83 results
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2. The legal guarantees to protect foreign investment in Jordan
- Author
-
Helalat, Mohamad Ali
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Competences of the Ministry of Justice in Providing International Legal Assistance.
- Author
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Nuhija, Bekim and Maqellara, Rilinda
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL legal assistance ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,SUSTAINABLE development ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL law - Abstract
International Legal Assistance is the assurance of efficiency in the form of procedural developments by the state authorities, respectively, the state that implements the procedural actions at the request of the other state pursuing civil proceedings with a foreign element. By providing international legal assistance, states contribute to a stable, democratic area and sustainable development in the commitment to share achievements in conducting procedural actions across borders. The objective of the paper is to reflect the progress of the state conducting the requesting state procedure as well as to try to improve and promote cross-border judicial cooperation in the beneficiary countries to investigate and prosecute cross- border crime. Regarding to this paper will also reach the initial delays in cross-border cooperation with practical examples, the time element and the international element. The main advantage of international legal assistance is the opportunity and ability to share information, the rules of use and exchange of information and evidence through formal requirements, and why not and an ongoing avant-garde communication between relevant institutions or bodies. (Using technology platforms, greater collaboration between countries takes place. Through different real-time communication applications, information is obtained, which although may be in different countries, provides the same quality of service between organs. One thing such will undoubtedly increase confidence in institutions, procedure processes and parties wherever they are). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
4. Challenges of Labor Migrants to Thailand: Issues of Bilateral Agreements for the Employment of Workers in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS).
- Author
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Sakulsri, Teeranong
- Subjects
MIGRANT labor ,LABOR unions ,LABOR market ,EMPLOYMENT ,EMPLOYEES ,MIGRATIONS of nations - Abstract
The governments of the Kingdom of Thailand and neighboring countries have, over the past few years, attempted to legalize the flow of migrant workers. This paper aims to examine, based on empirical data consisting of 97 semi-structured interviews with migrant workers in the Kingdom of Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Republic of the Union of Myanmar, the challenges migrants face in facilitating legal work in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). This paper analyzes, by employing a rights-based approach to migration issues, the obstacles migrants face in seeking legal work in these regions. The findings of the study indicated four main issues related to migration under the current governance system including lack of knowledge of authority and procedure, perceived expense of the recruitment process, migrants' perspectives concerning formal and informal recruitment and limited capacity for assessing labor market needs. Based on the results, the development of laws or measures have been suggested in both the migrant-sending country and Thailand which specify the costs and duration of the process to import labor. It is essential that all personnel give consistent information to interested persons and improve pre-departure training courses to help migrant workers understand the specifications in the bilateral MOUs with Thailand. This knowledge and information should be provided to migrants, prospective migrants, their families, and relevant agencies in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Analysis of Bilateral Air Services Agreement Liberalization in Australia.
- Author
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Heiets, Iryna, Yeun, Richard C.K., Verhagen, Wim J.C., and La, Jiezhuoma
- Subjects
COMMERCIAL aeronautics ,AIR analysis ,AIR freight ,AIR traffic ,AIR travel ,FREIGHT & freightage - Abstract
This paper examines an assessment of the level of air transport services liberalization in Australia in order to generate recommendations on what key market access features of Air Services Agreements should be revised to reflect the changes in air transport characteristics, including the increase in air cargo traffic during the COVID-19 period. The different variants of the key market access features of ASA, levels of air transport liberalization and the extent of air transport service liberalization between Australia and 104 partner countries were analysed using descriptive study, comparison analysis and the ALI index. The ALI index is calculated for four different weighting schemes. Passenger capacity in 41 bilateral agreements contain restrictions of frequency, capacity and aircraft type. The analysis of cooperative arrangements indicated that Australia has a single aviation market only with New Zealand. The cargo capacity analysis identified different types of capacity restrictions based on weekly cargo service, volume, destinations, designated airline and aircraft types. In conclusion, cargo capacity analysis illustrates that the level of liberalization is high, but the air services agreements between Australia and other countries in the first and second cargo capacity groups should be revised to reflect the increase in air cargo traffic during COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. АРБИТРАЖНА КЛАУЗУЛА ВО ДВОСТРАНИТЕ ДОГОВОРИ ЗА СТРАНСКИ ИНВЕСТИЦИИ
- Author
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Ристовска, Мирјана
- Abstract
Copyright of International Dialogue: East-West is the property of International Center for Slavic Education- Sveti Nikole and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
7. Análise da implantação do Programa Nacional de Controle da Dengue: estudo comparativo de municípios fronteiriços de Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil).
- Author
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da Silva Costa, Elisângela Martins and Aparecido da Costa, Edgar
- Subjects
CITIES & towns ,GOVERNMENT policy ,MUNICIPAL government ,SEMI-structured interviews ,ARBOVIRUS diseases ,DENGUE viruses - Abstract
Copyright of Cuadernos de Geografia: Revista Colombiana de Geografía is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The Possibility of Legal Standing for FTA Partners under Article 263 TFEU.
- Author
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BRACKE, Matthias
- Subjects
DISPUTE resolution ,COMMERCIAL treaties ,TREATIES ,INTERNATIONAL courts ,LEGAL settlement - Abstract
The EU has concluded many international agreements with third states. Since the EU is not a state, it cannot act as a party before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), either as an applicant or as a defendant, which means that the enforcement of these agreements must be regulated through Dispute Settlement provisions in the agreements themselves (though, depending on the subject of the dispute, a procedure within the framework of the WTO is also possible). However, the Court of Justice might have opened the door for a new enforcement possibility in its Venezuela v. Council judgment, where it ruled that Venezuela -- a third state -- could have legal standing before the Court on the basis of the fourth paragraph of Article 263 TFEU. This article will analyse whether third states could have access to the Court, in order to seek annulment of an EU legal act that potentially violates a provision of an international agreement that the third state had previously concluded with the EU. It will do so by looking at the ratio decidendi of the Court in Venezuela v. Council, and by analysing the conditions of direct and individual concern, the potential exclusionary effects of Dispute Settlement provisions in international agreements, and the need for direct effect of these agreements. For a variety of reasons, the article will mostly focus on Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. UKRAINE-INDIA COOPERATION. WHY UKRAINE IS CONSIDERED TO BE AN ATTRACTIVE EDUCATIONAL PLATFORM FOR INDIAN STUDENTS?
- Author
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Kramar, Iryna
- Subjects
UKRAINIAN foreign relations, 1991- ,FOREIGN relations of India, 1984- ,BILATERAL treaties ,EDUCATIONAL cooperation ,HIGHER education ,COLLEGE students - Abstract
Ukraine and India are so different countries which at the same time have many things in common. Some of these similarities are determined in the paper. Moreover cooperation between Ukraine and India has become a relevant topic for discussion lately. In this contribution an attempt is made to clarify our understanding of the motives that lead these countries to cooperate in different sectors such as: economic, cultural, scientific, educational, technological. The goal of the paper is to determine the potential benefits achievable through cooperation between Ukraine and India, especially in educational sector. A significant attention is paid to the cooperation in educational area. Major advantages for Indian students of getting higher education in Ukraine are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
10. The Agreement between Serbia and Hungary on the Protection of National Minority Rights –Revision Welcomed.
- Author
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Beretka, Katinka and Korhecz, Tamás
- Abstract
This paper analyzes the bilateral agreement on the reciprocal protection of minorities that Serbia has signed with Hungary. The provisions of this agreement is examined, with the application of the legal-dogmatic, descriptive and comparative legal methods, and compared with the corresponding provisions in other bilateral agreements that Serbia has signed with neighboring countries, as well as with the provisions on the protection of the rights of persons belonging to national minorities as stated in the Constitution and laws of Serbia. The study pays special attention to the work of the mixed government commission; the state authorities' measures regarding the implementation of the agreement and the judicial protection. There is the formulation some recommendations through which this legal instrument could become a more effective legal remedy for the protection of national minorities. This analysis seeks an answer to the question of to what extent the bilateral agreement has contributed to the international and domestic legal framework for the legal protection of national minorities in Serbia, and whether it is today mainly a political instrument without particular legal relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. THE CAPACITY OF THIRD COUNTRIES TO NEGOTIATE BILATERAL AGREEMENTS WITH THE UK UNDER WITHDRAWAL ARRANGEMENTS.
