Search

Copyright of Journal of Yangtze Normal University is the property of Journal of Yangtze Normal University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of urbanization, frequent flood event have become the most common natural disasters, posing a significant challenge to human society. Considering the effects of urbanization on flood risk is critical for flood risk reduction and reasonable land planning strategies at the city scale. This study proposes an integrated approach based on remote sensing data using CA, Markov, and simplified hydrodynamic (FloodMap) models to accurately and effectively assess flood risk under urbanization. Taking Chongqing City as a case study, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial variations in land use/land cover (LULC) in 2010, 2015, and 2018 and predicts the LULC for 2030, based on historic trends. Flood risk is assessed by combining the hazard, exposure, and modified vulnerability. The results suggest that the area of built-up land will increase significantly from 19.56% in 2018 to 25.21% in 2030. From 2010 to 2030, the area of medium and high inundation depths will increase by 10 and 16 times, respectively. Flood damage varies remarkably according to the LULC and return period. The expected annual damage (EAD) has been estimated to increase from USD 68 million in 2010 to USD 200 million in 2030. Flood risk is proportional to population and is significantly inversely proportional to socioeconomic level. The approach used here can provide a comprehensive understanding of flood risk and is significant for land-use policymaking and the management of flood control facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overpasses and the terrain under them in Chongqing, a mountainous city in China, are complex and diverse, and some spaces under the overpasses are integrated and reconstructed into the underpass green space for citizens to stroll about or have a rest. From the perspective of visitor perception, this paper constructs a perception evaluation system of the environmental characteristics of underpass green space in mountainous cities from the following five environmental perception dimensions: path organization, security, aesthetic value, physical environment, activities and cultural. The IPA-Kano model is used to quantify environmental perception, and the main environmental factors affecting the improvement of recreation satisfaction of underpass green space in three types of terrain are explored, with a view to improving the environment and service functions of underpass green spaces in high-density interchange networks in mountainous cities, and enhancing the attractiveness of underpass green spaces. It can be found from the study that: (1) Among the five environmental perception dimensions, visitors pay more attention to the physical environment quality of the underpass green space and their physical and psychological activity experience, while their demands for visual senses are relatively low. Due to the deficiency or lack of leisure facilities, sports facilities, children's playgrounds and amusement equipment, the dimension of "activities and cultural perception" of the underpass green space has the lowest scores of all. (2) The existing sites, facilities and landscape resources of the underpass green space, different terrain types and underpass environment are the important reasons that affect the performance of environmental perception factors and their priority ranking results. (3) The improvement of security of the arrival path or sports facilities is beneficial to improve visitor satisfaction of underpass green space of three types of terrain. The number of environmental factors to be optimized of the three types of terrain are ranked as: mountainous green space > flat green space > concave green space. Among them, four environmental factors have a high priority in two kinds of underpass green space, which are the distribution and quantity of leisure facilities, the effect of noise reduction and sound insulation, the adequacy of activity venues and the distribution and quantity of sports facilities. Finally, according to the particularity of the underpass environment and the characteristics of three types of terrain, this paper puts forward some suggestions for optimizing the service function of underpass green space from five perceptual dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Chongqing in southwestern China has adopted a systematic set of urbanization policies since the late 2000s. Due to their emphasis on the role of the government and their scale, they deserve close attention. Yet, few studies have examined both positive and negative impacts of the urbanization policies regarding land acquisition, hukou conversion and urban housing as a complete process from rural migrants' perspective. More longer-term empirical studies focusing on rural migrants' reactions to the urbanization policies are needed. By conducting interviews with rural migrants, this paper aims to fill this gap. The results show that the migration intentions of rural migrants living in public rental housing are well-organized and purposive. The motivations for migration are not exclusively financial, but include the opportunities for better schooling and enhanced family bonds that come with living in public rental housing. Meanwhile, the institutional and social barriers faced by rural migrants were also identified. The goal of the paper is to enrich the understandings of the effects of urbanization policies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the rise of smart cities and geographic big-data applications, the refined identification of urban functional areas is of great significance for decision-makers to formulate scientific