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Based on the emission factor method and LMDI-LEAP model, this paper systematically studies the current situation, influencing factors and changing trend of carbon emissions from rural buildings in a typical village located in southern China. The results showed that (1) the per capita carbon emissions generated by the energy consumption of rural buildings is 2.58 tCO2/a. Carbon emissions from electricity consumption in buildings account for about 96.07%; (2) the per capita building area, building area energy intensity, population size, population structure and carbon emission coefficient affect rural building carbon emissions, with contribution rates of 70.13%, 31.27%, 0.61%, −1.21% and −0.80%, respectively; (3) from 2021 to 2060, the carbon emissions of rural buildings are expected to increase first and then decrease. In 2021, the base year, carbon emissions from buildings were 2755.49 tCO2. The carbon emissions will peak at 5275.5 tCO2. Measures such as controlling the scale of buildings and improving the utilization rate of clean energy can effectively reduce carbon emissions, in which case the peak can be reduced to 4830.06 tCO2. Finally, the countermeasures and suggestions about rural building energy saving and emission reduction are proposed, including improving the construction management, raising energy efficiency standards in buildings, increasing the proportion of clean energy and raising residents' awareness of energy conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of economy, commercial sector building energy consumption becomes more and more noticeable in China. The aim of this paper was to study the influencing factors governing commercial sector building energy consumption and the decoupling relation between building energy consumption and commercial sector economic development. The main results of this paper are as follows: (1) Commercial sector energy intensity decreased from 61.78 gce/yuan in 1991 to 36.70 gce/yuan in 2011, representing a decrease of 40.59 %. Since 2003, electricity has exceeded coal products and become the dominating energy. (2) The economic activity effect makes a positive contributor to the increase in commercial sector building energy consumption; however, the energy intensity effect plays an important role in decreasing energy consumption, followed by the energy structure effect. Same results have also been observed according to the relational degree. (3) Only four kinds of decoupling index occurred over 1991-2011. Strong decoupling occurred only in the years 1994, 1997, and 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban pluvial flooding in China has become one of the major challenges for sustainable development. This paper analyzes the impact of climate change, urbanization, and integrated disaster drivers on urban pluvial flooding hazards, starting from the disaster-causing mechanisms of urban pluvial flooding in China. This paper then analyzes the main features and progress of urban pluvial flooding governance in China. In particular, this paper describes the progress of sponge cities in China. On the basis of the above contents, this paper describes three manifestations of the fragmentation dilemma at the level of governance, namely, fragmentation in value integration due to conflicting management orders and service values, fragmentation in resource and power allocation due to the lack of vertical top-level design and blurred horizontal departmental management boundaries, and fragmentation in policy formulation and implementation due to outdated urban flood control standards and interdepartmental information compartmentalization. In response to the fragmentation dilemma in urban pluvial flooding management in China, this paper introduces the concept of holistic governance and clarifies the path of urban waterlogging management, i.e., forming a collaborative and diversified governance subjects, deeply optimizing the organizational structure of urban waterlogging management, creating a mature information-based governance platform, and improving the legal and rule of law construction model. This paper is informative for understanding the governance of urban pluvial flooding in China from a government-led management level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the continuous growth of China's power peak load and the rapid development of renewable energy, a large number of renewable energy sources are connected to the power grid, increasing the uncertainty of power grid operation and posing new major challenges to the power system regulation capacity. Flexible load has the characteristics of wide distribution, fast response, and high economy, which is an important control resource for the future power system. Based on the flexible load of commercial buildings and residential users, this paper studies the resource characteristics and response characteristics, clarifies the resource characteristics and demand response characteristic indexes of commercial and residential users, and establishes the response characteristics model of commercial buildings and residential users. Considering the influence of weather, holidays, incentive mechanism, and other factors on the response of flexible load, the quantitative analysis method of flexible load resource regulation potential for regional power grid dispatching was studied, and the feasibility of flexible load resources directly participating in the load control system was analyzed. Based on the uncertainty and mathematical characterization method of the active response of flexible loads, the optimal combination control strategy of demand response resources was proposed to eliminate the problems of heavy load and overload of regional power grid equipment by using the active response ability of flexible loads. Finally, the IEEE 14-node