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China is the top emitter of greenhouse gases in the world. Pulp and paper industry is one of eight the strictly regulated industries about carbon emission in China. However, estimates of carbon emissions from China's pulp and paper industry have been suffered from remarkable uncertainty. It is summarized that is aroused by the inaccuracy of factors evaluating energy consumption, and the huge gap between the calculation standards for assessing energy consumption in the production process and the actual level recorded in the factories. This paper re-evaluated the carbon emission of China's pulp and paper industry from the perspective of life cycle assessment, and applied more accurate emission factors, taking account of the actual energy consumption of the production process in factories, to estimate the actual carbon emissions in maximum. It is found that the national standards about the energy consumption quota of China's pulp and paper industry is no longer applicable, and the actual energy consumption regulated in the production process is far better than the advanced level given by the national standards. The greenhouse gas emission have been seriously overestimated approximately 12.00%–56.17% by international organizations. • Life Cycle Analysis of the China's pulp and paper Industry is conducted thoroughly. • The pulp flow of China's pulp and paper Industry is analyzed. • Energy regulated in factory is far better than the national standards' required. • Carbon emissions of China's pulp and paper Industry are overestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's rapid urbanization has led to the development of integrated transport networks, which requires the transport sector to pay particular attention to the integrated transport comprehensive carrying capacity (ITCCC). Concurrently, global climate change has focused the world community's attention on greenhouse gas concentrations like CO2. This study establishes an ITCCC measurement model of urban agglomerations (UAs) and measures the comprehensive carrying capacity from four factors: socio-economic, basic resources, transport facilities, and traffic environment. In particular, this paper takes carbon emission as a critical indicator of the traffic environment when considering the impact factors of ITCCC. Based on the data of China's five major UAs, this study estimates carrying capacity levels with the ITCCC model and analyses regional characteristics using the spatial-temporal differentiation method. The results show that the traffic environment significantly impacts the ITCCC. Further low-carbon transport policies and measures are recommended to achieve sustainable development of integrated transport in UAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• RCF wastes brick achieves 24% lower thermal properties than the control brick. • RCF wastes brick requires 10% lower firing temperature than the control brick. • Utilizing as-received waste materials requires zero grinding energy, benefiting manufacturers and cutting emissions. • Lower firing temperature saved $158,460 by cutting 417 tonnes of CO 2. Building materials drive the global economy, yet face severe environmental hurdles: resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste generation. In order to mitigate the impact from these challenges, authorities seek sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives as an urgent need. This study focuses on the utilization of as-received rejected contaminated fines (RCF) obtained from the yellow bins' waste (paper) recycling process, in brick production. Diverse tests assessed the brick performance, including compressive strength, absorption rate, thermal conductivity, 3D CT scanning for morphological analysis, and durability analysis. Additionally, a leachate analysis was performed to evaluate the environmental implications. Economic benefits, particularly the reduction of CO 2 emissions, were also evaluated. The findings confirmed that as-received waste can be utilized for fired clay brick production without the need for pulverization. The novel brick product made with as-received RCF waste exhibited superior thermal characteristics (up to a 31.25 % reduction compared to control bricks) while meeting the essential compliance requirements outlined by national standards. Moreover, each firing cycle led to a potential value of up to USD 158,460 through a reduction of 417 tonnes of CO 2 , resulting from a 9.5 % reduction in firing temperature (1000 °C). The results from this study offer valuable insights into the potential of using RCF waste as a sustainable alternative in the brick manufacturing industry. This alternative could address the soaring demand in the current market, resolve the escalating solid waste crisis, and mitigate clay shortages, while providing a sustainable solution for the brick industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land-use change in the boreal forest region leads to agriculture to be carried out on acid, shallow and low fertility soils. To correct soil fertility and promote crop productivity, manure and inorganic fertilizers are added, increasing the risk for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). To reduce the reliance on synthetic soil amendments while taking advantage of locally relevant industrial by-products, wood ash (WA) and paper sludge (SL) have been proposed as soil amendments for a range of soil types. We posited that amending soils with WA , SL and biochar will improve soil health parameters and fertility of boreal soils. Microbial activity resulting to nitrogen losses and availability were assessed. WA had a stronger ameliorative effect on acid boreal soils compared to SL. Both WA and SL increased soil microbial biomass and basal respiration resulting in higher net mineralization and thus significant increases in CO 2 emissions. Co-application of urea with WA or SL further increased net mineralization compared to when used independently. Conversely, the biochar's effect was short-lived and not significant. Nevertheless, addition of biochar was shown to reduce CO 2 emissions in all cases except in WA amended soils. No significant differences were observed in CH 4 emissions across all treatments. WA and SL may improve soil fertility and quality but could also contribute significantly to GHG emissions in acid boreal soils. Further research is recommended to assess the mitigating effect of various biochar feedstocks on GHG emissions when co-applied with WA and SL. • The effect of wood ash and paper sludge on acid soils was tested in incubation tests. • Both increased the soil microbial biomass, respiration, and net mineralization. • Greenhouse gas emissions were larger for paper sludge amended soils. • Supplementing biochar to wood ash increased soil CO 2 fluxes. • Supplementing biochar to paper sludge or limestone ash reduced soil CO 2 fluxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is considered as a promising fuel in the 21st century due to zero tailpipe CO 2 emissions from hydrogen-powered vehicles. The use of hydrogen as fuel in vehicles can play an important role in decarbonising the transport sector and achieving net-zero emissions targets. However, there exist several issues related to hydrogen production, efficient hydrogen storage system and transport and refuelling infrastructure, where the current research is focussing on. This study critically reviews and analyses the recent technological advancements of hydrogen production, storage and distribution technologies along with their cost and associated greenhouse gas emissions. This paper also comprehensively discusses the hydrogen refuelling methods, identifies issues associated with fast refuelling and explores the control strategies. Additionally, it explains various standard protocols in relation to safe and efficient refuelling, analyses economic aspects and presents the recent technological advancements related to refuelling infrastructure. This study suggests that the production cost of hydrogen significantly varies from one technology to others. The current hydrogen production cost from fossil sources using the most established technologies were estimated at about $0.8–$3.5/kg H 2 , depending on the country of production. The underground storage technology exhibited the lowest storage cost, followed by compressed hydrogen and liquid hydrogen storage. The levelised cost of the refuelling station was reported to be about $1.5–$8/kg H 2 , depending on the station's capacity and country. Using portable refuelling stations were identified as a promising option in many countries for small fleet size low-to-medium duty vehicles. Following the current research progresses, this paper in the end identifies knowledge gaps and thereby presents future research directions. • Technological advancements of hydrogen production, storage and transport are reviewed. • Emissions and economic aspects of production, storage, transport and fuelling are analysed. • Refuelling protocols, temperature rise issue and its control strategies are discussed. • Recent progress of mobile hydrogen refueller is explored. • Challenges of hydrogen production to fuelling and future research directions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production has both increased and become more efficient with the development of technology. However, greenhouse gases such as CO2 released into the air during production cause climate change. This situation also affects agricultural productivity. