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The article investigates the impact of various funding sources on Technology Transfer Entities (TTEs), including government support, private sector investments, grants, and European funds. It emphasizes the crucial role these financial mechanisms play in enabling TTEs to bridge the gap between academic research and commercial application. By analyzing the influence of government funding, the significance of licensing and patent revenues, and the benefits of private and European investments, the article demonstrates how these resources assist TTEs in achieving financial stability, fostering innovation commercialization, and navigating the market. It also highlights the importance of aligning TTEs' goals with broader societal and economic objectives. Through case studies, the research illustrates the essential need for a diverse funding strategy and effective management for TTEs to optimize their contribution to the technological innovation ecosystem, economic growth, and societal well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovative application of nanotechnology to improve the physicochemical properties of polyphenols in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food and cosmetic industries has increased steadily over the last two decades. This proliferation of novel research output and the commercialization of polyphenol nano-formulations has however raised concerns about whether the current state of the regulations governing these products is sufficient. The use of nanotechnology to prepare state-of-the-art polyphenol nano-formulations was investigated along with their available commercialized forms. Special focus was placed on the types of polyphenols used, the industries in which applications were found, along with the geographical distribution of both patents and commercialized products. The paper also highlights the medical claims of the patented technologies and evaluates current challenges involving their entry into the market. A large number of nano-polyphenols are being patented and commercialized. A total of 97 nano-polyphenol patents published over the last three years (2019–2021) were found. Approximately 90% of these have potential application in the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical industries. While the medical claims of the patented technologies involving nano-polyphenols are quite diverse, there is no indication that these claims are guided by clinical research. This underscores the significance of firm policies in regulating these products especially given the rate at which they are entering the market. The role nano-polyphenols play in imparting health effects should be supported by sound scientific and clinical data so their safety and efficacy can be validated. This review can impact current regulations and future research. • Inventions or filed patent applications of polyphenol nano-formulations have increased steadily over the last two decades. • Analysis of patented and commercialized nano-polyphenols reveals that most are intended for the nutraceutical industry. • Medical claims of nano-polyphenol patents are vast however there is no evidence that they are guided by clinical research. • Propagation of nano-polyphenol patents and commercial products warrants firm policies to regulate their safety and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many firms increasingly collaborate with universities to create innovation through the commercialization of scientific knowledge. However, a variety of mismatches between a firm's interests and the value delivered by university partners (e.g., common knowledge base, strategic goals, agreements on intellectual property management, etc.) can cause rough interactions and relationships. Therefore, managers demand an effective practice to support the management of university-industry collaborations (UICs). This article builds on the previous work on a matching quality assessment model by extending its applicability to propose an analytical framework for developing a strategic roadmap to guide relationship development toward effective UIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experts have difficulty assessing the economic value of university-originated technologies due to the high level of uncertainty associated with the commercialization of early stage and basic technologies. This article proposes a random forest approach to the valuation of university-originated technologies that integrates monetary value and patent value models for technology valuation. First, a technological characteristics-value matrix was constructed after defining a total of 23 indicators from the U.S. Patent and Trademark and Scopus databases and extracting the value of university-originated technologies from technology transaction databases. Second, a random forest model, an ensemble machine learning model based on a multitude of decision trees, was employed to assess the economic value of university-originated technologies. Finally, the performance of our approach was assessed using quantitative metrics. A case study of the technologies registered in the Office of Technology Licensing of Stanford University confirms, with statistically significant outcomes, that our method is valuable as a complementary tool for the valuation of university-originated technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovation value chain is an effective tool for analysing innovation activities and reflects the process of value creation and increase in innovation activities. From the perspective of innovation value chains, we divided patent innovation activities into three stages: knowledge innovation stage, applied research stage and patent commercialization stage. The panel data from 64 universities directly managed by the Ministry of Education from 2009 to 2017 were used and several conclusions were drawn: 1) In the initial stage of knowledge innovation, the fundamental research fund plays a crucial promoting role, and knowledge innovation achievements are mainly published academic papers. 2) In the applied research stage, the knowledge innovation in the early stage and the fund investment in R&D activities have a significant positive effect on the patent output of universities, but the personnel investment has a negative effect. 3) In the final stage of patent commercialization, preliminary research results have a positive impact on patent commercialization, whose marginal effect depends on the industry-university-research relationship, external competition and reputation of the university. The evidence showed that there is a feedback channel between university patent commercialization and knowledge innovation, and new knowledge generated by the interaction with the outside world in the process of patent commercialization was transmitted to the subject of knowledge innovation through this channel, forming a virtuous dynamic cycle. By analysing the driving factors of the value chain of patent innovation in colleges and universities, we provided empirical evidence for the operation mechanism and policy formulation of college patents in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines the trends in the formation of academic capitalism in Ukraine. There Also have been described the trends of development of business environment in the field of high technology in Ukraine and abroad, particularly in universities, as well as patterns of commercialization of results research activities in the context of strengthening the importance of knowledge. The obtained results will allow forming the principles for the formation of a new methodological paradigm for managing the technology transfer process, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of domestic science, economy, entrepreneurship and the market of high technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the Weizmann Institute of Science has been telling the story of the successful commercialization of a scientific invention, through its corporate communication channels, from the early 1970s to today. The paper aims to shed light on the transformation processes by which intellectual-property-based commercialization activities have become widely institutionalized in universities all over the world, and on the complexities, ambiguities and tensions surrounding this transition. We look at the story of the scientific invention of Copolymer-1 at the Weizmann Institute of Science and its licensing to Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, which subsequently developed the highly successful drug Copaxone for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. We argue that, in its tellings and retellings of the story of Copolymer-1, the Weizmann Institute has created narratives that serve to legitimize the institution of academic patenting in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Technology Transfer Office is critical in translating university research into commercial value. This research paper analyzes the performances of university Technology Transfer Office models as well as their technology transfer mechanisms. The first step of this research project involves conducting patent information searches on databases to investigate academic patenting activities in the USA and China. Many Technology Transfer Offices, have similar intellectual property licensing practices and the involvement of industrial partners throughout the commercialization process. However, during the comparison it is found that the Technology Transfer Office working models varied in several ways. The main difference is that the pace at which patenting is accomplished in the USA and Chinese universities is far more sophisticate. Because of substantial resources and government support, Proof of Concept funding at various stages of technological maturity is steadily developing at universities in the USA and China. Furthermore, both USA and Chinese universities are very active in teaching and incentivizing their faculty and students about the importance of academic entrepreneurship and are well-versed with skilled technology transfer professionals who have all the necessary skills to transfer technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the change of intellectual property (IP) management as revenue-generating asset for research universities in the U.S. Topics include the genesis of the disparity between patent commercialization of universities, the trends and value of university patents, and models for commercialization to enhance technology transfer efficiency.