- Author
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Vlajković, Marija and Tasev, Jelisaveta
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL law - Abstract
Having in mind that this is the first time that a Member State decided to withdraw from the EU pursuant to Article 50 TEU there are many aspects of this process that attract the attention of scholars studying EU related issues. Regardless of the outcome of the ongoing political debate and the course of action that will be taken eventually, after the CJEU decision in Wightman, we deem the need to further explore the extent of Article 50 and its implications on a number of stakeholders self- evident. In this paper we will deal with the capacity of non-EU countries to negotiate and conclude bilateral agreements with the UK i.e. a country withdrawing from the EU. The analysis is based on the proposed framework under the Draft Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the EU and the Euratom and the possible interpretation and understanding of terms "the principle of sincere cooperation" and "the Union's interest" in this context, the principles of international law including the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the general principles of Union law. The primary focus is on the legal uncertainty the lack of a more thorough approach creates to non- EU countries, especially to third countries aspiring to join the EU. Considering that they do not participate in the withdrawal negotiations, it is a challenge for them to take part in prospect bilateral negotiations with the UK, while, at the same time, making sure they stay on their EU path. We argue in favor of the deal, as a universally accepted approach in case of future withdrawals, not only for the purpose of establishing a reference for any future application of Article 50, but also for providing legal certainty to those parties that are not prima facie affected by the withdrawal, but that do have to act in accordance with all deals made without the right to be heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
12. Portability of Pension, Health, and Other Social Benefits: Facts, Concepts, and Issues.
- Author
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Holzmann, Robert and Koettl, Johannes
- Subjects
PENSIONS ,ECONOMISTS ,SOCIAL policy ,PUBLIC health ,SOCIAL & economic rights - Abstract
Portability of social benefits across professions and countries is an increasing concern for individuals and policy makers. Lacking or incomplete transfers of acquired social rights are feared to negatively impact individual labor market decisions as well as capacity to address social risks with consequences for economic and social outcomes. The paper gives a fresh and provocative look on the international perspective of the topic that has so far been dominated by social policy lawyers working within the framework of bilateral agreements; the input by economists has been very limited. It offers an analytical framework for portability analysis that suggests separating the risk pooling, (implicit or actual) pre-funding, and redistributive elements in the benefit design, and explores the proposed alternative approach for pensions and health care benefits. This promising approach may serve both as a substitute and complement to bi- and multilateral agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Problems, progress and prognosis in trade and investment negotiations: the transatlantic free trade and investment partnership.
- Author
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Eliasson, Leif Johan
- Subjects
FREE trade ,COMMERCIAL treaties ,NONTARIFF trade barriers ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,INVESTMENT treaties ,BILATERAL treaties - Abstract
A comprehensive Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) would increase economic output, create jobs, establish regulatory standards with global reach and set a new ‘gold standard’ for other trade agreements. However, institutionalised differences in key policy areas, divergent preferences for what constitutes an acceptable agreement, and sceptical populations constitute insurmountable hurdles. Using empirical and theoretical arguments, this paper is both a prediction for the TTIP and a contribution to our understanding of when and why trade negotiations fail, while also highlighting the positive side effects of negotiations. Assessing the extent to which the factors presented in this paper are present in other negotiations improves our understanding of the outcome of complex bilateral negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. American Foreign Policy Strategies Toward the Asia- Pacific: Political Patterns and Future Expectations.
- Author
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Peterson, James
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of the United States, 2017- ,TRANS-Pacific Partnership ,ASIA-United States relations - Abstract
The main focus of this paper will be to anchor the Obama thrust within the framework of American diplomatic and defense priorities of the recent past. How will that emphasis survive the presidential transition in January 2017? The campaigns of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump offer little evidence about their priorities, other than their mutual desire to exit the Trans-Pacific Partnership. However, Asian pressures will impinge into the new President's decision-making, and it will not be too soon in April 2017 to summarize what we will know so far about the Asian direction of the new administration. The decision of President Obama to "pivot" towards Asia in his second term in office was in tune with the decisions of previous administrations. Perhaps he was looking for a fresh policy focus, after years of frustration with Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and other nations of the Middle East. It is also probably the case that the economic dynamism of Asia was a draw, and the parallel focus of Russia's President Putin on priorities in Asia offered competition as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
15. EXPLORING TRADE AND INVESTMENT POTENTIAL BETWEEN INDONESIA AND SLOVAKIA: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS.
- Author
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Wicaksono, Katon
- Subjects
BUSINESSPEOPLE ,FOREIGN investments ,INVESTMENT analysis ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,MARKET entry ,LEGISLATIVE voting - Abstract
This study explores the qualitative analysis of the trade and investment potential between Indonesia and Slovakia, two contrasting economies characterized by dynamic differences and untapped economic synergy. Using theories and frameworks from international trade and foreign direct investment, this study aims to give a full picture of the complicated web of economic complementarities, barriers, and policy landscapes that affect the flow of trade and investment between two countries. By conducting a comprehensive examination of existing scholarly works, supplemented by in-depth interviews with experts and focused analysis of specific instances, this study reveals significant areas that are conducive to collaboration as well as the intricate obstacles that hinder commercial transactions. The results underscore the significant impact of legislative frameworks, market entry opportunities, and infrastructure preparedness on the facilitation or impediment of economic participation. Furthermore, the research highlights the necessity of implementing strategic bilateral agreements in order to effectively use the complete range of trade and investment prospects. The conversation expands to include practical consequences for legislators and business professionals, promoting specific measures to reduce obstacles and take advantage of the found economic synergies. This study makes a valuable contribution to the ongoing academic conversation surrounding the improvement of bilateral economic relations by providing a strategic plan for future collaborations between Indonesia and Slovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Computational and Experimental Biomonitoring Transboundary Pollution for Optimizing Industrial Effluent Parameters.
- Author
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Batzias, Dimitrios F., Giannias, Dimitrios A., and Siontorou, Christina G.
- Subjects
WATER pollution ,WATER pollution monitoring ,ENVIRONMENTAL protection ,WATER utilities ,ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis - Abstract
This paper deals with monitoring transboundary pollution affecting a waterbody shared by two neighboring countries. The case under examination refers to a river crossing the borders between an upstream and a downstream country (UC and DC, respectively, by considering the borders as reference point), where the source of pollution is located in the UC but the downstream environmental impacts are manifested also in the DC. A methodology is presented, under the form of an algorithmic procedure including 20 activity stages and 10 decision nodes, for quantifying environmental impact, formulating the necessary knowledge framework for maximizing joint benefit and creating the suitable background for bilateral negotiations in order to reach a satisfactory agreement for both parts. The measure of pollution we introduce is the spatio-temporal oxygen deficit given as the area between a critical dissolved oxygen value and the corresponding oxygen sag curve. Based on this measure, we have determined the basic regimes that may appear in practice and we have highlighted the limiting cases that structure the domain where a quasi-optimal solution may be found. It is worthwhile noting that the presented approach can be extended to include water quality issues, especially suitable for dealing with extreme climatic changes (drought, flood, or other impacts of global warming), as well as the introduction of new technologies for improving water utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Management of Cross-border Migration: Thailand as a Case of Net Immigration.