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is the examine the interaction between agricultural sector activity and CO2 emissions in Türkiye in a non-linear framework. For this purpose, the Maki cointegration test and the Single Fourier frequency Toda & Yamamoto causality test were used to investigate the interplay between agricultural value added and CO2 using time series data covering the period from 1968 to 2018. In addition to the empirical analysis developed in the paper, our study adds to the literature by studying the relationship between CO2 and energy consumption in the agricultural sector, as opposed to studies that use aggregate CO2 emissions as an indicator of climate change. In addition, the short- and long-run interactions between CO2 and agricultural productivity were investigated by estimating two separate equations where agricultural productivity and CO2 emissions are used as dependent variables. The Maki cointegration test cointegration test shows the existence of a long-run relationship between agricultural value added and CO2 emissions under structural breaks. The detected significant breaks are associated with significant events affecting the Türkiye economy. For instance, when agricultural value added is the dependent variable, the break dates of 1971 and 1974 coincide with the oil crisis, while the breaking dates of 2002 and 2008 coincide with Türkiye's 2001 financial crisis and the 2008 global financial crisis. Similarly, the break dates of 1973 and 1977 obtained in the CO2 equation are associated with the 1970s' global oil crisis. Long-run parameter estimates derived from FMOLS and CCR estimators indicated that CO2 emissions have a long-run, positive and significant impact on agricultural productivity. In addition, the long-run results support the existence of a positive and significant impact of agricultural productivity on environmental degradation. The gradual shift causality test also supports the presence of one-way causality, running from agriculture output to CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an extension of industry modelling within the REMIND integrated assessment model to industry subsectors and a projection of future industry subsector activity and energy demand for different baseline scenarios for use with the REMIND model. The industry sector is the largest greenhouse-gas-emitting energy demand sector and is considered a mitigation bottleneck. At the same time, industry subsectors are heterogeneous and face distinct emission mitigation challenges. By extending the multi-region, general equilibrium integrated assessment model REMIND to an explicit representation of four industry subsectors (cement, chemicals, steel, and other industry production), along with subsector-specific carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), we are able to investigate industry emission mitigation strategies in the context of the entire energy–economy–climate system, covering mitigation options ranging from reduced demand for industrial goods, fuel switching, and electrification to endogenous energy efficiency increases and carbon capture. We also present the derivation of both activity and final energy demand trajectories for the industry subsectors for use with the REMIND model in baseline scenarios, based on short-term continuation of historic trends and long-term global convergence. The system allows for selective variation of specific subsector activity and final energy demand across scenarios and regions to create consistent scenarios for a wide range of socioeconomic drivers and scenario story lines, like the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global climate problem becoming increasingly severe, governments have adopted policies to encourage enterprises to invest in low-carbon technologies. However, the opacity of the carbon emission reduction process leads to incomplete consumer trust in low-carbon products as well as higher supply chain transaction costs. Based on this, this paper constructs Stackelberg game models with and without blockchain under different power structures and compares the impact of these models on low-carbon emission reduction decisions. The results show that: (1) blockchain does not necessarily improve enterprise profits and can only help enterprises maintain optimal profits within a certain range when the carbon emission cost is low; (2) when consumers' environmental awareness is high, the blockchain can incentivize manufacturers to enhance carbon emission reduction, and it has an obvious promotional effect on retailers' profits; and (3) the profit gap between enterprises in the supply chain is larger under different power structures, and the implementation of blockchain can coordinate profit distribution and narrow the gap between enterprises. Compared with the manufacturer-dominated model, the emission reduction in products is maximized under the retailer-dominated model. Our study provides theoretical support for the government to regulate greenhouse gas emissions as well as for the optimization of enterprises' decision-making supported by blockchain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technology is the most effective solution for managing non-recyclable wastes through mass burning and energy recovery. Owing to the significant volumes of plastics in China's industrial solid wastes (ISW), a large amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) is generated during the incineration process. Therefore, monitoring GHG emissions from WtE facilities is essential. Owing to the lack of suitable accounting models and characterized fossil carbon fraction (FCF) data, current studies use default values provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC), which increases calculation inaccuracies. Therefore, this study established an improved method to accurately account for carbon emissions during solid waste incineration by firstly using radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) technique to determine the FCF of the solid waste components in China. Monte Carlo analysis was employed to perform the sensitivity analysis, and the results indicated that there was a significant deviation between the measured value and IPCC's default values of FCF, 3.2, 32.48, 93.39, 93.76, 90.49, and 93.8 % for paper, cotton, synthetic textiles, artificial rubber, artificial leather, and plastics, respectively. By replacing coal with ISW in a 2 × 110 t/h circulating fluidized bed boilers, 9.251 × 104 t CO 2 -eq emissions were reduced, and the carbon emission factor reached 0.56 t CO 2 -eq/t waste. This study complements the research gap fossil carbon data of wastes in the IPCC guidelines and provides a more accurate and effective way to calculate carbon emissions during ISW incineration treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of electricity in the transition to renewable energy to mitigate climate change. A systematic literature review with the Scopus database identified 92 papers relevant to the renewable electricity transition. A PESTLE (Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal, and Environmental) review of the papers provided a multidisciplinary analysis. The Paris Agreement created a global movement for carbon neutrality to address the threats of climate change, calling for a transition to renewable electricity to lead the way and expand into new sectors and regions. Although smaller renewable technologies are ramping up, complexities thwarting the transition include locked-in assets, high upfront costs, variability of solar and wind energy, infrastructure, difficulty in decarbonizing transportation and industry, material resource constraints, and fossil fuel support. This research found that renewables are not replacing fossil fuels to date but adding further energy demands, so that greenhouse gas emissions rose in 2021 despite an increased renewable electricity share. Without a major shift in the trillions of dollars of subsidies and investment away from fossil fuels to renewables, catastrophic climate change is predicted. This paper found that the Paris Agreement's commitment to net-zero carbon and the transition to renewable electricity are undermined by record-high levels of subsidies and financing for fossil fuel industry expansion. Transitioning to a climate-neutral economy requires an investment away from fossil fuels into renewable energy ecosystems. Renewable electricity provides possibilities to realize sustainable development goals, climate stabilization, job creation, a green economy, and energy security with careful planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of "peak carbon dioxide emissions" and the pursuit of "carbon neutrality", there is an increased demand from the government for the comprehensive utilization and clean production of natural gas. This paper elucidates the procedures involving in the generation of carbon and hydrogen from natural gas, while highlighting the drawbacks of conventional production methods. The inefficient utilization of hydrogen and carbon elements leads to the squandering of potential resources. The technology of methane pyrolysis has the potential to achieve simultaneous production of hydrogen and carbon, while avoiding direct emission of carbon dioxide. This feature has garnered significant interest due to its notable economic and environmental benefits. This paper provides a summary of four distinct technologies for the co-production of hydrogen and carbon from natural gas. The technical principles, process flow, catalytic system and tail gas emission of each technology are discussed, and a comparative analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages is presented. Two promising hydrogen-carbon co-production technologies are the melting method and plasma method, which have the advantage of not emitting greenhouse gases during their operation. These methods represent an ideal approach for hydrogen-carbon co-production of natural gas. Furthermore, this paper proposes recommendations for the prospective technical advancements and research orientations pertaining to the co-production of hydrogen and carbon from natural gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a conceptual product design method that