The article discusses the trend towards commercialization or technology transfer of academic science research, noting the challenges of ensuring the financial viability of knowledge transfer programs. Research institutions can generate revenue by patenting or copyrighting intellectual property (IP) from research innovations to be sold or licensed. Particle focus is given to the Utah Science Technology and Research Initiative (USTAR) commercialization initiative at the University of Utah (UU) and Utah State University, which supported research and the formation of startup companies in areas such as biomedicine, nanotechnology, and energy research. Other topics include industry-academic partnerships, university entrepreneurship programs, and IP legal issues.

Few studies have addressed the university-industry technology transfer (UITT) process in developing countries (Póvoa & Rapini, 2010); especially, in Brazilian private universities (Closs & Ferreira, 2010). This paper seeks to identify and analyze elements in processes involving academic patents through a case study investigating researchers and the TTO manager of PUCRS. Many results were similar to those identified by other national and international studies. Among the drivers that stand out are scientific challenges and competition to produce patents. An innovative environment was favored by institutional policies. Access to information structures, laboratories, skilled staff and multidisciplinary research groups favored invention. The existence of the technology park in the university also facilitated the dissemination of tacit knowledge between universities and companies. Reconciling research, teaching, and patenting with each other is an issue that requires special attention, because researchers were essential to successful commercialization of academic technology. We suggest the creation of policies which allow researchers more time for UITT and developing their interpersonal and commercial skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In all countries, across all sectors and in all fields, the percentage of women obtaining patents is not only less than their male counterparts but it is less than the percentage of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in the field in the country. This raises several questions: First, why aren't women obtaining patents at the same rate as their male counterparts? Second, is this a feminist issue? Finally, what can we apply from Women's Studies to close this gender gap in patenting? Articulating the goals for commercialization of science to link them directly with making society better and helping people should provide powerful incentives for women to patent and participate in technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on institutional theory to explain the rise of university patenting in the USA. While observers have traditionally attributed this development to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, recent research has shown that university patenting was increasing throughout the 1970s and argued that the Act's impact was less than has generally been assumed. This paper attempts to reconcile these opposing positions by explaining the rise of university patenting as a process of institutionbuilding. Beginning in the 1960s, a skilled actor within the federal bureaucracy created a proto-institution that simplified university patenting and encouraged the development of a community of university patent administrators. In the 1970s, that community in turn allied itself with government proponents of patent policy liberalization and representatives of small business in a successful effort to pass the Bayh-Dole Act. The Act itself should be seen not as creating modern technology transfer, but rather as a final step in a state-driven process of institutionalization that was already well under way by 1980. The case is used to discuss how an institutional approach, which is infrequently seen in STS, can sometimes be useful to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industry–academic collaboration (IAC) in developed and developing countries enables these economies to gain momentum in continuous innovation and, thus, economic growth. Patent commercialization is one major channel of knowledge flow in IAC. However, very few studies consider the flow of knowledge between industrial firms and universities. Moreover, ways that the patent commercialization performance of IACs can be evaluated are rarely discussed. Therefore, defining an analytic framework to evaluate the performance of IAC from the aspect of patent commercialization is critical. Traditionally, data envelopment analysis (DEA) models have widely been adopted in performance evaluation. However, traditional DEA models cannot accurately evaluate the performance of IACs with complex university–industry interconnections, the internal linkages, or linking activities of knowledge-flow within the decision-making units (DMUs), i.e., the IACs. In order to solve the abovementioned problems, this study defines a multiple objective programming (MOP)-based network DEA (NDEA), with weighting derived from the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL)-based analytic network process (ANP), or the DANP. The proposed analytic framework can evaluate the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) with a network structure (e.g., supply chains, strategic alliances, etc.) based on the weights that have been derived, based on experts' opinions. An empirical study based on the performance of the patent commercialization of Taiwanese IACs was used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework. The results of the empirical research can serve as a basis for improving the performance of IAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]