system is selected for simulation verification, which provides a theoretical basis for alleviating the power grid operation pressure in the peak load period of the power grid in the urban core area, improving the safety and economic operation level of regional power grid dispatching and the utilization rate of power grid equipment assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A multi-level building energy consumption benchmarking index system for cooling in large commercial buildings is presented. • The recommended index value is calculated based on real operation data of a commercial building in China. • Evaluation efficiency is improved by using a simplified calculation method. • The benchmarking method was validated using real data from eight large shopping centers in China. Abstract Urban development rapidly increases the total area and the energy consumption of large commercial buildings. Accordingly, the total energy consumption is the focus of numerous energy saving studies. An optimal benchmarking system provides a recommended energy consumption level for each building as well as identifying and prioritizing challenges to energy saving in each building. Based on detailed sub-metering system data and building operational data, this paper presents a simplified energy consumption benchmarking method for air-conditioning systems that cool large commercial buildings. Firstly, a multi-level benchmarking index system is established. Next, the energy performance data of eight large shopping centers in China validates the simplified benchmarking method and finally, the energy performance data of the participating shopping centers is analyzed under the present method. Our data focus on the energy saving potential, as well as informing improvement strategies for building energy performance, that can be used for efficient energy benchmarking process for cooling in large-scale commercial buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zero-energy buildings have attracted interest worldwide as they consume less energy and can alleviate energy shortages caused by rapid economic development. This paper presents a review of the research and development regarding zero-energy buildings in China. First, it briefly introduces the evolution of the definition of zero-energy buildings and discusses the key influencing factors of such buildings in China. Then, envelope design, selection of mechanical and electrical equipment, and solar energy utilization aspects of zero-energy buildings are examined. Additionally, this paper discusses the development and application of zero-energy buildings in China, including project types, design methods, energy resources allocation, and energy operation management. Finally, this paper analyzes China's policies for zero-energy buildings, including incentive mechanisms, laws and regulations, and problems encountered, and provides suggestions for promoting zero-energy buildings in China. We expect this review to identify gaps and future directions for research and development, which will lead to new technologies, methods, policies, and standards that can be applied to zero-energy buildings. • Research and development of zero energy building in China is comprehensively reviewed. • Influencing factors and relevant zero-energy building design components are examined. • Development and application of zero-energy buildings in China are examined. • Zero energy policies in China are analyzed and suggestions for the promotion of zero-energy buildings are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• POE was carried out to compare the design target and operational effect after use. • A Large Irregular Green Commercial Building was chosen for in-depth analysis. • We recommend the building energy saving and carbon emission reduction strategy. Commercial buildings, especially large irregular commercial buildings with complex space and dense occupation, have high energy consumption and carbon emissions. Moreover, the actual operating performance differs significantly from its design, in terms of energy conservation and carbon emissions. This study selected an irregular large-scale green commercial building in Dalian, a coastal city in the cold zone of China. The running energy consumption and indoor physical environment were investigated and analyzed, and a satisfaction survey was conducted using the Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) methods. The promotion strategies of holistic design were proposed by comparing the operational building performance with the design target. The research shows that the energy consumption of the building was 68.02 kWh/m2, which failed to meet the standard requirements. The carbon emission was 74.76 kgCO 2 /m2. Less than 10 % of humidity in summer fell in the expected range, and the lowest value of PM 2.5 concentration in winter was 28.3 %. The score of indoor environmental quality and service satisfaction was low. This paper identifies the problems and analyzes the differences between the operation stage and design phase. It provides recommendations and guidelines for optimizing the carbon emission and indoor environment based on the performance improvement of building operational conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a critical transportation infrastructure, with a high flow of people and high-energy consumption in China, coach stations have great potential in energy saving and CO2 emission reduction. In this paper, the building information and energy consumption data of 29 coach stations in five climate regions of China were obtained by field investigations. The annual total comprehensive building energy consumption was 31.37–128.08 kWh/(m2·a). The annual total CO2 emissions from building operation in the coach stations was 17.01–134.77 kgCO2/(m2·a). The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system