- Author
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Chalamwong, Yongyuth, Meepien, Jidapa, and Hongprayoon, Khanittha
- Subjects
- *
EMIGRATION & immigration , *MIGRANT labor , *FINANCIAL crises , *STATISTICS , *HUMAN trafficking - Abstract
Abstract The increase of migrant workers into the Kingdom of Thailand began in the mid-1980s and early 1990s when Thailand was in transition from a low-end labour-intensive economy, to a capital-intensive one. The role of migrant workers became even more evident when Thailand encountered the economic crisis of the mid-1990s. Current statistics indicate that Thailand receives more than a million migrant workers from neighbouring countries, including Myanmar, Lao PDR and Cambodia. This paper traces the five stages of the Royal Thai Government's (RTG) policies to managing cross-border migration and migrant worker issues in Thailand. It argues that despite the introduction of policies of management of the issue, migrant workers are vulnerable to human trafficking. Furthermore, as more often than not migrant workers are irregular migrants, they are treated as a risk to national security. As such they are vulnerable to labour exploitation. This paper analyses the problems in policy and legal enforcement between countries of origin and the RTG, suggesting ways in which these problems can be overcome to ensure compliance with international norms, and thus the responsibility of the RTG to its 'foreign workers'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Preporuke iz Bolzana/Bozena o nacionalnim manjinama u međudržavnim odnosima: značenje i implikacije za Hrvatsku i regiju.
- Author
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Petričušić, Antonija
- Subjects
- *
MINORITIES , *ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. - Abstract
The office of the High Commissioner on National Minorities, body of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, published at the end of 2008 a set of recommendations dealing with the rights of national minorities in inter-state relations. In this paper circumstances related to the origins of Bolzano/Bozen Recommendations are analysed, subsequently the paper presents the content of the Recommendations, and finally, the paper analyses to what extent the Recommendations have been reflected in minority-related legislation and policies of Croatia and several neighbouring countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
19. La externalización interna de las fronteras en el control migratorio en la UE.
- Author
-
Barbero, Iker and Donadio, Giacomo
- Subjects
- *
IMMIGRANTS , *EMIGRATION & immigration , *BORDERLANDS , *GEOGRAPHIC boundaries , *BILATERAL treaties , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation on emigration & immigration - Abstract
The friction that has occurred - and continues to occur - at some of the European Union's internal borders is a reflection of mechanisms for the delegation and transfer of immigration control between member states. This paper addresses these dynamics - defined as "internal externalisation" - through a comparative analysis of the specific management and legal regulation of France's border with Spain and Italy. These two borders are similar in many respects (being two mountain ranges) but are, at the same time, very different (in the geographical intensity of the controls and types of crossings). Comparing them could reveal the border control mechanisms that characterise the subordinate relationships between member states, and which represent true externalisation of the EU's internal borders. Some states are forced to take on the role of containment states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Assessing the impact of IPRs on development: A view from the developing world.
- Author
-
Ghio, Ramiro Lopez
- Subjects
INTELLECTUAL property ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,TREATIES ,INTERNATIONAL obligations ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
During the last years developed countries succeeded in introducing intellectual property rights into the international agenda. Developing countries were unwilling to adopt policies to protect intellectual assets since price increases of patented products restrict their consumption to certain population groups. In the case of intellectual property rights in the health industry, developed countries have understood that the level of protection reached at the WTO is insufficient and they have sought to harden the rules through bilateral agreements. This paper considers the benefit for developing countries to reach regional agreements between them and negotiate in block with developed countries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Sustainable Networks: Modes of governance in the EU's external fisheries policy relations under the IUU Regulation in Thailand and the SFPA with Senegal.
- Author
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Kadfak, Alin and Antonova, Anna
- Subjects
FISHERY policy ,NETWORK governance ,SUSTAINABLE fisheries ,MULTILEVEL marketing ,PARTNERSHIP agreements ,FISHERIES - Abstract
The EU envisions itself as a global leader in sustainable fisheries governance. This paper explores how two key policies seek to implement these aspirations internationally – the Illegal, Unregulated, and Unreported (IUU) regulation and the Sustainable Fishing Partnership Agreements (SFPAs). We draw on case studies in Thailand and Senegal to examine the specific mechanisms through which the EU influences fisheries governance beyond its territory, respectively through the IUU regulation and SFPAs. Drawing on normative power literature, we argue that the EU utilises network and market modes of governance to translate normative environmental values into third country regulations as part of dialogue and negotiation processes. In particular, we expand on the functioning of the network mode of governance by looking at how the EU has used socialisation and partnership approaches to promote certain values during its dialogues with both countries. In Thailand, the EU helped promote fisheries reform through its IUU yellow card mechanism, but its influence has at times been criticised as too directive. Meanwhile, the latest iteration of the EU's bilateral fishing relations with Senegal under the new SFPA scheme shows promising improvement compared to previous versions, but remains complicated by the two countries' relative power imbalance. Overall, our paper seeks to enrich the engagement of fisheries governance literature with questions of EU relations with third countries. Our two case studies demonstrate how exploring the functioning of normative aspects is significant particularly because the advancement of sustainability in global fisheries depends on concrete, historically complex, and multilaterally constructed power relations. • This paper explores two key mechanisms from the EU's external fisheries policy—the IUU Regulation and SFPAs. • Thailand and Senegal cases help exame how and to what extent the EU has exercised green aspects of normative power during its negotiations. • The EU translates normative values of sustainable fishing to third countries by employing network and market modes of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. A survey of nuclear-related agreements and possibilities for nuclear cooperation in South Asia: Cooperative Monitoring Center Occasional Paper/15
- Author
-
RAJEN, GAURAV
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Power Imbalance in Africa-China Investment and Development Deals: The Case of Zimbabwe (2000–2018)
- Author
-
Nancy Kambudzi
- Subjects
Zimbabwe ,China ,China-Africa ,bilateral agreements ,development loans - Abstract
This paper seeks to flag the reality of the socio-economic impact of power imbalance in the negotiation and implementation of infrastructural projects constructed in Zimbabwe and funded by China Exim Bank, China’s main financial arm in Africa. Reviewing the China-Zimbabwe financial deals concluded during President Mugabe’s regime from 2000 to 2018, I use existing credible online-available data and draw on analysis conducted in the framework of a PhD study carried out between 2019 and 2020. I argue that China had an overriding negotiating upper hand in these deals, which limited the economic and social gains that Zimbabwe could expect—and could obtain—from the bilateral relations. The mobilization of financial resources and popular disapproval of Chinese-led projects constitute the biggest obstacles to the efficient implementation of infrastructure development in the country. The paper underlines that the Zimbabwean population has borne the brunt, on one hand, of the predatory attitude of Chinese contractors, and on the other, of the irresponsibility of the Zimbabwean government, unable so far to formulate policies that enhance debt sustainability or to take action on citizen grievances, such as underpayment and maltreatment at the hands of the Chinese contractors. The discussion highlights how much, in the case of China-Africa relations, the ideal goal of mutual benefit for each State involved in bilateral investment agreements falls short of expectations.