considers the carbon emission factors of mechanical and electrical products. This method aims to consider low carbon issues prior to product design. Based on a comprehensive analysis of conventional product design procedures, the study extracts design information related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, itemizes and quantifies the information, and ultimately uncovers the relationship among carbon emissions, function, and economic factors of newly designed products. This study explains the proposed concepts of carbon efficiency (CE) and carbon factor and combines them with the product design process to present a low-carbon design process of mechanical and electrical products. Furthermore, this paper presents a low-carbon design method of mechanical and electrical products, drawing on the product family design idea, with GHG efficiency and cost constraint. In particular, GHG efficiency pays attention to product function realization efficiency and economic factors. The potential value of the method is demonstrated in a case study of a tomato picking robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change, has recently recognized the natural carbonation process as a way of carbon offsetting with mortar and concrete. Accordingly, this activity could be recognized as a carbon removal process for which certification should be granted. The aim of the certification of carbon removal is to promote the development of adequate and efficient new carbon removal processes. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to provide reliable results on carbon dioxide uptake by cement-based materials in Spain. Yearly, greenhouse gas emissions are reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by each country, and the natural carbonation should be added up to the carbon accounting. Therefore, natural carbonation should be included in the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and such accounting information should be made available promptly to the national regulatory authorities. This paper provides the results of carbon dioxide uptake by Spanish cement-based materials from 1990 to 2020 by using an easy method of estimating the net carbon dioxide emissions (simplified method) considering the carbon dioxide released by the calcination during clinker production (process emissions). The outcome of this study reveals that there was 93,556,000 tons of carbon dioxide uptake by the mortar and concrete manufactured in Spain from 1990 to 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the huge contribution of transportation to global greenhouse gas emissions, it is imperative to embrace more carbon-efficient transportation modes to support our environmental goals. However, few studies offer empirical evidence to evaluate the potential of shifting transportation model for carbon emissions reduction. This paper, aiming at addressing this gap, conducts an empirical study to assess the CO2 emissions reduction through modal shift from road to waterway transport (MSRW). It utilizes primary data collected from more than 200 voyages of 92 enterprises through one national pilot project on CO2 emission reduction in the Quzhou region initiated by the Chinese central government. Specifically, it employs empirical analysis based on bottom-up methodologies to investigate the potential for CO2 emission reduction through MSRW. The results reveal that MSRW can aid to benefit 45,907 tons CO2 emission reduction from the modal shift within the study scope. When considering factors such as distance and voyage density, it provides new quantitative insights into the advantages of water transport over road transport in terms of CO2 emission reduction under different scenarios. Consequently, this study makes new contributions to the quantification of the benefits that an investigated region/city can derive from transport modal shift. It thereby lays the groundwork for effective cost-benefit analysis and policy implementation toward cleaner transportation. • Use of a hybris of energy consumption approach from a new analysis perspective that consider multiple-dimensional MSRW. • Provide a new research method to enable the quantification of the carbon emissions of an entire transport chain in detail. • Provides a solution to the evaluation of the effect of the implementation of transport policies on carbon emissions. • Investigate the MSRW to stimulate cost-benefit analysis and transport policy implementation towards clean transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key goal of the Paris Agreement (PA) is to reach net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 globally, which requires mitigation efforts from all countries. Africa's rapidly growing population and gross domestic product (GDP) make this continent important for GHG emission trends. In this paper, we study the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) in Africa over 3 decades (1990–2018). We compare bottom-up (BU) approaches, including United Nations Convention Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) national inventories, FAO, PRIMAP-hist, process-based ecosystem models for CO 2 fluxes in the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector and global atmospheric inversions. For inversions, we applied different methods to separate anthropogenic CH 4 emissions. The BU inventories show that, over the decade 2010–2018, fewer than 10 countries represented more than 75 % of African fossil CO 2 emissions. With a mean of 1373 Mt CO 2 yr -1 , total African fossil CO 2 emissions over 2010–2018 represent only 4 % of global fossil emissions. However, these emissions grew by +34% from 1990–1999 to 2000–2009 and by +31% from 2000–2009 to 2010–2018, which represents more than a doubling in 30 years. This growth rate is more than 2 times faster than the global growth rate of fossil CO 2 emissions. The anthropogenic emissions of CH 4 grew by 5 % from 1990–1999 to 2000–2009 and by 14.8 % from 2000–2009 to 2010–2018. The N 2 O emissions grew by 19.5 % from 1990–1999 to 2000–2009 and by 20.8 % from 2000–2009 to 2010–2018. When using the mean of the estimates from UNFCCC reports (including the land use sector) with corrections from outliers, Africa was a mean source of greenhouse gases of 262221863239 Mt CO 2 eq. yr -1 from all BU estimates (the subscript and superscript indicate min–max range uncertainties) and of +263717615873 Mt CO 2 eq. yr -1 from top-down (TD) methods during their overlap period from 2001 to 2017. Although the mean values are consistent, the range of TD estimates is larger than the one of the BU estimates, indicating that sparse atmospheric observations and transport model errors do not allow us to use inversions to reduce the uncertainty in BU estimates. The main source of uncertainty comes from CO 2 fluxes in the LULUCF sector, for which the spread across inversions is larger than 50 %, especially in central Africa. Moreover, estimates from national UNFCCC communications differ widely depending on whether the large sinks in a few countries are corrected to more plausible values using more recent national sources following the methodology of Grassi et al. (2022). The medians of CH 4 emissions from inversions based on satellite retrievals and surface station networks are consistent with each other within 2 % at the continental scale. The inversion ensemble also provides consistent estimates of anthropogenic CH 4 emissions with BU inventories such as PRIMAP-hist. For N 2 O, inversions systematically show higher emissions than inventories, on average about 4.5 times more than PRIMAP-hist, either because natural N 2 O sources cannot be separated accurately from anthropogenic ones in inversions or because BU estimates ignore indirect emissions and underestimate emission factors. Future improvements can be expected thanks to a denser network of monitoring atmospheric concentrations. This study helps to introduce methods to enhance the scope of use of various published datasets and allows us to compute budgets thanks to recombinations of those data products. Our results allow us to understand uncertainty and trends in emissions and removals in a region of the world where few observations exist and where most inventories are based on default IPCC guideline values. The results can therefore serve as a support tool for the Global Stocktake (GST) of the Paris Agreement. The referenced datasets related to the figures are available at 10.5281/zenodo.7347077 (Mostefaoui et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing emissions from fluorinated gases (F-gases) is considered one of the key conditions for the European Union (EU) to be able to meet the requirements of the European Green Deal, primary objectives of which are the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 and the gradual transition to net climate neutrality by 2050. To this end, a quota system for hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) is already in place, introduced through the updated F-Gas Regulation (517/2014). The aim of this paper is to review an innovative scheme currently under development that strongly promotes the Recovery, Recycling and Reuse (3R) of F-gases extracted from the heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC-R) equipment of the building sector, thus offering a sustainable alternative source for refrigerant supplies. Therefore, the basic operating principles of the so-called "3R ECOSYSTEM" are outlined and especially its three main components, which are: the self-certification/self-declaration platform, the F-gas identification and recycling units (prototypes) and the Retradeables marketplace. In addition, an overview of both the demonstration phase and the scheduled replication phase of the 3R ECOSYSTEM is provided, including the estimated impact on carbon dioxide (CO2) savings due to the progressive uptake of the circular use of existing F-gases across Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays environmental issues have been of great concern to the world, among which the problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions is particularly prominent. All countries in the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement have committed to control greenhouse gas emissions, and China, as the largest carbon emitter, has assumed a heavier burden. China has been striving to develop low-carbon technologies such as hydrogen, nuclear, wind, and solar energy, but the most attention should be paid to CCUS, which many scholars have high expectations that CCUS can help China reduce emissions to some extent. Therefore, this paper presents a prediction that CCUS can reduce 3.8% of carbon emissions for China in 2040 when CCUS emission reductions increase at a rate of 30%. The power and chemical industries could reduce carbon emissions by 2.3% and 17.3%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a known greenhouse gas and one of the largest contributors to global warming in the Earth's atmosphere. The remote detection and measurement of CO2 from industrial emissions are not routinely carried out and are typically calculated from the fuel combusted or measured directly within ducted vents. However, these methods are not applicable for the quantification of fugitive emissions of CO2. This work presents the results of remote measurement of CO2 emissions using the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique at a wavelength of ~2 µm. The results from the DIAL measurements compare well with simultaneous in-stack measurements, these datasets were plotted against each other and can be described by a linear regression of y (t/h) = 1.04 x − 0.02, suggesting any bias in the DIAL data is likely small. Moreover, using the definition outlined in EN 15267-3 a lower detection limit of 0.12 t/h was estimated for the 2 µm wavelength DIAL data, this is three orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding CO2 detection limit measured by NPL in the 1.5 µm wavelength region. Thus, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of high-resolution, ground-based DIAL measurements for quantifying industrial CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing sales of conventional fuel-based vehicles are leading to an increase in carbon emissions, which are dangerous to the environment. To reduce these, conventional fuel-based vehicles must be replaced with alternative fuel vehicles such as hydrogen-fueled. Hydrogen can fuel vehicles with near-zero greenhouse gas emissions. However, to increase the penetration of such alternative fuel vehicles, there needs to be adequate infrastructure, specifically, refueling infrastructure, in place. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the different optimization strategies and methods used in the location of hydrogen refueling stations. The findings of the review in this paper show that there are various methods which can be used to optimally locate refueling stations, the most popular being the p-median and flow-capture location models. It is also evident from the review that there are limited studies that consider location strategies of hydrogen refueling stations within a rural setting; most studies are focused on urban locations due to the high probability of penetration into these areas. Furthermore, it is apparent that there is still a need to incorporate factors such as the safety elements of hydrogen refueling station construction, and for risk assessments to provide more robust, realistic solutions for the optimal location of hydrogen refueling stations. Hence, the methods reviewed in this paper can be used and expanded upon to create useful and accurate models for a hydrogen refueling network. Furthermore, this paper will assist future studies to achieve an understanding of the extant studies on hydrogen refueling station and their optimal location strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays environmental issues have been of great concern to the world, among which the problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions is particularly prominent. All countries in the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement have committed to control greenhouse gas emissions, and China, as the largest carbon emitter, has assumed a heavier burden. China has been striving to develop low-carbon technologies such as hydrogen, nuclear, wind, and solar energy, but the most attention should be paid to CCUS, which many scholars have high expectations that CCUS can help China reduce emissions to some extent. Therefore, this paper presents a prediction that CCUS can reduce 3.8% of carbon emissions for China in 2040 when CCUS emission reductions increase at a rate of 30%. The power and chemical industries could reduce carbon emissions by 2.3% and 17.3%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National targets for CO 2 reduction in the German building sector have stagnated due to low refurbishment rates. This paper proposes an alternative approach using highly efficient, decentralized energy systems. By combining photovoltaic (PV) systems and combined heat and power (CHP) plants controlled by a modified hierarchical control algorithm, CO 2 emissions can be reduced. Results from a single-family home show a 13% CO 2 reduction with only 11% higher operational costs on heating days. On summer days, up to 50% CO 2 emissions can be avoided without additional costs. The control algorithm easily adapts to changing input parameters, making it suitable for different countries and business cases. Overall, with its modified control, the PV-CHP hybrid system can effectively reduce CO 2 emissions and adapt to varying conditions. The control can be easily used for other energy systems, like fuel cells or heat pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the push to reduce global carbon dioxide emissions intensifies, infrastructure managers are rethinking how maintenance is planned and executed to minimise greenhouse gases (GHGs) without sacrificing the performance of their infrastructure networks. This paper addresses this need. The work includes a detailed description of the estimation of GHG emissions that arise from common sewer maintenance interventions. These detailed estimates were subsequently used to project emissions from three maintenance scenarios for a large sewer network. The study found that emissions from maintenance mainly originate from materials and that emissions from transport, traffic congestion and machinery were of secondary importance. The current practice promises the lowest emissions up to 2035 but does not address the ageing pipe network. As a consequence, the network condition and performance deteriorate further as failures rapidly accumulate. Embracing preventive maintenance coupled with circular economy thinking is shown to be an effective solution to improve the network condition and performance while at the same time offering savings of 6222 t carbon dioxide a year. These findings provide infrastructure managers with a detailed example of the potential of circular economy thinking in reducing long-term emissions along with insights into the expected trade-offs that arise with network performance and resource utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by rising concerns regarding global warming and traffic congestion effects, we study the time-dependent green vehicle routing problem with time windows (TDGVRPTW), aiming to minimize carbon emissions. The TDGVRPTW is a variant of the time-dependent vehicle routing problem (TDVRP) in which, in addition to the time window constraints, the minimization of carbon emissions requires determination of the optimal departure times for vehicles, from both the depot and customer location(s). Accordingly, the first exact method based on a branch-cut-and-price (BCP) algorithm is proposed for solving the TDGVRPTW. We introduce the notation of a time-dependent (TD) arc and describe how to identify the nondominated TD arcs in terms of arc departure times. In this way, we reduce infinitely many TD arcs to a finite set of nondominated TD arcs. We design a state-of-the-art BCP algorithm for the TDGVRPTW with labeling and limited memory subset row cuts, together with effective dominance rules for eliminating dominated TD arcs. The exact method is tested on a set of test instances derived from benchmark instances proposed in the literature. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed exact method in solving TDGVRPTW instances involving up to 100 customers. Summary of Contribution: Due to the environmental situation, green vehicle routing problems (GVRPs) aim to consider greenhouse gas emissions reduction, while routing the vehicles, and play a key role in transportation and logistics. Vehicle greenhouse gas emissions strongly depend on the vehicle speeds and traffic conditions which in real life vary continuously over time. To tackle these challenges, we address the time-dependent green vehicle routing problem with time windows (TDGVRPTW) aimed at reducing total carbon emissions under time-dependent travel times and time window constraints. We design an effective exact method for the TDGVRPTW based on a state-of-the-art branch-cut-and-price algorithm. The paper is both of methodological value for researchers and of interest for practitioners. For researchers, the presented algorithm is amenable for various routing constraints and provides a ground for further studies and research. For practitioners, the paper suggests insights on how the carbon emissions change based on different vehicle speed profiles. History: Accepted by Andrea Lodi, Area Editor for Design & Analysis of Algorithms—Discrete. Funding: This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 71831003, 71831006, 72171043, and 71901180] and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [Grants N170405005 and N180704015]. Supplemental Material: The electronic companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2022.1195. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is progressing faster than previously envisioned. Efforts to mitigate the challenges of greenhouse gas emissions by countries through the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has resulted in continuous environmental improvements in the energy efficiency and carbon emission signatures of products. In this paper, an energy–carbon emissions nexus causal model was applied using the Leontief Input–Output mathematical model for low-carbon products in future transport-manufacturing industries., The relationship between energy savings, energy efficiency, and the carbon intensity of products for the carbon emissions signature of the future transport manufacturing in South Africa was established. The interrelationship between the variables resulted in a 29% improvement in the total energy intensity of the vehicle body part products, 7.22% in the cumulative energy savings, and 16.25% in the energy efficiency. The scope that has been examined in this paper will be interesting to agencies of government, researchers, policymakers, business owners, and practicing engineers in future transport manufacturing and could serve as a fundamental guideline for future studies in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 40 years, the continuous strengthening of the greenhouse effect has led to a significant increase in the global average temperature. Although people's understanding of climate change has been strengthened, the world has not yet witnessed a significant decline in pollutant emissions; hence it is imperative to get to the root cause. This paper is based on the STIRPAT model framework and uses the panel data of G20 countries over the period 1999–2019 to examine the role of financial development on carbon emissions under good governance. The results show that financial development significantly promotes carbon dioxide emissions, and the impact presents an inverted "U"-shaped trend when the quadratic term of financial development is introduced. Surprisingly, governance quality indicators increase carbon emissions. However, financial development accompanied by good governance suppresses carbon emissions. Moreover, according to the grouped results of developed and developing countries, different nations should adopt differentiated strategies in development finance to implement the carbon emission targets proposed by the G20. In addition, this paper also confirms the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. In light of this, policymakers should optimize the quality of governance while shifting their agendas toward environmentally responsible financial practices to promote financial development to improve environmental quality effectively. Furthermore, strengthen international cooperation, enhance public environmental protection concepts, and take joint actions to achieve low-carbon and win-win results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing demand for electricity due to economic development contributes to increased greenhouse gas production, especially CO 2. However, emissions can be limited by enhancing the efficiency of primary energy conversion, such as integrating geothermal energy into coal-fired power plants. Therefore, this paper proposes replacing conventional feed-water heaters with geothermal preheaters to create a hybridized system. This study was based on a numerical model validated at a selected Polish power unit. The model was subsequently calibrated for off-design conditions to facilitate partial load analysis. The obtained characteristics outperformed those of the non-hybrid unit, generating over 18 MW of electric power output. Such an improvement could potentially boost the unit's net efficiency by more than 2.6 %. This enhancement is significant as power units typically operate under part load for approximately 90 % of the time, hence the need to evaluate the performance characteristics of hybridized units in those states. Furthermore, the research outlines the potential decrease in the plant's CO 2 emission factor, with reductions reaching up to 6.5 % under off-design conditions. Based on a gap analysis of the existing literature, this paper's comprehensive partial load evaluation serves as a new addition to research on hybridized systems. • An in-depth analysis of feed-water heaters operation is performed. • Turbine performance calculations for both design and off-design states is validated. • The comprehensive study of hybridized systems integrates three major factors. • Hybrid geothermal-fossil power cycle is vital for specific CO 2 emissions reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key goal of the Paris Agreement (PA) is to reach net-zero Greenhouse Gasses (GHG) emissions by 2050 globally, which requires mitigation efforts from all countries. Africa's rapidly growing population and GDP makes this continent important for GHG emission trends. In this paper, we study the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in Africa over three decades (1990-2018). We compare bottom-up approaches including UNFCCC national inventories, FAO, PRIMAP-hist, process-based ecosystem models for CO2 fluxes in the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector, and global atmospheric inversions. Our database is available from Zenodo at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7347077 (Mostefaoui et al., 2022). For inversions, we applied different methods to separate anthropogenic CH4 emissions. The bottom-up (BU) inventories show that over the decade 2010-2018, less than ten countries represented more than 75% of African fossil CO2 emissions. With a mean of 1373 MtCO2 yr-1, total African fossil CO2 emissions over 2010-2018 represent only 4% of global fossil emissions. Yet, these emissions grew by +34% from 1990-1999 to 2000-2009 and by +31% over 2000-2009 to 2010-2018, more than doubling in 30 years. This growth rate is more than twice faster than the global growth rate of fossil CO2 emissions. The anthropogenic emissions of CH4 grew by 5% from 1990-1999 to 2000-2009 and by 14.8% from 2000-2009 to 2010-2018. The N2O emissions grew by 19.5% from 1990-1999 to 2000-2009; and by 20.8% from 2000-2009 to 2010-2018. When using the mean of estimates from UNFCCC reports (including the land use sector), with corrections from outliers, Africa was a mean source of greenhouse gasses of +2622 $%&' ($() MtCO2e yr-1 from all bottom-up estimates (sub- and superscript indicating min-max range uncertainties), and of +2637%,'% -&,(MtCO2e yr-1 from top-down methods, during their overlap period from 2001 to 2017. Although the mean values are consistent, the range of top-down estimates is larger than the one of bottom up, indicating that sparse atmospheric observations and transport model errors do not allow us to use inversions to reduce the uncertainty of bottom-up estimates. A main source of uncertainty comes from CO2 fluxes in the land-use sector (LULUCF) for which the spread across inversions is larger than 50%, especially in Central Africa. Moreover, estimates from national UNFCCC communications differ widely depending on whether the large sinks in a few countries are corrected to more plausible values using more recent national sources following the methodology of Grassi et al. (2022) The median of CH4 emissions from inversions based on satellite retrievals and in situ surface networks are consistent with each other within 2% at continental scale. The inversion ensemble also provides consistent estimates of anthropogenic CH4 emissions with bottom-up inventories such as PRIMAP-hist. For N2O, inversions systematically show higher emissions than inventories, on average about 4.5 times more than PRIMAP-hist, either because natural N2O sources cannot be separated accurately from anthropogenic ones in inversions, or because bottom-up estimates ignore indirect emissions and under-estimate emission factors. Future improvements can be expected thanks to a denser network for monitoring atmospheric concentrations. This study helps to introduce methods to enhance the scope of use of various published datasets and allows to compute budgets thanks to recombinations those data products. Our results allow to understand uncertainty and trends of emissions and removals in a region of the world where few observations exist and most inventories are based on default IPCC guidelines values. The results can therefore serve as a support tool for the Global Stocktake (GST) of the Paris Agreement. The referenced datasets related to figures are available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7347077 (Mostefaoui et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electricity demand has increased to 240% during the last decade in the Sultanate of Oman due to population growth and industrial expansion. Solar energy can act as an alternate source of energy production to meet the surge in demand for electric power. Also, the government has planned to derive 30% of the electricity from renewables by 2030. Moreover, agreements have been made to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by decreasing 7% by 2030. The main objective of this paper is to design a grid-connected PV solar system based on the real-time data collected from the location called Nizwa, Oman using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric Renewables (HOMER) software. The real-time data of average high and low temperature, solar radiation, estimated monthly average daily sunshine and peak hours of solar radiation of Nizwa has been collected from Meteorological Office Oman for January to December 2022. Nizwa recorded a temperature max of 43 °C during summer and 12 °C in January. Daily sun radiation in July averages between 5,500 and 6,000 