and reasonable urban planning. In this paper, a random forest algorithm was adopted to analyze Point of Interest (POI) data, with the aim of identifying the functional zoning of Chongqing's central urban area and to quantify the functional mixing degree by combining POI data with Open Street Map (OSM) road networks. The main conclusions include: (1) Due to the topography and previous urban planning strategies, the central urban area of Chongqing has a significant cluster development that radiates outward from the center of each district. Mixed functional areas account for about 40% of the total area, excluding non-functional areas. The land-use intensity of the central urban area is significant. (2) The mixing degree of the inner ring is generally high, while the aggregation characteristics of the outer ring are weaker. The functions of catering and transportation are dispersed and are mutually exclusive from other functions. (3) The identification of residential service and green spaces and squares was the best, while the identification of catering service areas was slightly less accurate. The overall identification accuracy of the single-function areas was 82%. The results of functional zoning provide valuable information for understanding the downtown area of Chongqing and represent a new method for the study of urban structures in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex landforms of a Shan-shui City (Shan-shui refers to mountains and rivers) significantly impact the selection of locations for logistics enterprises. This paper takes Chongqing, one of the most typical Shan-shui Cities in China, as the research object, and adopts spatial analysis methods and a mediating effect model, to explore the role of mountains and rivers in the formation of logistics enterprises' spatial pattern on the street scale. The study results reveal that 90% of the logistics enterprises in the central urban areas of Chongqing are located in the low-altitude area below 353m above sea level, and distributed in a north-south direction along the mountains, as a result of blockage by mountain ranges, such as those of Zhongliang Mountain and Tongluo Mountain. More than 70% of the logistics enterprises are located less than 5 km from either the Yangtze River or Jialing River, spreading along the rivers. In addition, more than half of the logistics enterprises in commercial and financial, and residential land are located within the urban core area, while 80.83% of the logistics enterprises located in warehousing land and industrial land are concentrated in the urban expansion area. In areas with high land prices, the negative effect of altitude on logistics enterprise agglomeration is weakened, while the promotion effect of river proximity on logistics enterprise agglomeration is enhanced. In the urban core area with the advantage of low altitude and proximity to the Jialing and Yangtze Rivers, the role of mountains and rivers on logistics enterprises is not apparent; in contrast, in the urban expansion area with more complex landforms, land price can be an effective means for the government to macro-manage the spatial pattern of logistics enterprises in a Shan-shui City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural restructuring is an effective means to boost rural revitalization. Research on rural restructuring and its driving forces is helpful to adjust the evolution direction of key development factors, and form a coupling and coordinated development pattern. Taking Chongqing as an example, this paper adopts basic geographic data, land use data, and social and economic data, and uses the entropy method, spatial econometric model, and GTWR model. The paper explores the spatiotemporal evolution pattern of influencing factors on rural restructuring from 2000 to 2018 from the perspective of exogenous driving and endogenous driving. The results show the following. (1) During the study period, the average values of the rural economic restructuring intensity index, social restructuring intensity index, spatial restructuring intensity index, and comprehensive restructuring intensity index were 0.138, 0.118, 0.123, and 0.379, respectively. During the research period, rural restructuring in Chongqing experienced four development stages: space-economic restructuring-led, economic-social restructuring-led, economic restructuring-led, and social-spatial restructuring-led. In general, the dominant speed of economic restructuring gradually accelerated, and the changes in spatial restructuring were obvious but still lagging. Compared with other periods, the characteristics of social restructuring and spatial restructuring were more obvious between 2015 and 2018. (2) Different types of rural restructuring were affected by exogenous and endogenous factors. Exogenous driving mainly showed a negative impact on the changes in rural restructuring in the study area, while endogenous driving mainly showed a positive impact. (3) The driving system composed of exogenous driving and endogenous driving showed obvious timing and dynamic fluctuation. From 2000 to 2005 and from 2015 to 2018, rural restructuring in the study area was balanced and driven by endogenous and exogenous factors. From 2005 to 2015, rural restructuring in the study area was dominated by exogenous driving. Based on the influence differences and internal correlations of the driving forces of rural restructuring, policy opinions are put forward from the two aspects of restructuring path and restructuring guarantee, which provide a scientific basis for the determination of rural development direction and path selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the Chongqing hotpot(重庆火锅) and two general types of lead-in phrases(过门) of Chongqing Thumb Fight(划拳). This paper mainly discusses the birthplace and maker of Chongqing hotpot and the origin of the two primary lead-in phrases: Good Brothers(兄 弟好) and Disorderly Chopping Firewood(乱劈柴). The results of studying the Chongqing hotpot and two types of lead-in phrases were found as follows: 1. The Yangtze River is the birthplace of the Chongqing hotpot. 