- Published
- 2022
24. Understanding the impact of liberalisation in the EU-Africa aviation market.
- Author
-
Njoya, Eric Tchouamou, Christidis, Panayiotis, and Nikitas, Alexandros
- Subjects
- *
COMMERCIAL aeronautics , *FINANCIAL liberalization , *AIRLINE rates , *ECONOMETRIC models , *LEAST squares - Abstract
Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss the impact of recent regulatory changes in air passenger transport between Europe and Africa. We quantify the impacts of liberalisation of the EU-Africa aviation market on air fare and service frequency using a two-stage least squares model approach. The analysis shows that inter-continental air services between Europe and Africa are mainly governed by bilateral agreements negotiated between the individual countries of the EU and the various African governments. Compared to the developments in the links between Africa and the rest of the world, the EU-Africa market appears to be losing momentum. The results of the econometric model suggest that EU-Africa routes which experienced liberalisation over the period 2002 and 2016 had 28% higher departure frequency and 14% lower fares than those routes without such a regime change. Furthermore, the results show that the presence of a low-cost carrier reduces fare by 31%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Taxation of royalties, dividends and interest according to the OECD Model
- Author
-
Vrančić, Filip, Klemenčić, Irena, Arbutina, Hrvoje, and Rogić Lugarić, Tereza
- Subjects
OECD Model ,interest ,bilateral agreements ,taxation ,dividends ,royalties - Abstract
Osnovni cilj ovog rada je pružiti uvid u oporezivanje autorskih naknadi, dividendi i kamata prema OECD Modelu kojim se pokušava spriječiti međunarodno dvostruko oporezivanje. Sekundarnim istraživanjem obuhvaćene su stručne knjige, znanstveni radovi, OECD publikacije i mrežne stranice baza podataka, ponajviše OECD-a, koje su deskriptivnom metodom iznesene u radu. Metodama analize i sinteze su donesene odredbe oporezivanja autorskih naknadi, dividendi i kamata prema OECD Modelu. Svrha ovog rada je donijeti pregled oporezivanja autorskih naknadi, dividendi i kamata prema OECD Modelu, probleme u tim odredbama i izuzeća pojedinih država ugovornica. Rad zaključuje kako, iako OECD Model predlaže jasne odredbe, ipak dolazi do specifičnih situacija koje države ugovornice rješavaju bilateralnim ugovorima., The main goal of this paper is to provide insight into the taxation of royalties, dividends and interests according to the OECD Model, which seeks to prevent international double taxation. Secondary research includes professional books, scientific papers, OECD publications and web pages of databases, mostly OECD, which are presented in the paper by descriptive method. By the methods of analysis and synthesis, the provisions of taxation of royalties, dividends and interest according to the OECD Model have been overviewed. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the taxation of royalties, dividends and interest according to the OECD Model, the problems in these provisions and the exemptions of individual contracting states. The paper concludes that, although the OECD Model proposes clear provisions, there are still specific situations that contracting states address through bilateral agreements
- Published
- 2022
26. Multilevel embeddedness: The case of the global fisheries governance complex.
- Author
-
Hollway, James and Koskinen, Johan
- Subjects
EMBEDDEDNESS (Socioeconomic theory) ,FISHERY policy ,SOCIAL network theory ,EXPONENTS ,RANDOM graphs - Abstract
This paper explores how bilateral and multilateral clustering are embedded in a multilevel system of interdependent networks. We argue that in complex systems in which bilateral and multilateral relations are themselves interrelated, such as global fisheries governance, embeddedness cannot be reduced to unipartite or bipartite clustering but implicates multilevel closure. We elaborate expectations for ties’ multilevel embeddedness based on network theory and substantive considerations and explore them using a multilevel ERGM. We find states’ bilateral ties are embedded in their shared membership in multilateral fisheries agreements, which is itself clustered around foci represented by similar content and treaty secretariats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS IN THE CIVIL LAW SYSTEM.
- Author
-
LUKASEVYCH-KRUTNYK, Iryna S., MILOVSKA, Nadiia V., POPOVA, Nataliia R., RYBACHOK, Viktoriia А., and BELIKOVA, Svitlana O.
- Subjects
CIVIL law ,LIBERTY of contract ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
Contractual obligations are the most common type of obligation. They arise on the basis of the concluded contract and their conditions are defined both by the law, and the agreement of the parties. At the same time, in the modern world, there is a dynamic increase in the value of contractual obligations, which necessitates in-depth study of them. In addition, the analysis of the possible legal consequences of the COVID- 19 pandemic on contractual obligations is relevant within this topic. The purpose of the study is to analyse the legal regulation of contractual obligations in the civil law system, as well as to identify gaps in legislation and possible ways to improve it in this area. During the writing of the article the author used general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, inductive and deductive methods, analogy, comparison, dialectical logic and systems approach. In addition, special methods were used in the work: formal-legal, formal-logical, historical-legal, method of comparative legal research. In particular, the application of the comparative law method has contributed to a comprehensive study of contractual obligations in civil law in comparison with different countries. The historical-legal method has contributed to the study of the evolution of research in the field of contractual obligations in civil law, beginning with research conducted during the Roman Empire. The formal-legal method helped to reveal the peculiarities of the provisions of regulations on contractual obligations. The article is devoted to the theoretical development of contractual obligations in the system of civil law. In addition, international and European experience in the development of contractual obligations has been studied. The author also focuses on the analysis of COVID-19 as a circumstance that prevents the performance of the contract and releases the parties from liability, in particular, examines in detail whether COVID-19 can be considered a force majeure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
28. International Trade, Consumer Behavior and Trust: Factors Affecting Agribusinesses in Developing Countries.
- Author
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Fromm, Ingrid and Nyhodo, Bonani
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL industries ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,CONSUMER behavior ,TRUST ,ECONOMIC conditions in developing countries ,DEVELOPING countries ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
With the increasing complexity of global food systems, producers in developing countries are faced with challenges associated with market access to developed and other developing countries. There is clear evidence that the fastest growing developing countries are the ones engaging in trade and participating in the global market. The difficulty for developing countries, especially Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in those countries is the logistics and agreements needed to enter international markets and benefit from trade. Global production networks are becoming extremely complex. Arms-length trade is now confined to commodities with low returns, thus access to high-income yielding activities requires participation in global value chains. Over the past decades, the global food system has concentrated in the hands of a few large companies. All these changes raise questions about market structures, market power, and strategies for small-scale agribusinesses in developing countries to insert themselves into the global food system. This paper summarizes the interview conducted with Dr. Ronald D. Hampton, Chair and Associate Professor of Marketing and Director of the Agribusiness Program at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. Dr. Hampton has ample experience in international marketing, marketing management, retail management, leadership, and consumer behavior. The objective of this interview is to gain a better understanding of factors affecting small-scale agribusinesses in a context of international trade. This interview took place during the 17th Annual World Forum and Symposium in Parma, Italy in June, 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
