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I experience some difficulty in commenting on this paper, because Hintikka has approached intentional concepts in a manner so different from my own. He has, for instance, connected the directedness of a conscious intention with something purposive, since one of the common meanings of ‘direction’, as is the ordinary sense of ‘intention’, is undoubtedly connected with purpose. To what are all these acts and utterances directed?’ often means ‘What are you trying to achieve by these acts and utterances?’ Now I would be infinitely far from denying that all conscious intentions are pervaded by purpose: to have something before us as the object of our awareness is certainly to try to keep it in consciousness, to try to envisage it from various aspects, to try to see it in varying contexts, some actual and possible, to compare it with other possibilities, and finally to imagine or perceive it rather than merely to think of it. But the purposive conation which inspires and sustains conscious intentionality is distinct from the conscious intentionality that it sustains : the former is consummated only in a sequence of conscious intentions, the latter is whole and complete in each conscious intention. Conscious intentionality is simply the ‘thereness’ or Vorhandenheit of something for consciousness: though it is sustained by purpose, it is in itself utterly disparate from anything purposive or conative. It is the unique givenness of something to consciousness, its appearance in the light of consciousness, and this is the same whether what is thus apparent is perceived or thought of. The possible criminality of the Empress Agrippina may be as much vorhanden to consciousness as the telephone on my desk. I do not know whether Hintikka clearly differentiates this kind of pure cognitive appearance in his experience: it has eluded many, as for instance Heidegger. I think, however, that it is basic to the understanding of intentionality.

This position paper provides a framework to test positive and negative emotional contagion between agile teams for producing mission critical systems in order to enhance agile teams' cooperativeness and performance, lower conflicts, and to make decisions more accurate. Due to human errors in analyzing, designing, implementing, and testing phases for producing mission critical systems, losses and risks are significantly higher than other systems; while the adoption of agile development processes in mission critical systems has shown promising results of minimizing risks and costs. However, agile processes are people-oriented where human error is the main contributor to the success or failure of the system. Within the software industry, studies have investigated developers' conation and cognition to enhance their performance and communication within teams, while the role of affect (emotions and moods) was neglected for decades. Emotional contagion, as a factor of affect influence, has only been tested in studies at the managerial decision-making level; while no evidence of such studies that investigate whether or not the emotional contagion influences behavioural groups in agile developments which is the main concern of this paper.

Learning strategies (cognition), emotion (affection) and conation are suggested as important elements of success for engineering students. Identifying student learning profile may help improve successful rate in engineering program. An instrument that can be used for reliably assessing the cognitive- affective-conative profile of students is needed. This paper report the development and initial testing of the questionnaire (CACQ). Quantitative procedures were used. The set of questionnaire was distributed to 207 final year engineering students after being reviewed by four experts. Each of the constructs reached a good reliability value. Strong and positive correlations were established between learning strategy, emotion, conation and achievement motivation measures. The strength of correlations between the constructs also provides an indicator to the unidimensionality of the constructs. This new questionnaire is a promising measure for assessing the cognitive, affective and conative profile of engineering students.

PurposeAlthough the role of reflections in entrepreneurship education is undeniable, the research has focused mainly on their advantages and consequences for learning process, whereas their dynamics and interrelations with other mental processes remain unexplored. The purpose of this paper is to better understand how personality and intelligence constructs: cognition, conation, and affection evolve and change along the learning process during entrepreneurship education.Design/methodology/approachTo better understand reflective processes in entrepreneurial learning this paper adopts the tripartite constructs of personality and intelligence. By employing longitudinal explorative research approach and self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm, the authors follow students’ reflections during their two-year learning processes. First, the authors try to identify how the interplay between the cognitive, conative, and affective aspects emerges in students’ reflections. Then, the authors investigate how this interplay evolves during the individual learning process and finally, by looking for similarities in these learning pathways, the authors aim to identify patterns of students’ reflective learning process.FindingsAll constructs are present during the learning process and all are prone to change. The individual constructs alone shed no light on the interplay between different constructs, but rather that the interplay between sub-constructs should be taken into consideration as well. This seems to be particularly true for cognition, as procedural and declarative knowledge have very different profiles. Procedural knowledge emerges together with emotions, motivation, and volition, whereas the profile of declarative knowledge is individual. The unique profile of declarative knowledge in students’ reflections is an important finding as declarative knowledge is regarded as the center of current pedagogic practices.Research limitations/implicationsThe study broadens the understanding of reflective practices in the entrepreneurial learning process and the interplay between affective, cognitive, and conative sub-constructs and reflective practices in entrepreneurship education. The findings clearly indicate the need for further research on the interplay between sub-constructs and students’ reflection profiles. The authors see the study as an attempt to apply an exploratory statistical method for the problem in question.Practical implicationsThe results are able to advise pedagogy. Practical implications concern the need to develop reflective practises in entrepreneurial learning interventions to enhance all three meta-competencies, even though there are so far no irrefutable findings to indicate that some types of reflection may be better than others.Originality/valueThe results of the analysis indicate that it is possible to study the complex and dynamic interplay between sub-constructs of cognitive, conative and affective constructs. Moreover, the research succeeded in identifying both individual variations and general reflection patterns and changes in these during the learning process. This was possible by adopting a longitudinal explorative research approach with SOM analyses.