2. The trackers and porters working for the wharves along the Yangtze River create the original Chongqing hotpot. 3. Th encircling rivers cultivate the Good Brothers and the mountainous forests stimulate the Disorderly Chopping Firewood [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic discussion of traditional zinc-smelting technology in China has been hampered by a paucity of physical data recovered from early production sites. In recent years, however, the discovery of former zinc-smelting sites in the municipality of Chongqing in south-western China has provided important evidence from archaeological excavations that contribute to the study of this topic. Taking the smelting furnace found at the Linjiangerdui site in Zhong County as an example, this paper introduces and discusses the form, use and maintenance of the zinc-smelting furnace of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368–1644), and makes a preliminary comparison with the smelting furnaces dating to the Qing Dynasty (AD 1636–1912) unearthed in Shizhu County and the mountainous Hunan Province in an attempt to elucidate the development and evolution of ancient Chinese zinc-smelting technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the background of global warming, heat wave disasters have become more frequent globally, and mountainous cities are more seriously affected by heat wave disasters due to the special features of topography and urban morphology. This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of heat wave disasters in Chongqing, a mountainous city. The results shows that heat wave disasters in Chongqing tend to increase overall and decrease locally before increasing. Significant growth in heat waves since 2010 and time series model prediction analysis shows that Chongqing will face more severe heat waves in the future. The spatial distribution of heat wave disasters varies significantly, high in the middle and low at the ends. There is a tendency for the center of heat wave disasters to shift from the south-central part of Chongqing to the northeast. In addition to the influence of atmospheric circulation and mountain topography, the causes are also positively related to urban development intensity and urbanization trends. It is necessary to develop specific control and management measures for heat waves depending on the characteristics of them. The take-home message of the study is the spatial and temporal trends of heat waves in Chongqing to provide a theoretical basis for high-temperature mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an evaluation of seasonal influenza vaccination hesitancy (IVH) and its determinants among community HCWs in Chongqing, a city in southwest China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1030 community HCWs with direct or indirect patient contact was conducted from July to September 2021 using a self-administered electronic questionnaire. Possible factors for IVH among community HCWs were investigated by multivariable logistic regression to yield adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Overall, 46.2% of community HCWs were vaccinated in the 2020–2021 season, while 65.8% of community HCWs had IVH. "Don't know the coverage in China" (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.01–2.11; 40-year-old group OR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.92–4.76), "complacency" (OR: 4.55, 95% CI: 3.14–6.60) were positively related with having IVH. The community HCWs that had a history of influenza vaccination (OR: 0.67 95% CI: 0.48–0.95) and groups with confidence and convenience (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.06–0.12; OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.23–0.52, respectively) were more likely to completely accept vaccination. Conclusions: Measures such as improving the awareness and knowledge of influenza and vaccination and expanding the free vaccination policy, combined with improving the convenience of the vaccination service, will promote increased seasonal influenza vaccination-coverage in community HCWs in Chongqing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper constructed the tourism and eco-environment index system, calculated the coupling and coordination relationship between them in Chongqing, from 2000 to 2017, by comparing 9 combination models; and identified the main obstacles through the obstacle model. The results showed that: (1) The comprehensive weighting method (CWM) has the highest accuracy, the coupling coordination mode (CCDM) is more adaptable; the CWM-CCDM is the most suitable. (2) The coupling degree changed from antagonism to run-in phase. (3) The coupling coordination degree improved annually, is in moderate coordination stage currently. (4) The tourism had greater obstacles; the main obstacles vary with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early years of the People's Republic, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had difficulty in establishing control over grain markets. The implementation of the Unified Purchase and Sale of Grain Policy was a significant step toward this end, and part of the broader move toward collectivization that would lead to the Great Leap Forward, making it a sensitive topic for research. By focusing on the grain market and grain policies in rural Chongqing, this research shows the role of state prices management and state-owned