29. Sequential Formation of Coalitions Through Bilateral Agreements in a Cournot Setting.
- Author
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Macho-Stadler, Inés, Pérez-Castrillo, David, and Porteiro, Nicolás
- Subjects
SEQUENTIAL analysis ,BLOCKING sets ,EQUILIBRIUM ,GAMES ,LINEAR statistical models ,COST - Abstract
We study a sequential protocol of endogenous coalition formation based on a process of bilateral agreements among the players. We apply the game to a Cournot environment with linear demand and constant average costs. We show that the final outcome of any subgame perfect equilibrium of the game is the grand coalition, provided the initial number of firms is high enough and they are sufficiently patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Production of Rice in Nigeria: The Role of Indian-Nigerian Bilateral Cooperation in Food Security
- Author
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I. U. Lucky
- Subjects
rice production ,nigeria ,india ,bilateral agreements ,food sufficiency ,International relations ,JZ2-6530 - Abstract
The article focuses on the impact of India-Nigeria agricultural cooperation on rice production in Nigeria. Since 2000 in the quest for food sufficiency, diversification of the country’s sources of foreign exchange, increasing employment for the rising population as well as expanding its external relations Nigeria has signed several bilateral agreements on agriculture with India. The analysis of the developments in the sub-sector, as well as media, governmental and non-governmental reports in the field and the interviews of the farmers has revealed that the Indian firms, including “Olam Group” and “Popular Farms and Mills Ltd”, have cultivated thousands of hectares of land, built mills and machinery, provided farmers in 16 Nigerian states with better rice seedlings, and engaged thousands of farmers in regular training improving employment and revitalizing communities in the country. The support given by the Indian firms has triggered an unprecedented increase in rice production. The paper concludes that the agreements, particularly the one of 2017, have further promoted, strengthened and expanded rice production in the context of food security, job creation and saving foreign exchange. The article, therefore, demonstrates how Nigeria-India bilateral ties and cooperative programs have changed the dynamics of rice production in the country and brought more profound economic consequences. Despite the fact that Nigeria is not yet selfsufficient in rice production with the gap of around 2.5 million tonnes, the agricultural programs initiated within the framework of the Nigeria-India bilateral agreements and realized as large-scale agriculture programmes including investments, training, supply of better seedlings, land cultivation promoted by powerful corporations have significantly changed the economic and social environment in Nigeria.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Desglobalização, Brexit e os novos acordos entre Reino Unido e União Europeia.
- Author
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Alvarenga Alves, Angela Limongi and Almeida, Daniel Freire e.
- Subjects
FREE trade ,POWER (Social sciences) ,STATE power ,GOVERNMENT ownership ,BRITISH withdrawal from the European Union, 2016-2020 ,BREXIT Referendum, 2016 - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Analysis of Bilateral Air Services Agreement Liberalization in Australia
- Author
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Iryna Heiets, Richard C.K. Yeun, Wim J.C. Verhagen, and Jiezhuoma La
- Subjects
air services ,bilateral agreements ,liberalization ,Air Liberalization Index ,comparison analysis ,COVID-19 ,Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics ,TL1-4050 - Abstract
This paper examines an assessment of the level of air transport services liberalization in Australia in order to generate recommendations on what key market access features of Air Services Agreements should be revised to reflect the changes in air transport characteristics, including the increase in air cargo traffic during the COVID-19 period. The different variants of the key market access features of ASA, levels of air transport liberalization and the extent of air transport service liberalization between Australia and 104 partner countries were analysed using descriptive study, comparison analysis and the ALI index. The ALI index is calculated for four different weighting schemes. Passenger capacity in 41 bilateral agreements contain restrictions of frequency, capacity and aircraft type. The analysis of cooperative arrangements indicated that Australia has a single aviation market only with New Zealand. The cargo capacity analysis identified different types of capacity restrictions based on weekly cargo service, volume, destinations, designated airline and aircraft types. In conclusion, cargo capacity analysis illustrates that the level of liberalization is high, but the air services agreements between Australia and other countries in the first and second cargo capacity groups should be revised to reflect the increase in air cargo traffic during COVID-19.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Bilateral Monopoly: A Market for Intercountry River Water Allocation.
- Author
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Lekakis, Joseph N.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Fresh surface water resource allocation between Bulgaria and Greece
- Author
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Giannias, Dimitrios A. and Lekakis, Joseph N.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Uloga političkih stranaka i organizacija poslodavaca u oblikovanju švicarskog euroskepticizma
- Author
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Pepić, Ivan and Špehar, Hrvoje
- Subjects
euroscepticism ,Sonderfall ,bilateral agreements ,Switzerland's political system ,employers' organizations - Abstract
Rad analizira ulogu političkih stranaka i organizacija poslodavaca u oblikovanju švicarskog euroskepticizma. U radu se definira pojam euroskepticizma te se on aplicira na Švicarsku. Zbog razvoja partikularnosti političkog sustava, poput izravne demokracije i federalizma, švicarski euroskepticizam je izraz defanzivne političke kulture i zaštite Sonderfalla. Historijski institucionalizam te longitudinalna i funkcionalna komparativna metoda omogućuju istraživanje razlika i jednakih stavova prema europskoj integraciji. Švicarske političke stranke razvijaju euroskepticizam osobito tijekom 1980-ih godina. Neprihvaćanje referenduma o članstvu u Europski gospodarski prostor 6. prosinca 1992. prekretnica je koja je udaljila Švicarsku od pregovora za članstvo u EU-u. Zbog uspješne kampanje Švicarske narodne stranke naspram članstva u EU-u i druge su stranke primorane odbaciti taj vanjskopolitički cilj. Pokazalo se kako su organizacije poslodavaca tijekom XX. stoljeća tijesno surađivali s Federalnim vijećem. Takve organizacije, uz potporu predstavnika bankara i poljoprivrednika, nakon Drugog svjetskog rata bili su ključni akteri u odbacivanju europske integracije. Naime nadnacionalne europske institucije prijetnja su aktivnoj ulozi organizacija poslodavaca, kao i drugim specifičnostima švicarske ekonomske i financijske politike. Tijekom povijesti takve organizacije tijesno surađuju sa strankama desnog centra, a posebno mjesto imaju i protekcionistički predstavnici seljaka čiji identitet štiti Švicarska narodna stranka. Iako su organizacije poslodavaca bile za članstvo u Europski gospodarski prostor, one su 1990-ih zajedno s Federalnim vijećem odbacile mogućnost članstva u EU-u te su značajno doprinijele u izgradnji kompleksnog sustava bilateralnih sporazuma između Švicarske i EU-a. Službeni stav najvažnijih organizacija poslodavaca je da treba očuvati provedbu bilateralnih sporazuma zbog pristupa jedinstvenom tržištu EU-a. S obzirom na njihov značaj u Federalnoj skupštini, organizacije poslodavaca uspješno štite svoju poziciju., The paper analyzes the role of political parties and employers' organizations in framing Swiss Euroscepticism. The paper defines the concept of Euroscepticism in Switzerland. Due to the development of a particular political system, such as direct democracy and federalism, the Swiss Euroscepticism is an expression of the defensive political culture and protection of the Sonderfall. The referendum on membership in the European Economic Area on December 6, 1992 is a milestone that moved Switzerland away from negotiations to join the EU. Due to the Swiss People's Party's successful campaign against the membership in the EU, other Swiss parties were forced to reject this foreign policy goal. It turned out that the employers' organizations have important influence on the Federal Council. Employers’ organizations, with the support of representatives of bankers and farmers, after World War II were key players in the rejection of European integration. Supranational European institutions are a threat to the active role of employers' organizations in Switzerland and to other particularities of the Swiss economic and financial policies. Throughout history, these organizations work closely with center-right parties. Representatives of peasantry are usually protected by the Swiss People's Party. The employers' organizations position is that Switzerland should preserve Bilateral agreements because they are important for accession to the Single Market of the EU. Due to their importance in the Federal Assembly, employers' organizations protect their position successfully.
