishing to third countries by employing network and market modes of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss the impact of recent regulatory changes in air passenger transport between Europe and Africa. We quantify the impacts of liberalisation of the EU-Africa aviation market on air fare and service frequency using a two-stage least squares model approach. The analysis shows that inter-continental air services between Europe and Africa are mainly governed by bilateral agreements negotiated between the individual countries of the EU and the various African governments. Compared to the developments in the links between Africa and the rest of the world, the EU-Africa market appears to be losing momentum. The results of the econometric model suggest that EU-Africa routes which experienced liberalisation over the period 2002 and 2016 had 28% higher departure frequency and 14% lower fares than those routes without such a regime change. Furthermore, the results show that the presence of a low-cost carrier reduces fare by 31%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how bilateral and multilateral clustering are embedded in a multilevel system of interdependent networks. We argue that in complex systems in which bilateral and multilateral relations are themselves interrelated, such as global fisheries governance, embeddedness cannot be reduced to unipartite or bipartite clustering but implicates multilevel closure. We elaborate expectations for ties’ multilevel embeddedness based on network theory and substantive considerations and explore them using a multilevel ERGM. We find states’ bilateral ties are embedded in their shared membership in multilateral fisheries agreements, which is itself clustered around foci represented by similar content and treaty secretariats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contractual obligations are the most common type of obligation. They arise on the basis of the concluded contract and their conditions are defined both by the law, and the agreement of the parties. At the same time, in the modern world, there is a dynamic increase in the value of contractual obligations, which necessitates in-depth study of them. In addition, the analysis of the possible legal consequences of the COVID- 19 pandemic on contractual obligations is relevant within this topic. The purpose of the study is to analyse the legal regulation of contractual obligations in the civil law system, as well as to identify gaps in legislation and possible ways to improve it in this area. During the writing of the article the author used general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, inductive and deductive methods, analogy, comparison, dialectical logic and systems approach. In addition, special methods were used in the work: formal-legal, formal-logical, historical-legal, method of comparative legal research. In particular, the application of the comparative law method has contributed to a comprehensive study of contractual obligations in civil law in comparison with different countries. The historical-legal method has contributed to the study of the evolution of research in the field of contractual obligations in civil law, beginning with research conducted during the Roman Empire. The formal-legal method helped to reveal the peculiarities of the provisions of regulations on contractual obligations. The article is devoted to the theoretical development of contractual obligations in the system of civil law. In addition, international and European experience in the development of contractual obligations has been studied. The author also focuses on the analysis of COVID-19 as a circumstance that prevents the performance of the contract and releases the parties from liability, in particular, examines in detail whether COVID-19 can be considered a force majeure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing complexity of global food systems, producers in developing countries are faced with challenges associated with market access to developed and other developing countries. There is clear evidence that the fastest growing developing countries are the ones engaging in trade and participating in the global market. The difficulty for developing countries, especially Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in those countries is the logistics and agreements needed to enter international markets and benefit from trade. Global production networks are becoming extremely complex. Arms-length trade is now confined to commodities with low returns, thus access to high-income yielding activities requires participation in global value chains. Over the past decades, the global food system has concentrated in the hands of a few large companies. All these changes raise questions about market structures, market power, and strategies for small-scale agribusinesses in developing countries to insert themselves into the global food system. This paper summarizes the interview conducted with Dr. Ronald D. Hampton, Chair and Associate Professor of Marketing and Director of the Agribusiness Program at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. Dr. Hampton has ample experience in international marketing, marketing management, retail management, leadership, and consumer behavior. The objective of this interview is to gain a better understanding of factors affecting small-scale agribusinesses in a context of international trade. This interview took place during the 17th Annual World Forum and Symposium in Parma, Italy in June, 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a sequential protocol of endogenous coalition formation based on a process of bilateral agreements among the players. We apply the game to a Cournot environment with linear demand and constant average costs. We show that the final outcome of any subgame perfect equilibrium of the game is the grand coalition, provided the initial number of firms is high enough and they are sufficiently patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of India-Nigeria agricultural cooperation on rice production in Nigeria. Since 2000 in the quest for food sufficiency, diversification of the country’s sources of foreign exchange, increasing employment for the rising population as well as expanding its external relations Nigeria has signed several bilateral agreements on agriculture with India. The analysis of the developments in the sub-sector, as well as media, governmental and non-governmental reports in the field and the interviews of the farmers has revealed that the Indian firms, including “Olam Group” and “Popular Farms and Mills Ltd”, have cultivated thousands of hectares of land, built mills and machinery, provided farmers in 16 Nigerian states with better rice seedlings, and engaged thousands of farmers in regular training improving employment and revitalizing communities in the country. The support given by the Indian firms has triggered an unprecedented increase in rice production. The paper concludes that the agreements, particularly the one of 2017, have further promoted, strengthened and expanded rice production in the context of food security, job creation and saving foreign exchange. The article, therefore, demonstrates how Nigeria-India bilateral ties and cooperative programs have changed the dynamics of rice production in the country and brought more profound economic consequences. Despite the fact that Nigeria is not yet selfsufficient in rice production with the gap of around 2.5 million tonnes, the agricultural programs initiated within the framework of the Nigeria-India bilateral agreements and realized as large-scale agriculture programmes including investments, training, supply of better seedlings, land cultivation promoted by powerful corporations have significantly changed the economic and social environment in Nigeria.