grain companies before the grain monopoly in 1953. This paper uses material from county archives with a focus on Jiangjin County, a rural area of southern Chongqing, to show that in the early 1950s, CCP state-building policy featured not only violent mass campaigns but also utilized gradualist strategies to compete with the merchants, achieve influence, and finally control the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is a global strategy for promoting economic growth and sustainable urbanization, specifically in developing countries. It is critical for governments to understand the determinants of migration decision for rural households so that proper migration measures can be taken. Different from previous studies that mainly focus on migration determinants without considering migration patterns, this paper divides migration patterns into three types—no migration, labor migration, and family migration, and examines the determinants for "no migration–migration" and "labor migration–family migration," respectively. The binary logistic model is adopted to analyze the impacts of various migration factors in Chongqing city. Results show that: (1) per capita non-agricultural income plays the most significant positive role in driving "no migration–migration." This is followed by the number of household labor force, whereas road accessibility is the key factor for inhibiting migration. (2) The key contributory factor for "labor migration–family migration" is per capita non-agricultural income. This is followed by the residential distance from towns, whereas the number of household labor force and the average age of labor force are restraining factors. The research results can effectively provide scientific reference for local governments to advance the transfer of the surplus rural labor force to promote sustainable urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the question of whether Chongqing's Red culture campaign (2008-2012) was a real mass campaign. Drawing upon Baudrillard's concept of simulation, it discusses the extent to which Chongqing's Red culture campaign can be characterized as the simulation of a traditional Maoist mass campaign. This paper argues that instead of being a real mass campaign, the Red culture program exhibited the following critical features of simulation-the procession of a model of the real, the liquidation of referentials, and the constitution of a self-induced and monolithic circuit of power. Firstly, the operation of Chongqing's Red culture campaign followed an established model of the ideal revolutionary mass campaign. The activities therefore did not follow their own trajectories but were organized to fit in the preexisting model. Secondly, the Red culture campaign was a process during which signs were emptied of their representational meaning. The definition of Red was expanded to include all songs that were considered 'healthy' and 'positive.' As a result, it stopped referring to any specific concept of political ideology. Thirdly, Chongqing's Red culture program demonstrated characteristics of a self-induced and nondialectical power circuit. The program did not exchange meaning with the audience of the program. Rather, the exchange of signs took place within the territory of an imagined singular political power. To think of the Red culture campaign not as a mass campaign but possibly the simulation of a mass campaign, this paper examines a distinctive set of power relations that were embedded in Chongqing's controversial political program and aims to facilitate a better understanding of the organization of political power in the current Chinese society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the in-depth implementation of China’s One Belt One Road initiative and the signing of the RCEP, the position of ASEAN in China’s international trade is more prominent. In order to strengthen the economic and trade cooperation between Chongqing and ASEAN, and give full play to the leading role of Chongqing in promoting China’s One Belt One Road, this paper reviewed the trade development between Chongqing and ASEAN countries in the past 20 years, and found that the bilateral trade has experienced two stages of steady development and blowout growth, and showed three characteristics: rapid growth of trade volume, continuous narrowing of trade surplus and strengthening of complementarity of trade division. However, in the process of promoting the trade development between Chongqing and ASEAN, Chongqing also faces five problems: poor matching of cost-efficiency in transportation and logistics, relatively lagging function construction of opening platforms, insufficient comparative advantage of export commodity structure, poor channel of policy integration innovation and mutual recognition of standards, and large gap in the construction of urban international supporting system. Therefore, to further strengthen the economic and trade cooperation between Chongqing and ASEAN, the research suggests that measures should be taken from five aspects of “transportation connectivity, platform mutual construction and promotion, industry complementarity and mutual integration, policy exchange and mutual recognition, and city mutual integration and mutual learning”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to explain the Chinese conception of city branding. Given the intricate and multidisciplinary nature of city branding, the article aims to address a gap in the literature and provide a direction to a deeper understanding of city branding from the Chinese socialism context. Taking a case study approach, the article analyses a significant body of discussion resulting from in-depth interviews with branding experts and government officials in Chongqing, the case