was the largest energy using and CO2 emissions sector: 30.42–72.47% of the energy consumption and 30.42–83.93% of the CO2 emissions were generated by HVAC system. The energy consumption and CO2 emission level of coach stations and that of other kinds of public buildings were compared. Results showed that the energy consumption and CO2 emission levels of coach stations investigated were relatively low, mainly because the passenger thermal comfort was scarified. Based on the investigation data, energy consumption analysis models of coach stations in five regions were established by simulation when the passenger thermal comfort was met. The potentials of energy saving and CO2 emission reduction were studied from forms of the HVAC system, heat recovery and natural illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial situation of listed companies has a great impact on the construction of stock portfolio. However, some traditional portfolio models only consider the fluctuation of stock price and ignore the impact of the financial situation of listed companies on the portfolio, which will affect the effectiveness of the portfolio. To fill the gap, a new portfolio model based on the KMV model and a multiobjective water cycle algorithm is proposed to further improve the framework of portfolio construction. Firstly, the KMV model is used to evaluate the financial situation of listed companies, and then the optimization algorithm directly uses both the results of KMV and the fluctuation of stock price to build a more reasonable portfolio. To evaluate the validity of the model, the data of 100 A-share listed companies collected from China were used in two experiments. The results of the experiments show that the model can determine the stock portfolio according to the internal financial information and stock history information of listed companies, which not only can improve the effect and stability of the investment portfolio, but also can play a guiding role in the performance evaluation of listed companies. • This paper brings the listed companies' financial data into the portfolio. • The multiobjective optimization algorithm is applied to build complex portfolios. • The KMV model is used to evaluate the default probability of listed companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In Hong Kong, conventional air-conditioning (AC) systems cause a high energy consumption and poor indoor thermal comfort. This paper investigated the AC load profiles of three typical local commercial buildings, i.e. office, hotel and retail, and examined the energy consumption of liquid desiccant cooling system (LDCS) for these buildings. Simulation results showed that the cooling load contributed to more than 98% of total annual load, with high latent load proportion from March to September. The high reheating ratio, i.e. from 60% to 90%, is found to be the main reason for the poor thermal comfort. Therefore, the LDCS which could handle sensible and latent loads separately was proposed. However, the electricity-driven LDCS was found not suitable for local commercial buildings. significant energy saving could be achieved by the solar-assisted LDCS system with thermal storage, when the installation area for solar collectors is larger than the minimum required one, i.e. 9.7m2/(kWm−2) for office and 12.7m2/(kWm−2) for hotel buildings. Energy saving of different system types with different installation areas was also studied. The solar-assisted LDCS shows more energy saving in winter but less in summer. Results and conclusions can be useful for researchers and local engineers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article applies a parametric metafrontier method and the Malmquist index to analyze the energy efficiency and its dynamic performance in China’s commercial sector from 1995 to 2013. The results indicate that the energy efficiency in China’s commercial sector is generally low, and there are significant regional differences and enormous energy-saving potentials. Relative to metafrontier, commercial sectors in eastern China have relatively higher energy efficiency; while those in central and western China have relatively low energy efficiency. Besides, the dynamic energy efficiency performance in China’s commercial sector has improved over the period. The technology improvement is a major driving factor to improve the energy efficiency in the commercial sectors of all the three regions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Summer extreme high-temperatures occur frequently in large cities; urban spatial form is the primary factor affecting the urban thermal environment. Thus, planning and arranging urban spaces is a key approach to regulating urban microclimates. Studies into how urban spatial forms influence the formation of urban microclimates have been carried out for multiple cities in warm and hot regions; however, few studies of this kind have been carried out for cities in cold regions. In this study, we analyze Zhengzhou, a city located in a cold region of China, using summer 2017 measurement data to determine why high temperatures develop in cold areas. We investigated how temperature and humidity vary during the morning, at noon, and in the evening given different land use properties (commercial and residential) and different spatial forms (building height, building density, green coverage rate, and plot ratio); we then studied the correlation between urban spatial form and the urban thermal environment. Our research results indicate that the commercial district's thermal microclimate was related to PR and BH in the afternoon and GCR in the morning and at night. In the residential district, the key urban morphology factors related to its thermal microclimates were BD, PR, and GCR during almost the whole day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]