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines an assessment of the level of air transport services liberalization in Australia in order to generate recommendations on what key market access features of Air Services Agreements should be revised to reflect the changes in air transport characteristics, including the increase in air cargo traffic during the COVID-19 period. The different variants of the key market access features of ASA, levels of air transport liberalization and the extent of air transport service liberalization between Australia and 104 partner countries were analysed using descriptive study, comparison analysis and the ALI index. The ALI index is calculated for four different weighting schemes. Passenger capacity in 41 bilateral agreements contain restrictions of frequency, capacity and aircraft type. The analysis of cooperative arrangements indicated that Australia has a single aviation market only with New Zealand. The cargo capacity analysis identified different types of capacity restrictions based on weekly cargo service, volume, destinations, designated airline and aircraft types. In conclusion, cargo capacity analysis illustrates that the level of liberalization is high, but the air services agreements between Australia and other countries in the first and second cargo capacity groups should be revised to reflect the increase in air cargo traffic during COVID-19.

There is broad evidence of climate change causing shifts in fish distribution worldwide, but less is known about the response of fisheries to these changes. Responses to climate‐driven shifts in a fishery may be constrained by existing management or institutional arrangements and technological settings. In order to understand how fisheries are responding to ocean warming, we investigate purse seine fleets targeting tropical tunas in the east Atlantic Ocean using effort and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) data from 1991 to 2017. An analysis of the spatial change in effort using a centre of gravity approach and empirical orthogonal functions is used to assess the spatiotemporal changes in effort anomalies and investigate links to SSTA. Both analyses indicate that effort shifts southward from the equator, while no clear pattern is seen northward from the equator. Random forest models show that while technology and institutional settings better explain total effort, SSTA is playing a role when explaining the spatiotemporal changes of effort, together with management and international agreements. These results show the potential of management to minimize the impacts of climate change on fisheries activity. Our results provide guidance for improved understanding about how climate, management and governance interact in tropical tuna fisheries, with methods that are replicable and transferable. Future actions should take into account all these elements in order to plan successful adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the plans of Kosovo Government for the construction of a wastewater treatment plant. Topics discussed include Financial Protocol and the Loan Agreement between the governments of Kosovo and France; bilateral agreements on tied aid between European Union (EU) Member States and EU non-member States; and the information on the "Tied Aid", the grants or loans by one state to another state under the condition that the funds are used to purchase goods and services.

Copyright of Ekonomia XXI Wieku is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)