study city. The analysis focuses on the role of the government and reveals that city branding in China is influenced, and largely controlled, by the national government. The discussion of the agents of Chinese city branding, city branding as a government tool, and the tendency towards policization, which means that city branding is implemented as part of urban policy, contributes to the theoretical growth of current city branding beyond a neoliberal perspective. • This paper sheds light on the understanding of city branding from the novel angle of government management • Government departments initiate and oversee branding initiatives and facilitate cross-stakeholder cooperation. • How government departments effectively manage city branding by combining it with urban policy was investigated. • The importance of political influence in city branding is highlighted. • A review of city branding within socialist contexts guides city governments to participate in branding endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Food has been playing an important role in tourism. It is suggested that food is regarded as one of the most important factors in deciding a destination and adding extra value to the image of destination. This paper aims to investigate the role of food in motivating tourists to visit Chongqing and explore the importance of food tourism to Chongqing. A questionnaire survey was carried out, resulting in a total of 565 respondents contributing their opinions. The result indicates that in the pre-stage of travel, food do have an influence in motivating tourists to visit Chongqing. However, the role of food is still not highly rated by the tourists, which needs a better promotion to let tourists know about the Chongqing food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are widely used in digital terrain analysis, global change research, digital Earth applications, and studies concerning natural disasters. In this investigation, a thorough examination and comparison of five open-source DEMs (ALOS PALSAR, SRTM1 DEM, SRTM3 DEM, NASADEM, and ASTER GDEM V3) was carried out, with a focus on the Chongqing region as a specific case study. By utilizing ICESat-2 ATL08 data for validation and employing a random forest model to refine terrain variables such as slope, aspect, land cover, and landform type, a study was undertaken to assess the precision of DEM data. Research indicates that spatial resolution significantly impacts the accuracy of DEMs. ALOS PALSAR demonstrated satisfactory performance, reducing the corrected root mean square error (RMSE) from 13.29 m to 9.15 m. The implementation of the random forest model resulted in a significant improvement in the accuracy of the 30 m resolution NASADEM product. This improvement was supported by a decrease in the RMSE from 38.24 m to 9.77 m, demonstrating a significant 74.45% enhancement in accuracy. Consequently, the ALOS PALSAR and NASADEM datasets are considered the preferred data sources for mountainous urban areas. Furthermore, the study established a clear relationship between the precision of DEMs and slope, demonstrating a consistent decline in precision as slope steepness increases. The influence of aspect on accuracy was considered to be relatively minor, while vegetated areas and medium-to-high-relief mountainous terrains were identified as the main challenges in attaining accuracy in the DEMs. This study offers valuable insights into selecting DEM datasets for complex terrains in mountainous urban areas, highlighting the critical importance of choosing the appropriate DEM data for scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the imperative to revitalize aging urban parks to meet the evolving demands of China's rapidly urbanizing population. Focusing on the Shaping Park in Chongqing, China, as a case study, the research analyses 281 surveys on park satisfaction and employs the importance–performance analysis (IPA) method to interpret the importance and performance values of 30 critical attributes in a four-quadrant satisfaction evaluation map. The findings reveal five major issues in the park and propose five renewal design strategies to accommodate the changing needs of park users, including enhancing access to cultural activities, recreational spaces, and park facilities while considering the significance of high-quality landscapes and natural features. The study reaffirms existing research that underscores the importance of enduring social and cultural values in satisfying contemporary users' satisfaction. It also highlights the necessity of adapting innovative design principles to evolving user behaviors and demands. The insights gained from this regional Chinese case study can enrich the literature and holds broader implications for park renewal projects on a global scale. Future studies should explore evaluation methods applicable to urban–suburban and wetland parks and subsequently redefine design strategies based on the findings derived from the IPA model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological networks in mountainous regions are vital for enhancing ecosystem functionality and ensuring regional ecological stability, alleviating the contradiction between land use and ecological development in rapid urbanization. However, the complexity of mountains and the need to establish a connection between ecosystem services and human well-being present significant challenges in constructing ecological networks. This study proposes an idea that identifies and derives an optimal scenario for ecological networks, integrating insights from ecosystem services and network analysis. The aim of the ecological network is to improve and protect the ecosystem's stability while better guiding sustainable development in