Wh/m2, and the average sunshine is 9 hours per day at the selected project area (Nizwa). The collected data has been analyzed and designed using HOMER software. HOMER is used to model, optimize and analyze an integrated energy system that primarily utilizes renewable and non-conventional resources for both grid connected and autonomous systems. A 9-kW grid-connected PV solar panel has been designed and implemented in the proposed system. The proposed PV solar system worked perfectly and gave the results of an estimated number of hours of operation to be 4,362 hrs/year; the cost of energy per kilowatt is $ 0.044 and the annual energy saving cost of the hybrid system is $ 173.696. For the environmental feasibility of producing 14,765 kWh/yr, carbon dioxide emissions have decreased from 7,230,440 g to 4,396.001 g, with a difference of 7,226,043.9 g of carbon dioxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bitcoin has been embraced by many individuals with strong right-leaning views on freedom, property rights, and self-sovereignty. Among left-leaning progressives, Bitcoin is often quickly dismissed as irrelevant or a major source of carbon emissions. Bitcoin seems, however, to be full of surprises. A rapidly advancing body of anecdotal evidence suggests that its adoption may affect causes important to progressives, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, accelerating electrification of economies, alleviating poverty, and supporting human rights for people living under political repression, even though scientific confirmation is lagging. In this paper, I highlight how a Pragmatist perspective can be applied to Bitcoin, a technological and financial innovation that may well reshape how humans perceive and use money, preserve wealth, and structure governance. I first cover Bitcoin's technological and financial fundamentals and some core concepts of Pragmatism, before outlining how Bitcoin might surprise progressives. Pragmatism offers a philosophical and political grounding for left-leaning "progressive Bitcoiners" who prioritize environmental and social well-being and view inclusive deliberative democracy as the preferred form of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the conditions behind energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Poland following its accession to the European Union. The study analyzed some energy, fossil fuel, economic, and environmental indicators, such as energy use, CO2 emissions, driving factors, decoupling elasticity status, and decoupling effort status. It relied on the Kaya identity and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) in determining the drivers of CO2 emissions. As shown by the results, between 2004 and 2020, energy consumption in Poland grew at an average annual rate of 0.8%, while fossil fuel carbon emissions declined at 0.7% per year. Energy intensity was found to be the key force behind the reduction in CO2 emissions, whereas rapid economic growth was the main driver of CO2 emissions. While other factors, i.e., carbon intensity, energy mix, and population, also contributed to reducing the emissions, they had a much smaller—if not marginal—effect. In turn, the decoupling elasticity analysis showed that Poland mostly witnessed strong decoupling states, which means a strong decoupling of CO2 emissions from economic growth. Furthermore, it follows from the decoupling effort analysis that strong decoupling effort statuses prevailed throughout the study period, suggesting that the changes in the considered factors significantly contributed to reducing CO2 emissions. However, both the decoupling elasticity indices and the decoupling effort indices revealed the presence of an adverse trend. The above means that Poland witnessed a decline both in the strength of decoupling CO2 emissions from economic growth and in the efficiency of policies and measures designed to reduce CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the debate surrounding the impact of adaptation to climate change on the incentives to abate greenhouse gases emissions. Using data from the World Development Indicators and various adaptation funds under the UNFCCC framework, this paper provides an empirical analysis of the relation between adaptation and emissions. We specifically test whether adaptation measures to climate change affect emissions of greenhouse gases in a world where adaptation funds are available. Using a staggered difference-in-differences approach and an event study analysis, we find that receiving adaptation funding significantly and negatively affects several CO2 emissions measures, providing preliminary evidence of the presence of a halo effect of adaptation funding. We do not find evidence of a significant change in the emissions of methane, nitrous dioxide and other greenhouse gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 emissions from industrial processes are the main components of global greenhouse gas emissions. Based on analyzing the industrial activity level, technological progress, raw material substitution, and CO2 recycling ratio from the cement, aluminum, ammonia, steel, lime, and ferroalloy industries, this paper considers three scenarios, namely, national determined contribution (NDC), carbon mitigation scenario (CMS), and deep mitigation scenario (DMS), and systematically explores the CO2 emissions from future industrial processes as well as relevant cumulative emissions, emission sources, mitigation potentials, and mitigation sources in China. The results demonstrate that CO2 emissions of the six main industrial processes can be continuously and significantly reduced in China. In the scenarios, compared with the 2020 level (1448 million metric tons of CO2), the CO2 emissions can be reduced by 71%, 82%, and 94%, respectively, in 2060, mainly owing to the reduction of the activity level, the adjustment of the product structure and the application of carbon capture and storage (CCS) under the DMS scenario. This paper provides several major policy implications to reduce the CO2 emissions through adjusting the industrial structure and current lifestyles, improving the durability of industrial products and the management and technical levels, increasing the substitution ratio of low‐carbon raw materials in industrial production, supporting innovative low‐carbon technologies, the establishment and operation of the carbon market and carbon pricing mechanism, and further promoting the current "leader" system of energy‐intensive industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 is the main greenhouse gas. Urban spatial development, land use, and so on may be affected by CO2 and climate change. The main questions studied in this paper are as follows: What are the drivers of CO2 emissions of expanding megacities? How can they be analyzed from different perspectives? Do the results differ for megacities at different stages of development? Based on the XGBoost model, this paper explored the complex factors affecting CO2 emissions by using data of four Chinese megacities, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing, from 2003 to 2017. The main findings are as follows: The XGBoost model has better applicability and accuracy in predicting carbon emissions of expanding megacities, with root mean square error (RMSE) as low as 0.036. Under the synergistic effect of multiple factors, population, land size, and gross domestic product are still the primary driving forces of CO2 emissions. Population density and population become more important in the single-factor analysis. The key drivers of CO2 emissions in megacities at respective developmental stages are different. This paper provides methods and tools for accurately predicting CO2 emissions and measuring the critical drivers. Furthermore, it could provide decision support for megacities to make targeted carbon-emission-reduction strategies based on their own developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change means that China needs to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from its transport sector. The study reported in the paper analysed the spatial–temporal characteristics of carbon doxide emissions produced by transporting coal by rail in the country between 2000 and 2014. The kriging interpolation method was used to analyse the emission distributions. The results showed that total emissions produced from rail transport of coal increased from 1·18 Mt in 2000 to 11·71 Mt in 2014, although they appear to have peaked. Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Shaanxi were the provinces with the largest emission increases. The emissions were positively correlated and showed spatial heterogeneity, with Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces being high-emission provinces surrounded by other high-emission provinces. The paper concludes with a discussion of energy conservation and emissions-reduction measures that could be implemented by the Chinese transport industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO 2 utilization can not only control greenhouse gas emissions but also provide renewable clean energy. CO 2 utilization technology is an important technology to control carbon emissions. This work provides a review of CO 2 utilization and emissions reduction technology which can provide important theory and a key technology for various applications enhancing cleaner production and carbon emissions reduction. This paper reviews the different areas of CO 2 utilization and emissions reduction technology to show the developing timeline and trend of some technology, application scenarios, and development status. The review focuses on photocatalytic technology, synthetic liquid fuel technology, synthetic gas fuel technology, and amine synthesis technology for reducing carbon emissions from the perspective of chemical engineering. Some classic diagrams of key technologies are illustrated, and their characteristics are analyzed. The future direction and potential of chemical engineering include the consideration of feasibility and security in the CO 2 emission reduction in a longer period and conclusions made. The efficient use of sustainable energy and the assessment of security risks to human beings are also important areas to be tackled. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strict carbon emission regulations are set with respect to countries' territorial seas or shipping activities in exclusive economic zones to meet their climate change commitment under the Paris Agreement. However, no shipping policies on carbon mitigation are proposed for the world's high seas regions, which results in carbon intensive shipping activities. In this paper, we propose a Geographic-based Emission Estimation Model (GEEM) to estimate shipping GHG emission patterns on high seas regions. The results indicate that annual emissions of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) in shipping on the high seas reached 211.60 million metric tonnes in 2019, accounting for about one-third of all shipping emissions globally and exceeding annual GHG emissions of countries such as Spain. The average emission from shipping activities on the high seas is growing at approximately 7.26% per year, which far surpasses the growth rate of global shipping emission at 2.23%. We propose implementation of policies on each high seas region with respect to the main emission driver identified from our results. Our policy evaluation results show that carbon mitigation policies could reduce emissons by 25.46 and 54.36 million tonnes CO2-e in the primary intervention stage and overall intervention stage, respectively, with 12.09% and 25.81% reduction rates in comparison to the 2019 annual GHG emissions in high seas shipping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) aims to reduce 20 to 25% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with respect to the projected reference level of NDC in 2030, respectively, in its unconditional and conditional scenarios. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C would require net zero carbon dioxide emissions globally by around 2050. Thailand's current energy system is highly fossil fuel dependent and requires enormous transformations to achieve more stringent GHG emission reduction targets beyond its NDC. This paper seeks to estimate the level and the intensities of Thailand's energy system and their economy-wide effects post-2030 under the business as usual and 16 GHG emission reduction scenarios ranging from 30 to 100% by 2050. A computable general equilibrium analysis using the AIM/Hub model is employed to estimate the macroeconomic impacts of meeting the unconditional and conditional emission reductions of Thailand's NDC in 2030 along with varying GHG emission reductions in 2050. Results show that renewables – constituting solar, wind, biomass and hydro and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies account for more than 95% in the power generation mix by 2050, if 100% GHG emission reduction from the 2010 level is to be achieved. Electricity generation based on biomass both with and without CCS will occupy a major share in the investments by 2050 in all the conditional and unconditional NDC scenarios. A rapid increase in carbon sequestration occurs from 2040 onwards through the deployment of CCS and bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) technologies in all the conditional and unconditional NDC scenarios. Carbon prices lie in the range of 3.4–266.2 US$/tCO2eq during 2025–2050 to achieve 100% GHG emission reductions in 2050. Imposition of early stringent mitigation target lowers the carbon prices in the conditional scenarios towards 2050 when compared to the unconditional scenarios. The rapid uptake of CCS, energy efficiency improvements and electrification of the end-use technologies are identified to be the key measures to transform the energy system of Thailand. By 2050, the Thai economy would face a higher fall in both the GDP and household consumption in the unconditional scenarios than those in the conditional scenarios at all levels of GHG emission reduction. Results indicate that early mitigation efforts can be less costly than the delayed ones in the long-term. The cumulative investment needed to achieve decarbonization in Thailand is estimated to exceed 355 billion US$2005 over the period 2010–2050 in the 100% GHG reduction scenarios. The transmission and distribution investments in the power sector need to increase by 30–35% to attain 100% GHG emission reductions during 2010–2050. The trade deficit improves by up to 23–29% in the various GHG mitigation scenarios in 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emission from crop production is one of the important sources of greenhouse gas emission in China, and it is a hot issue on agricultural ecological environment in recent years. Based on the statistical data of agricultural production input, crop yield, cultivated land area and crop sowing area in Hebei province from 2010 to 2018, this paper studied the dynamic changes of carbon emission of crop production inputs, and analyzed the proportion of carbon emission for each different crop production inputs, so as to provide a theoretical basis for energy conservation and emission reduction in agricultural production, and in the end to realize the low-carbon agriculture. The results showed that from 2010 to 2018, the carbon emission from crop production in Hebei province took 2015 as the turning point, showing a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. From 2010 to 2018, the total carbon emissions from crop production, carbon emissions per unit yield and carbon emissions per unit cultivated land area in Hebei province were 22.19-104-26.74x104tCO2 eq, 0.21-0.30tCO2eq·t-1 and 3.40-4.10tCO2eq·ha-1, respectively. The total carbon emission of crop production, carbon emission per unit yield and carbon emission per unit cultivated land area in 2018 were the lowest, decreasing by 17.0%, 30.0% and 17.0% respectively compared with the highest value. The 9-year average carbon emission of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, agricultural film, diesel fuel and irrigation electricity accounted for 38.6%, 2.1%, 11.5%, 34.7% and 13.1%, respectively. Chemical fertilizer and diesel fuel were the main sources of agricultural carbon emission, accounting for more than 30%. The dynamic change of carbon emission of crop production inputs was obviously affected by the national policies. It is suggested that the carbon emissions from agricultural production should be guided by national policies, and measures such as formulating mature agricultural management system, strengthening agricultural technology training and promoting the application of advanced cultivation techniques should be taken to reduce the carbon emissions from agricultural sources, so as to promote the green development of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU presently orientates its policy to a low-carbon and resource-efficient economy. In this paper, we evaluate the current situation and the developments in greenhouse gas emissions, and we will evaluate carbon resource usage in chosen EU countries from the viewpoint of greenhouse gas emission per capita, energy production in the EU, energy dependence of EU countries, and final energy consumption. We will analyze and evaluate the data available from the Eurostat database through regression and cluster analysis using JMP 15 statistical software. The results show significant differences in the individual countries, and they can be used for determination of the energy policy in the individual states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aspiration of this paper is to learn about the effects of economic growth (GDPG) and energy consumption (ENRC) on environmental pollution (EP) in G-3 countries and to show the significance of renewable energy consumption (RENEW) on environmental pollution (EP). The data covers the period from 1970 to 2020 by applying the "Pooled Mean Group-Autoregressive Distributed Lag" (PMG-ARDL) model. The results indicate that GDPG is negatively co-integrated with CO2 emissions (pollution) in the short run (SR) but positively co-integrated in the long run (LR). Energy consumption has a positive impact in the long run, but there is no positive impact in the short run to accelerate pollution. In both the short and long run, renewable energy has a significant role in reducing environmental degradation. However, according to the Dumitrescu Hurlin panel, there was bidirectional causality (BC) involving energy consumption and pollution. Because of the large volume of energy emphasized in economic growth and development activities, energy use increases pollution. In addition, there was a BC involving energy consumption and economic growth. At the country level, a significant contribution implies sustainable development and the implication of environmental quality assurance policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction in the levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while essential, alone will not be sufficient to avoid continuing, damaging climate change impacts. Once the remaining global carbon emissions budget for limiting temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels is exhausted, more GHGs will need to be removed from the atmosphere than are emitted if this target is still to be achieved. Predictions indicate the remaining carbon budget for this target could be exhausted in the next decade. In these circumstances, it is apparent that GHG removal (GGR) technology needs to be scaled up significantly, and development of a market for removal units from GGR projects is one way to do so. As with carbon markets to date, there will be issues to be addressed, not