- Published
- 2016
36. Southward re‐distribution of tropical tuna fisheries activity can be explained by technological and management change.
- Author
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Rubio, Iratxe, Ganzedo, Unai, Hobday, Alistair J., and Ojea, Elena
- Subjects
TUNA fisheries ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,OCEAN temperature ,GEOGRAPHICAL distribution of fishes ,ORTHOGONAL functions - Abstract
There is broad evidence of climate change causing shifts in fish distribution worldwide, but less is known about the response of fisheries to these changes. Responses to climate‐driven shifts in a fishery may be constrained by existing management or institutional arrangements and technological settings. In order to understand how fisheries are responding to ocean warming, we investigate purse seine fleets targeting tropical tunas in the east Atlantic Ocean using effort and sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) data from 1991 to 2017. An analysis of the spatial change in effort using a centre of gravity approach and empirical orthogonal functions is used to assess the spatiotemporal changes in effort anomalies and investigate links to SSTA. Both analyses indicate that effort shifts southward from the equator, while no clear pattern is seen northward from the equator. Random forest models show that while technology and institutional settings better explain total effort, SSTA is playing a role when explaining the spatiotemporal changes of effort, together with management and international agreements. These results show the potential of management to minimize the impacts of climate change on fisheries activity. Our results provide guidance for improved understanding about how climate, management and governance interact in tropical tuna fisheries, with methods that are replicable and transferable. Future actions should take into account all these elements in order to plan successful adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Global Supply Chains and Trade Policy
- Author
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Blanchard, Emily J., Bown, Chad P., and Johnson, Robert C.
- Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,MARKET ACCESS ,EXPORT SUBSIDIES ,CONCESSIONS ,PREFERENTIAL MARKET ACCESS ,RETURNS TO SCALE ,DOMESTIC PRODUCTION ,FOREIGN INVESTORS ,PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT ,INTERMEDIATE INPUTS ,VALUE ADDED ,WORLD TRADE ,MEASUREMENT ,TERMS OF TRADE ,EXTERNALITIES ,NASH EQUILIBRIUM ,INCOME ,OUTCOMES ,TRADE NEGOTIATIONS ,TRADE PATTERNS ,SAFEGUARD MEASURES ,TRADE PREFERENCES ,INCENTIVES ,TRADE POLICY INSTRUMENTS ,ABSOLUTE VALUE ,TRADE EXTERNALITIES ,FOREIGN PRODUCERS ,TRADE AGREEMENTS ,EXTERNALITY ,GOODS ,EXPORT SHARES ,RENT ,TRADE DATA ,FINAL GOODS ,ACCESS ,REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ,GRAVITY VARIABLES ,TRADE POLICY ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE ,INPUT TRADE ,TARIFF ,BILATERAL TRADE DATA ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,FORMAL ANALYSIS ,IMPORT PENETRATION ,EXPORTERS ,PRICES ,TRADE MOTIVES ,FOREIGN GOODS ,TRADE BARRIERS ,APPLIED TARIFF ,GROSS OUTPUT ,IMPORT PROTECTION ,NATIONAL INCOME ,WELFARE ,WORLD PRICES ,PRODUCTION ,APPAREL ,TRADE AGREEMENT ,ELASTICITY ,CONSUMPTION ,THEORY ,APPAREL INDUSTRY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,FREE TRADE AREAS ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,TRADE PROTECTION ,SUPPLY ,PAYMENTS ,FOREIGN PRODUCTION ,IMPORT BARRIERS ,MULTILATERAL TRADE ,IMPORT QUANTITIES ,EXPORT SUPPLY ,PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ,AGRICULTURE ,GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES ,FREE TRADE ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,CONSUMERS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY ,BILATERAL AGREEMENTS ,WTO ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,END USE ,UTILITY FUNCTION ,BASE YEAR ,REGIONAL TRADE ,ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,WORKER RIGHTS ,FOREIGN SUPPLIERS ,UTILITY ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,DOMESTIC INDUSTRY ,INPUT-OUTPUT TABLES ,ARBITRAGE ,TARIFFS ,QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS ,CUSTOMS UNIONS ,ECONOMETRICS ,REGIONALISM ,BENCHMARK ,ANTIDUMPING ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,RECIPROCITY ,CONSUMER SURPLUS ,MULTILATERAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,DOMESTIC PRODUCERS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,REVENUE ,PREFERENTIAL ACCESS ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,TAXES ,TRADE FLOWS ,FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ,BILATERAL TRADE ,GROSS EXPORTS ,CAPITAL GOODS ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,ECONOMY ,URUGUAY ROUND ,DUMPING ,TRADE COSTS ,TRADE PARTNERS ,PREFERENTIAL TRADE ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENT ,BILATERAL IMPORTS ,TRADE DIVERSION ,INPUTS ,PRIMARY FACTORS ,DOMESTIC SUPPLIERS ,FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ,EXPORT TAXES - Abstract
How do global supply chain linkages modify countries' incentives to impose import protection? Are these linkages empirically important determinants of trade policy? To address these questions, this paper introduces supply chain linkages into a workhorse terms-of-trade model of trade policy with political economy. Theory predicts that discretionary final goods tariffs will be decreasing in the domestic content of foreign-produced final goods. Provided foreign political interests are not too strong, final goods tariffs will also be decreasing in the foreign content of domestically-produced final goods. The paper tests these predictions using newly assembled data on bilateral applied tariffs, temporary trade barriers, and value-added contents for 14 major economies over the 1995-2009 period. There is strong support for the empirical predictions of the model. The results imply that global supply chains matter for trade policy, both in principle and in practice.
- Published
- 2016
38. Munitions classification using an Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopic technique
- Author
-
Lewis, P
- Published
- 1993
39. Cooperative feasibility test of remote monitoring of unattended sensors
- Author
-
Kyriakopoulos, N [George Washington Univ., Washington, DC (US)]
- Published
- 1993
40. United Nations Peacekeeping and Non-State Actors: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Conditions Required for Cooperation
- Author
-
Hodgin, Gregory
- Subjects
- Cooperation, International security, International law, International organizations, Bilateral agreements, Multilateral agreements, Blackwater, SHIRBRIG, International treaties, NGO, United Nations, Peacekeeping, Non-profit, Non-state actor, Non-governmental organization, Political Science
- Abstract
This paper attempts to determine the theoretical requirements for a non-state actor to give peacekeepers to a Member state of the United Nations, who would in turn give those peacekeepers to the United Nations. The paper examines two case studies, specifically the contract between Blackwater and the United States Department of State and the SHIRBRIG series of treaties. The paper finds that there is some overlap between a Member state’s needs and a non-state actor’s needs and that there is a theoretical possibility of the donation stated above taking place.
