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• The mechanical transfer relationship of uneven frost heave and slab track is revealed. • A full-scale temperature field test of the slab track is conducted. • The slab track's warping deformation and stress distribution under thermal load are analyzed. • The interlayer debonding and damage characteristics of the slab track due to multiple issues are investigated. To ensure the secure operation of high-speed trains in seasonally frozen regions, this paper investigates the deformation and failure patterns of slab tracks subjected to uneven frost heave and environmental issues. Utilizing our team's previous research findings, finite element analysis software was employed to construct a mechanical transfer calculation model for the subgrade and slab track. This model was used to explore the relationship between uneven frost heave and slab track deformation at different time periods, along with the track structure's damage behavior. In addition, comprehensive temperature field tests were conducted on the China railway track system (CRTS) III slab track, probing temperature variations, warping deformations, and stress distributions within the track structure. Finally, the interaction of uneven frost heave and thermal loads unveiled the interlayer debonding and stress characteristics of slab track structures across different months in seasonally frozen regions. The results revealed that the greater amplitude of frost heave and the smaller wavelength led to a higher change rate of rail irregularity. The uneven lateral deformation of the subgrade surface due to the sunny-shady slopes effect resulted in significant rail level irregularity of slab tracks. The combined impact of short-wavelength frost heave and temperature gradient loads emerged as the primary cause of macroscopic damage and stiffness degradation of concrete materials within slab track structures. These findings will help to understand the mechanical behavior of slab tracks in cold regions, thereby improving the quality of high-speed railway operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]