mountainous regions' urban and rural areas. This study uses qualitative evaluation methods and a graph theory model to obtain the ecological network's sources and links. The results indicate that (1) 58 important ecological source areas were identified, with a total area of 5746 km2, mainly covered by woodland and water bodies. (2) An optimal and feasible scenario comprising 5 horizontal and 14 longitudinal corridors was established. Corridors rely primarily on the river system and mountains. (3) A total of 5 key ecological function areas and some ecological zones in important urban development areas were identified. Control measures for these ecological lands were proposed to enhance the effectiveness of ecosystem service construction. It can be concluded that identifying and deriving an optimal scenario of ecological networks in mountainous regions from the perspectives of ecosystem services and network analysis is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chongqing Bureau of Public Health, established shortly after the Nationalists relocated to the wartime capital, faced frequent air raids, rampant inflation, and acute personnel shortages. Still it accomplished an astonishing amount of work, demonstrating its commitment to public health as a barometer of modernity, national stability, and political fitness. The Bureau also treated male and female bodies differently, institutionalizing gender roles through its public health administration. This paper illustrates differences between medical care for men and women, arguing that Chongqing health officials' myopic focus on maternal issues when discussing women's healthcare, their failure to address highly skewed gender ratios in the patient reports and vaccination statistics that their office received on a monthly basis, and the relatively late opening of the city's most substantial maternal health facilities, all point to malecentric priorities within the administration. Military health took priority not only because of the war, but because soldiers' health conditions and facilities were so appallingly dismal. Thus, wartime health conditions reveal the continued haunting of modem Chinas great specter, the "Sick Man of East Asia," and two types of disease in the wartime capital: the Nationalist state, politically diseased, failed to protect its civilians and soldiers from common diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the empirical relevance of the 2009 World Development Report's 3D framework for the explanation of spatial productivity disparities within Chongqing municipality's non-primary sector. In doing so, it presents evidence of a significant role for distance in determining these disparities, especially within the municipality's Southeast wing. The evidence of a role for density is more mixed, however, with findings of agglomeration economies depending on the method of estimation used. These results have important policy implications both for the municipality itself and China overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important industrial city, Chongqing has experienced rapid economic growth in recent years, but at the same time the growth has been accompanied by serious pollution problems. Water quality monitoring shows that the waters of Chongqing are widely polluted. In this paper, the human capital approach is applied to assessing the economic losses and damages caused by water pollution in Chongqing. Based on previous studies and empirical investigations, water pollution-induced damage can be categorized into two general types; damage to ecosystems, including agriculture; and damage to non-ecosystems, including industry. The economic loss estimation of each type of the damage is conducted by taking into account a group of relevant parameters and methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent theorization of the Global Production Network (GPN) framework, viz. “GPN 2.0 theory” (Coe and Yeung, 2015), firm-specific strategies namely intra-firm coordination, inter-firm control, inter-firm partnership and extra-firm bargaining are conceptualized to understand the changing dynamics and reconfiguration of global production networks. Drawing upon the extra-firm strategies in the GPN 2.0 theory, this paper examines the spatial and organizational reconfiguration of personal computer production networks in China since late 2000s. Based on the information and data collected from years of observation and in-depth interviews with various firms and extra-firm actors, particularly government officials during June 2014 and December 2016, this study explores the emerging laptop cluster in Chongqing, a centrally-governed municipality in West China, which produced 40% of the world laptop computers in 2015. This paper argues that the rapid development in Chongqing in a short span has been attributed to the rising power of strategic partner firms of lead firms, primarily Taiwan-based contract manufacturers (e.g. Foxconn). It sheds light on the emerging strategic coupling between strategic partner firms and local government in Chongqing, which has brought about the reconfiguration of laptop production networks from the prevailed lead-firm centric to the emerging strategic partnership pattern. This study enriches the developing literature on the rise of strategic partner firms by extending the firm-centric analysis to extra-firm strategies, which echoes the extra-regional dynamics advocated recently by the Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG) perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy design is important, and high policy capacity is necessary for social policy-making. Local experimentation is helpful in building capacity and therefore supporting policy design. Since 2007, China