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Land cover change affects the carbon emissions of ecosystems in some way. The qualitative and quantitative understanding of carbon emissions from human activities (e.g., land cover change, industrial production, etc.) is highly significant for realizing the objective of carbon neutrality. Therefore, this paper used GlobeLand30 land cover maps, annual average normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, annual average net ecosystem productivity (NEP) data and statistical yearbook data from 2000 to 2020 to explore the relationship between land cover change and carbon emissions. Specifically, it included land cover change, carbon storage changes influenced by land cover change, spatial and temporal analysis of carbon sources and sinks, land use intensity change and anthropogenic carbon emissions. The results of the study show that the main land cover changes in Shandong province during 2000–2020 was cultivated land conversion to artificial surfaces. Among them, the area of cultivated land converted to artificial surfaces from 2000 to 2010 was 4930.62 km2, and the proportion of cultivated land converted to artificial surfaces from 2010 to 2020 was as high as 78.35%. The total carbon stock of vegetation affected by land cover change decreased by 463.96 × 104 t and 193.50 × 104 t in 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 respectively. The spatial and temporal distribution of carbon sources and sinks differed more markedly from 2000 to 2020, and land use intensity changes in Shandong Province showed an upward trend. Of the total energy production, industry has the largest energy consumption, followed closely by total energy consumption in transportation, storage and postal services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ocean is a key component of the global carbon cycle. As climate change becomes increasingly severe, enhancing the ocean's carbon sink capacity is of great significance to achieving the "dual carbon" goal for China. As a major maritime province, Shandong is in an advantageous position to utilize the ocean to respond to climate change and achieve the national goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Focusing on consolidating and enhancing ocean carbon sink capabilities, Shandong needs to formulate a clear timetable and roadmap to promote blue carbon technology research and development, actively cultivate a blue carbon trading market, and tap the inner potential of ocean carbon sink. Shandong should also strengthen international cooperation to jointly construct a carbon-neutral global community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Paleoproterozoic Jingshan Group marble displays a pronounced positive δ13C V-PDB. • The positive excursion appears to have been a response to the Lomagundi-Jatuli event. • The carbon isotope anomaly appears most pronounced in shallow marine deposits. • BIF and graphite deposits formed coeval with increasing atmospheric oxygen levels. The North China Craton, one of the oldest continental blocks in the world, comprises Paleoproterozoic metamorphic sedimentary formations that record the effects of multiple major events in early Earth history, including the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) and its consequent Lomagundi-Jatuli carbon isotope event (LJE). The lack of focused research on the geological record of LJE-equivalent rocks of the Jiaodong Peninsula, Shandong Province, eastern China, has hindered our understanding of the Precambrian atmospheric oxygen evolution recorded by rocks of the North China Craton. This paper considers carbon and oxygen isotope and trace element geochemical data recovered from marble deposits of the Paleoproterozoic Jingshan Group (2.20–1.90 Ga) of the Jiaolai Basin. The investigated strata display a pronounced positive δ13C V-PDB excursion greater than 4.2 ‰. δ13C V-PDB and δ18O V-SMOW values range from −3.7 ‰ to 5.4 ‰ and 4.5 ‰ to 18.7 ‰, respectively. Positive co-variance of carbon and oxygen isotope values of the analyzed Jingshan Group samples is interpreted to reflect the effects of metamorphism and water–rock reactions. Marble deposits of the Jingshan Group experienced recrystallization, metamorphism, and silicification resulting in strong decarbonation. High amphibolite facies metamorphism may have reduced δ13C V-PDB by 3 ‰ to 5 ‰. Thus, estimated original sedimentary δ13C V-PDB values of as great as +8.4 ‰ suggest the existence of a strong positive anomaly that may reflect the global Lomagundi-Jatuli event. Rare earth and other trace element geochemical results of the present study suggest that banded iron formation (BIF) deposits associated with the Jingshan Group marble formed in a redox stratified ocean in the Jiaolai Basin dominated by ferruginous conditions. Moreover, our results suggest that positive carbon isotope anomaly associated with the LJE is largely constrained to sediment deposited in shallow and coastal marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve regional ecological inequity in carbon emissions, building a balanced ecological compensation mechanism is paramountly important. With the help of the carbon transfer mechanism, the study is designed to evaluate the ecological compensation of grain trade within urban, rural areas, and provinces in China. This current study applied the carbon footprint model of grain crops in various provinces and measures d the inter-provincial and urban–rural carbon transfer through a multi-objective optimization model. Obtained results show that the carbon footprint of crops for per-unit production of corn, wheat, and rice is higher in the southwest and northeast region than that of the northwest and southeast region, but across the regions, a net carbon sink trend was observed. The carbon footprint of wheat production in Inner Mongolia and rice in Shandong showed a net carbon emission effect and had negative externalities toward environmental protection. Carbon balance can be attained with a balance carbon payment system, but a proper carbon payment mechanism is not developed in China. Hence, concerning establishing a scientific and reasonable time-worthy carbon ecological compensation policy is urged by this current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]