least of which concern the legal and financial nature of the removal units and how removal units generated by different technologies might be fungible. This paper explores these issues, arriving at conclusions that removal units need to be characterised as constituting property and be defined as a financial instrument for the purposes of financial regulation. Heterogeneity of technical characteristics demonstrated by the different GGR methods, which would translate to the units, make determination of parameters by which they might be considered fungible, more problematic. Ultimately, given the public policy issues raised by any GGR market, these will be questions for policymakers. All the same, to help ameliorate difficulties confronting policymakers attempting to frame a GGR market, this paper proposes an alternative of considering the various GGR methods on a pooled or 'bundled' basis, rather than individually. This approach imports a number of advantages that enhance the potential for positive public policy outcomes in scaling up the GGR sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an assessment of the change in carbon dioxide and methane concentrations in the atmosphere over Bulgaria over the last 13 years. GOSAT data for the period April 2009 to the end of 2021 are used for this purpose. The data are presented as monthly averages with a spatial resolution of 2.5×2.5 degrees. The seasonal and spatial behaviour of carbon dioxide and methane emissions in the respective regions of interest has also been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the international trend of using hydrogen as combustible in many industry branches, this paper investigates the impact of mixing methane gas with 23% hydrogen (G222) on condensing boilers' operation. After modeling and testing several boilers with heat exchange surface different designs, the authors gathered enough information to introduce a new concept, namely High-Performance Condensing Boiler (HPCB). All the boilers that fit into this approach have the same operational parameters at nominal heat load, including the CO2 concentrations in flue gases. After testing a flattened pipes condensing boiler, a CO2 emission reduction coefficient of 1.1 was determined when converting from methane gas to G222 as combustible. Thus, by inserting into the national grid a G222 mixture, an important reduction in greenhouse gases can be achieved. For a 28 kW condensing boiler, the annual reduction in CO2 emissions averages 1.26 tons, value which was experimentally obtained and is consistent with the theoretical evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's economy has made significant strides in the past three decades. As a direct result of China's "one belt, one road" (OBOR) initiative, the country's rate of industrialization and urbanization is currently the fastest in the entire world. This rapid development is largely dependent on the enormous amounts of energy currently being consumed and forms the foundation of the world's high levels of carbon emissions. It is generally agreed that the production of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, is the primary contributor to the current state of climate change. In this paper, a CO2 emission prediction model based on Bi-LSTM is constructed. In order to conduct empirical tests on the model, this study uses data from South Asian countries and China from 2001 to 2020. China's CO2 emissions from 2022 to 2030 were predicted along with those of other countries in order to study the combined effects of the scientific and technological progress, industrial structures, and energy structure factors affecting CO2 emissions. When compared with the LSTM and GRU methods, the Bi-LSTM model's results produced lower MAE, MSE, and MAPE values, indicating that it performs better. According to the findings, carbon emissions represent a significant problem that will become much worse in the future due to China and India's high emissions, particularly in the next 10 years, if the government does not implement policies that help reduce those emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the full‐sample panel data from 23 provinces and cities in China from 2013 to 2020, this paper studies the influences of environmental regulations on regional carbon emission efficiency in China under the background of opening carbon emission trading after dividing the country into high, medium, and low emission areas with emission quantity as the classification standard and constructing a regression model. The experiment reveals that the environmental regulation strength and carbon dioxide emission efficiency are positively correlated with each other in the first place. Second, there exists a positive correlation between environmental regulation strength and carbon dioxide emission efficiency in different emission regions, while in terms of the impact of environmental regulation on carbon emission efficiency, it influences the medium emission areas most, followed by low emission areas, and the high emission areas to the least. Then, current domestic environmental regulation is effective and plays a positive role in improving carbon emission efficiency and promoting the development of a low‐carbon economy in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, with the increases in organic fuel prices and growing legislative restrictions aimed at increasing environmental safety and reducing our carbon footprint, the task of increasing thermal power plant efficiency is becoming more and more topical. Transforming combusting fuel thermal energy into electric power more efficiently will allow the reduction of the fuel cost fraction in the cost structure and decrease harmful emissions, especially greenhouse gases, as less fuel will be consumed. There are traditional ways of improving thermal power plant energy efficiency: increasing turbine inlet temperature and utilizing exhaust heat. An alternative way to improve energy efficiency is the use of supercritical CO2 power cycles, which have a number of advantages over traditional ones due to carbon dioxide's thermophysical properties. In particular, the use of carbon dioxide allows increasing efficiency by reducing compression and friction losses in the wheel spaces of the turbines; in addition, it is known that CO2 turbomachinery has smaller dimensions compared to traditional steam and gas turbines of similar capacity. Furthermore, semi-closed oxy–fuel combustion power cycles can reduce greenhouse gases emissions by many times; at the same time, they have characteristics of efficiency and specific capital costs comparable with traditional cycles. Given the high volatility of fuel prices, as well as the rising prices of carbon dioxide emission allowances, changes in efficiency, capital costs and specific greenhouse gas emissions can lead to a change in the cost of electricity generation. In this paper, key closed and semi-closed supercritical CO2 combustion power cycles and their promising modifications are considered from the point of view of energy, economic and environmental efficiency; the cycles that are optimal in terms of technical and economic characteristics are identified among those considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Anthropogenic activities including the combustion of fossil fuels have led to a dramatic increase in the rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in the last three decades. Since fossil‐based fuels are still the predominant energy source for this century, CO2 is a colossal problem. It is emitted as a consequence of combustion and human activities and is a major greenhouse gas (GHG) that significantly contributes to climate change and global warming, making CO2 emission a worldwide problem. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has proposed a 45% decrease in anthropogenic CO2 emissions by 2030, with a target of "net‐zero" CO2 emissions by 2050. Despite its harmful effects, CO2 has the potential to be used for a wide range of different industrial needs, after its capture. CO2 capture technologies are still in the early stage of development because of economic and technological issues. However, in the future, carbon capture and related application technologies and methods may become easier and more accessible due to the new developments in the materials synthesis, strategies and skills and inexpensive utilization, and functioning cost of the employed methods. Furthermore, carbon capture system (CCS) might improve the recent power plan system properties. Concerning climate change, carbon capture is deemed as a promising solution to prevent CO2 emissions. CO2 capture, storage, and utilization are garnering intensive interest from scientists worldwide. This review paper identifies and gave particular attention to the literature on the recent CO2 capture technologies, for example, adsorption, absorption, membrane, and algae‐based separation techniques for pre‐combustion, oxy‐fuel combustion, and post‐combustion periods. Aside from all of these capture technologies, the utilization and application of captured CO2 in various industrial fields such as solvents, chemicals, and fuels are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German industry is committed to climate targets, but faces uncertainty regarding feasible transformation pathways in terms of future renewable energy availability, the speed of technology development, and the future regulatory framework. The Carbon2Chem® project aims to develop flexible solutions for the chemical utilization of CO/CO2 in various industries with hard‐to‐abate CO2 emissions. This paper presents general strategies for using Carbon2Chem® technology in the transformation process to reduce CO2 emissions and provide sustainable feedstocks to the chemical industry, both in the short and long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]