- Published
- 2009
41. Trade relations between Lithuania and Russia in context of integration processes
- Author
-
Zitkus, Leonas and Kauno technologijos universitetas
- Subjects
Economic integration ,Prekyba. Prekybos tinklas / Trade. Distributive trades ,Integracijos procesai ,Context (language use) ,Tendencijos ,International trade ,trade relations ,Domestic market ,Politics ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,European integration ,Tendencies ,Economics ,Bilateral agreements ,Free trade ,tendencies ,business.industry ,Rusija (Rossija ,Rusijos Federacija ,Rossijskaja Federacija ,Rusijos imperija ,Carinė Rusija ,Russia) ,Lithuanian ,Komercijos politika ,Prekybos politika / Trade policy ,Protectionism ,language.human_language ,Dvišaliai susitarimai ,bilateral agreements ,language ,Economic system ,business ,integration processes ,commerce policy ,Integration processes - Abstract
The aim of the paper is to analyze the influence of integration processes on the formation of current Lithuanian-Russian trade relations and, on the basis of the analysis, to formulate insights on their specific features. The first part of the paper deals with the nature of the EU common commercial policy by stating that within the integration group two categories of international economic relations are formed, i.e. internal and external. Internal relations are based on the principles related to free trade, and external relations seek to protect internal market from the effect of third parties, bigger than allowed by WTO, i.e. protectionism. In other words, the countries of integration group are opposed to third parties outside the boundaries of the group. The second part is focused on the fact that Russia’s attitude to European integration processes of the last two decades is negative. That attitude is expressed by Russia’s strategic choice, i.e. closer cooperation with some older EU states rather than with the whole organization. That condition, together with peculiarities of mutual economic exchanges, determines that major changes in the development of EU- Russian trade relations are not to be expected. The third part of the paper offers some insights on Lithuanian – Russian trade relations. Based on the statistic figures and analysis of political documents, peculiar features of these relations are discussed, i.e. insufficient level of cooperation intensity, vulnerability of the relations and uncertainty of their perspective. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.8.6848
- Published
- 2014
42. Preferential Procurement under Bilateral "Tied Aid" Agreements vs. Non-Discrimination under EU Stabilization and Association Agreements.
- Author
-
Muharremi, Robert
- Subjects
SEWAGE disposal plants ,ECONOMIC policy ,LOAN agreements ,TIED aid ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,LAW - Abstract
The article discusses the plans of Kosovo Government for the construction of a wastewater treatment plant. Topics discussed include Financial Protocol and the Loan Agreement between the governments of Kosovo and France; bilateral agreements on tied aid between European Union (EU) Member States and EU non-member States; and the information on the "Tied Aid", the grants or loans by one state to another state under the condition that the funds are used to purchase goods and services.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Preporuke iz Bolzana/Bozena o nacionalnim manjinama u međudržavnim odnosima: značenje i implikacije za Hrvatsku i regiju
- Author
-
Antonija Petričušić
- Subjects
High Commissioner on National Minorities ,South-eastern Europe ,interethnic conflicts ,stability ,national minorities ,good neighbouring relations ,bilateral agreements ,dual citizenship ,visoki povjerenik nacionalnih manjina ,jugoistočna Europa ,međuetnički sukobi ,stabilnost ,nacionalne manjine ,dobrosusjedski odnosi ,bilateralni ugovori ,dvostruko državljanstvo - Abstract
Ured visokog povjerenika nacionalnih manjina, tijelo Organizacije za europsku sigurnost i suradnju, krajem 2008. godine objavio je skupinu preporuka o pravu nacionalnih manjina u međudržavnim odnosima. U ovom članku analiziraju se okolnosti nastanka Bolzanskih preporuka, potom se predstavlja sadržaj Preporuka te se konačno analizira u kojoj su mjeri one već sadržane u manjinskim zakonodavstvima i politikama Hrvatske i nekoliko zemalja regije., The office of the High Commissioner on National Minorities, body of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, published at the end of 2008 a set of recommendations dealing with the rights of national minorities in inter-state relations. In this paper circumstances related to the origins of Bolzano/Bozen Recommendations are analysed, subsequently the paper presents the content of the Recommendations, and finally, the paper analyses to what extent the Recommendations have been reflected in minority-related legislation and policies of Croatia and several neighbouring countries.
- Published
- 2012
44. European Integration Without EU Membership : Models, Experiences, Perspectives
- Author
-
Maiani, F., Petrov, R., and Mouliarova, E.
- Subjects
intégration différenciée ,politique européenne de voisinage ,neighbourhood policy ,Espace économique européen EEE ,European economic area EEA ,relations suissesse ,Switzerland-EU relations ,bilateral agreements ,sectoral agreements ,accords bilatéraux ,accords sectoriels ,reprise de l'acquis UE ,EU acquis - Abstract
At the beginning of the 1990s, the concept of "European integration" could still be said to be fairly unambiguous. Nowadays, it has become plural and complex almost to the point of unintelligibility. This is due, of course, to the internal differentiation of EU membership, with several Member States pulling out of key integrative projects such as establishing an area without frontiers, the "Schengen" area, and a common currency. But this is also due to the differentiated extension of key integrative projects to European non-EU countries - Schengen is again a case in point. Such processes of "integration without membership", the focus of the present publication, are acquiring an ever-growing topicality both in the political arena and in academia. International relations between the EU and its neighbouring countries are crucial for both, and their development through new agreements features prominently on the continent's political agenda. Over and above this aspect, the dissemination of EU values and standards beyond the Union's borders raises a whole host of theoretical and methodological questions, unsettling in some cases traditional conceptions of the autonomy and separation of national legal orders. This publication brings together the papers presented at the Integration without EU Membership workshop held in May 2008 at the EUI (Max Weber Programme and Department of Law). It aims to compare different models and experiences of integration between the EU, on the one hand, and those European countries that do not currently have an accession perspective on the other hand. In delimiting the geographical scope of the inquiry, so as to scale it down to manageable proportions, the guiding principles have been to include both the "Eastern" and "Western" neighbours of the EU, and to examine both structured frameworks of cooperation, such as the European Neighbourhood Policy and the European Economic Area, and bilateral relations developing on a more ad hoc basis. These principles are reflected in the arrangement of the papers, which consider in turn the positions of Ukraine, Russia, Norway, and Switzerland in European integration - current standing, perspectives for evolution, consequences in terms of the EU-ization of their respective legal orders1. These subjects are examined from several perspectives. We had the privilege of receiving contributions from leading practitioners and scholars from the countries concerned, from EU highranking officials, from prominent specialists in EU external relations law, and from young and talented researchers. We wish to thank them all here for their invaluable insights. We are moreover deeply indebted to Marise Cremona (EUI, Law Department, EUI) for her inspiring advice and encouragement, as well as to Ramon Marimon, Karin Tilmans, Lotte Holm, Alyson Price and Susan Garvin (Max Weber Programme, EUI) for their unflinching support throughout this project. A word is perhaps needed on the propriety and usefulness of the research concept embodied in this publication. Does it make sense to compare the integration models and experiences of countries as different as Norway, Russia, Switzerland, and Ukraine? Needless to say, this list of four evokes a staggering diversity of political, social, cultural, and economic conditions, and at least as great a diversity of approaches to European integration. Still, we would argue that such diversity only makes comparisons more meaningful. Indeed, while the particularities and idiosyncratic elements of each "model" of integration are fully displayed in the present volume, common themes and preoccupations run through the pages of every contribution: the difficulty in conceptualizing the finalité and essence of integration, which is evident in the EU today but which is greatly amplified for non-EU countries; the asymmetries and tradeoffs between integration and autonomy that are inherent in any attempt to participate in European integration from outside; the alteration of deeply seated legal concepts, and concepts about the law, that are already observable in the most integrated of the non-EU countries concerned. These issues are not transient or coincidental: they are inextricably bound up with the integration of non-EU countries in the EU project. By publishing this collection, we make no claim to have dealt with them in an exhaustive, still less in a definitive manner. Our ambition is more modest: to highlight the relevance of these themes, to place them more firmly on the scientific agenda, and to provide a stimulating basis for future research and reflection.