has initiated an 'urban-rural integration' reform to equalize the access to public services between urban and rural residents. This paper uses the Chongqing urban-rural integration pilot as a case to illustrate how and to what degree a local experiment can be useful in building policy capacity and improving policy design. Regarding the Chongqing pilot, policy capacity in administration and governance has been improved through mechanisms including coordinating government departments through a small leading group led by local leaders as well as incentivizing bureaucrats by linking quantified policy targets with officials' performance evaluations. Equalizing access to public services by facilitating the mobility of factors, including labour, credit, and land, is the key rationale in the policy design of the Chongqing pilot. Under this policy design, fiscal capacity has been enhanced significantly, and policy initiatives have been financed with an improved fiscal capacity. At the same time, however, unintended consequences in the Chongqing pilot have been observed, including misallocation of resources and underdevelopment of some dimensions of policy capacity. Institutional reforms might also have been undermined. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The Regional Innovation System (RIS) needs revision to explain innovation in China. • Concept development is approached through qualitative methods to work critically. • In Chongqing, innovation is organised through two different RIS frameworks. • Institutional conditions in China hamper the convergence of the frameworks. • "Two RIS in one region" helps analysing transformation of China's innovation model. The Regional Innovation System (RIS) is a popular concept for approaching research on geographies of innovation. Political research and innovation studies in emerging economies suggest that there are much different institutional preconditions for and far more types of innovation than hitherto considered. It is thus unlikely that the RIS model as derived from "best practice" cases in the Global North has sufficient explanatory power for regional innovation dynamics in less developed regions in China. From an empirical qualitative analysis on Chongqing, China, as a non-"best practice" case, we find that it is more appropriate to consider separate RIS within one region. The analysis shows that different RIS-frameworks matter for different actors, who engage in different types of innovation. These frameworks are exclusive and do not provide their functions equally to all innovation actors in place. The separation of RIS frameworks acknowledges the co-existence of different structures and trajectories, which is explicitly helpful for understanding regional innovation dynamics in China, where the national government currently aims to transform its innovation model from state-control to an open system of innovation. This paper further discusses how the notion of separate RIS is more appropriate for capturing regional innovation dynamics in the Chinese context in contrast to previous concepts of emerging RIS or fragmented regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the characteristics and trends of rural farmland landscape transformation under the background of socioeconomic differentiation can help clarify the desires and needs of farmers in diverse rural areas and formulate scientifically-based strategies for rural managers in agricultural land management. The farmland landscape in Southwest China's rural areas is transforming from livelihood-oriented extensive agriculture to market-oriented intensive agriculture through agricultural land use conversion, planting structure adjustment, and large-scale farmland management. This paper used Google Earth's high-definition remote sensing imagery and selected typical townships from Chongqing Municipality for comparison to clarify the transformation characteristics and trends of rural farmland landscapes in Southwest China from the landscape ecology perspective. The results show that the formation of the transformed farmland landscape (TFL) bases on the conversion of cultivated land (mainly grain crop production), accompanies by a small amount of forest, shrub, and grassland. The characteristics of the TFL landscape pattern in each township are significantly different. And there is a significant agglomeration trend, mainly concentrates in low-altitude areas. TFL presents mostly a type of economic fruit forest planting in areas with large topographic fluctuations and vegetable planting in areas with low topographic fluctuations. TFL in rural areas of Southwest China is multifunctional agricultural land, formed by the combination of a forest transition process and agricultural intensification. It is essentially the functional transformation of cultivated land based on the joint action of farmers' needed economic benefits and government-supported ecological policies. • The landscape of rural farmland in Southwest China has undergone a transformation. • The theoretical background of transformed farmland landscape (TFL) is presented. • The spatiotemporal variation of TFL is explored through typical case studies. • The development modes and enlightenment of TFL are summarized. • The rural TFL has positive implications for improving rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphidessa jinfoensis sp. nov. is described from Chongqing and Guizhou in Southwest China. The diagnostic morphological characters of the new species are described and illustrated in color plates. The distribution of all species of the genus Graphidessa Bates, 1884 is mapped and the key to all species of this genus is updated. The COI gene sequence of the new species is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]