- Published
- 2009
45. Indo-US FTA: Prospects for the Telecommunication Sector
- Author
-
Mukherjee, Arpita and Ahuja, Prerna
- Subjects
GATS ,services ,telecommunication ,F14 ,L96 ,bilateral agreements ,ddc:330 ,Indo-US FTA ,F13 - Abstract
Since telecommunication is one of the main drivers of economic growth and globalization, WTO (World Trade Organization) negotiations and New Age FTAs (Free Trade Agreements) have focused on liberalizing trade in this sector. The present paper analyses the possibilities of liberalizing trade in telecommunication services if India and its largest trading partner-the US-enter into a bilateral agreement. The study found that India and the US have trade complementarities in telecommunication services and that it should be a priority sector in the FTA negotiations. The study identified certain areas such as R&D related to telecommunication and broadband infrastructure where collaboration between companies of both countries would be mutually beneficial. The study found that telecommunication services have been significantly liberalized in the US FTAs-much beyond the scope of the GATS and the Reference Paper on Basic Telecommunications. While the current policy regime in India is consistent with some of the requests made by the US in its bilateral negotiations, for meeting others, the policy regime needs to be examined and, if required, reformed. The present paper suggests certain reforms which would enhance the productivity, efficiency and global competitiveness of the sector and enable the country to benefit from the bilateral liberalization.
- Published
- 2006
46. An Analysis of Industry and Sector-Specific Impacts of a Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership
- Author
-
Escolar, Royce Elvin O.
- Subjects
Japan ,bilateral agreements ,market access ,ddc:330 ,sector competitiveness ,Freihandelszone ,Japan-Philippines economic partnership ,Wirtschaftsstruktur ,safety nets ,Philippinen ,industry study - Abstract
The paper aims to identify industry and macrolevel factors that affect competitiveness of selected sectors upon the implementation of the JPEPA. Priority sectors identified by the Department of Trade and Industry, accounting for 82% of total Philippine exports to Japan in 2002, were included in the study. For Philippine industries to gain, market access issues on trade facilitation, nontariff barriers and recognition of standards come into play especially for the service and agricultural sectors. Internal industry-level factors deal with access to raw materials, lowering input costs through growth of support industries and infrastructure development, SME financing, exploiting economies of scale, firm-level flexibility in part due to utilization of new technologies, greater knowledge of the Japanese market and sustainability of human capital competitiveness through training. Social safety nets, if required, may be more effective if they focus on retraining and relocation of displaced workers. Cement, the import competing industry identified in the paper, will only face limited competition due to the constrained capacity and market of the Japanese cement importer. Industry-level competition or triangular relations with complementary counterparts in ASEAN countries to serve the Japanese market should be explored especially given that an ASEAN-Japan FTA is also being negotiated. The main macrolevel factor is on poor governance leading to political and economic uncertainty which adversely affect the attractiveness of the country as an investment site.
- Published
- 2004
47. Standards e valores europeus num mundo multipolar : o caso do acordo global de investimento UE-China
- Author
-
Ribeiro, Pedro Cabrita Guedes and Soares, António Goucha
- Subjects
Acordo Global de Investimento UE-China ,Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia ,“Brussels effect” ,EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment ,“Efeito Bruxelas” ,União Europeia ,bilateral agreements ,valores fundamentais ,core values ,standards ,European Union ,Acordos bilaterais ,Court of Justice of the European Union - Abstract
Mestrado Bolonha em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus Esta dissertação analisa o papel que a União Europeia (UE) deve ocupar no contexto da multipolaridade mundial. Não obstante o contexto adverso, procura analisar-se se a União Europeia conseguirá projetar os seus standards e valores fundamentais, de modo a ocupar uma posição cimeira em matéria de influência internacional. Este trabalho discute e compara os meios ao dispor da UE para exercer influência regulatória e projetar preferências sociais noutras zonas geográficas de influência. Pode fazê-lo através de mecanismos de mercado - "efeito Bruxelas" -, de acordos bilaterais e de jurisprudência emanada do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia (TJUE). Existe consenso quanto à importância do “efeito Bruxelas” e da jurisprudência do TJUE na influência da União a nível global. Contudo, no tocante aos Acordos bilaterais coexistem opiniões discordantes. A análise pormenorizada, comparativa e crítica efetuada acerca do conteúdo do Acordo Global de Investimento UE-China, permite identificar e compreender em que questões a UE, ao utilizar Acordos bilaterais, consegue afirmar-se enquanto líder global. Conclui-se que a UE consegue “exportar” muito da sua regulamentação interna através do “efeito Bruxelas”, mas apenas algumas preferências sociais por meio dos acordos bilaterais. This dissertation focuses on both global multi-polarity and the role the European Union (EU) should play in it, despite adverse conditions. To what extent does the EU succeed in exporting its standards and core values, in order to achieve an upper position in the international sphere of influence. This research paper analyses and compares available tools the EU may use to exercise regulatory influence and project social preferences: market mechanisms (i.e., the “Brussels effect”), bilateral agreements and the European jurisprudence from the Court of Justice. The relevance of both the “Brussels effect” and the jurisprudence of the European Union Court on EU influence at a global level are consensual. However, regarding bilateral agreements, dissenting opinions coexist. A detailed, comparative and critical analysis of the EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment is performed at several levels, aiming to identify and understand in which matters the European Union can assert itself as a world leader through bilateral agreements. It is concluded that the European Union manages to “export” much of its regulation through the “Brussels effect”, but only a few social preferences through its bilateral agreements. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
48. THE LIBERALISATION OF FOREIGN TRADE POLICY OF EMERGING CHINA IN THE WORLD ECONOMY.
- Author
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Puślecki, Zdzisław W.
- Subjects
COMMERCIAL policy ,FINANCIAL liberalization ,ECONOMIC conditions in China, 2000- ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Copyright of Ekonomia XXI Wieku is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Towards solving the problems of the solid radioactive wastes from decommissioned Soviet-designed nuclear submarines
- Author
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Reistad, Ole [Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA), PO Box 55, N-1332 (Norway)]
- Published
- 2007
50. Estimating the Impact of Missing Totalization Agreements
- Author
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Seshadri, Ananth and Guo, Junjie
- Subjects
Bilateral Agreements ,Social Security ,labor Mobility ,trade ,Social Sciences ,Population and Demography - Abstract
The number of international social security agreements (totalization agreements) signed by the United States is significantly smaller than the number signed by other countries such as Canada and the U.K. This paper estimates the impact of the missing totalization agreements ��� the agreements that other countries such as Mexico and Turkey have signed with Canada but not the U.S. We find suggestive evidence that international social security agreements increase labor mobility. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we estimate that, on average, the social security agreements between Canada and countries that have no social security agreement with the U.S. reduced Canadian (relative to U.S.) exports to and increased Canadian imports from those countries. Moreover, we find the impact on exports increases over time and is concentrated among the agreements enacted either before 1995 or after 2010 with countries that have a low real GDP per capita, a low exports-to-GDP ratio, and a medium imports-to-GDP ratio, while the impact on imports is concentrated in the first three years following the social security agreements with middle-sized countries at the upper end of the distribution of real GDP per capita.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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