Campus life is very important for the undergraduate students during their experience. This study explores the undergraduate students–campus relationship in University Sains Malaysia (USM). Using questionnaire survey to 114 respondents and applying SPSS to analyze, the students’ sense of place to campus with three constructs of place dependence, place attachment and place identity is presented. The international and local students’ place identity varied significantly while their place dependence and place attachment showed no significant difference. The students’ sense of place in the three constructs varied significantly by different races. Based on the results in this study and relative literature, this paper proposes that place identity may represent a higher hierarchy of people – place relationship than place dependence and place attachment. KEYWORD: Sense of place; Campus; Place dependence; Place attachment; Place identity International Conference on Social Science, Education Management and Sports Education (SSEMSE 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 184 Place attachment refers to the emotional bonds people develop with places. It “is the emotional link formed by an individual to a physical site that has been given meaning through interaction” (Milligan, 1998, p. 2). It “involves an interplay of affect and emotions, knowledge and beliefs, and behaviors and actions in reference to a place” (Altman & Low, 1992, p. 5). In the seminal paper: The City and Self-Identity, Proshansky (1978) defines place identity as “those dimensions of self that define the individual’s personal identity in relation to the physical environment by means of a complex pattern of conscious and unconscious ideas, beliefs, preferences, feelings, values, goals, and behavioral tendencies and skills relevant to this environment” (p. 155). Jorgensen and Stedman (2001) explore the foundation of sense of place with three dimensions (place attachment, place identity and place dependence) equating with component of attitudes (affect, cognition, and conation). “Place attachment is equated with the affective (or emotional) component of attitude; place identity as the cognitive domain whereby a place is part of the social actor’s sense of self; and, place dependence represents the conative domain of attitude in which the dependence expressed for one’s setting is relative to the behaviors performed there” (p. 237). Scholars point out that the people and place have to be put in a specific context if he want to deeply comprehend and present the people-place relationships. In this paper, the research objective is to investigate the undergraduate students’ sense of place to the campus of USM.

The focus of this paper lies on how mixed methods can be triangulated for exploring end-users' e-learning experiences from several perspectives in order to learn about the how and why of their e-learning process targeting conative constructs and self-regulation of e-learners.The empirical study was conducted at a media laboratory for content testing. Mixed methods were used to collect data and triangulated in the analyses. Methods used were questionnaires, eye tracking, screen recordings, observation, and a stimulated instant recall (SIR) interview.Different phases of analyses are described in the paper emphasizing how methods and data can be triangulated in order to create an authentic picture of e-learning experiences. The study is still work in progress intending to explore how theories of motivation and self-regulation are applicable to e-learning contexts, and how this can be used in further studies on how to evaluate e-learning environments with special focus on the link between user experience and learning.

Purpose All previous research seldom considered the proliferation process from the perspective of consumers or from a negative perspective to examine the desire for revenge and negative word of mouth (WOM) caused by deficiencies in innovative products. The purpose of this paper is to investigate consumers’ subsequent behaviors after they have outward and inward negative emotions such as anger and regret. The objective of this study is to explore the different effects of customers’ anger and regret on desire for revenge and negative WOM. Design/methodology/approach This research uses structural equation modeling to analyze 226 samples. Findings The results showed that regret has significant and positive effects on desire for revenge and negative WOM but anger has only a significant and positive effect on desire for revenge. Moreover, desire for revenge has a significant and positive effect on negative WOM. In addition, the desire for revenge plays a crucial mediator between anger and negative WOM as well as regret and negative WOM. Practical implications Corporations can use tangled emotions among consumers to predict the development of the desire for revenge and immediately implement remedies for deficiencies to prevent consumers from developing the desire for revenge and spreading negative WOM regarding the corporation or product, or engaging in other revenge behaviors. Corporations can easily detect and prevent the path between anger and revenge behaviors simply based on the desire for revenge. In contrast to the outward negative behavior that is anger, regret is implicit and internal. Originality/value This study explored two negative emotions of affect (anger and regret) based on affection and conation/action of the tricomponent attitude model and their different effects on consumers’ revenge behaviors such as desire for revenge and negative WOM. The contributions of this research are to clarify the different relationships between outward negative emotion (anger) and desire for revenge/negative WOM as well as inward negative emotion (regret) and desire for revenge/negative WOM.

This article discusses the construct validity of the creative thinking skill instrument supporting a conation idea aspect for biology student-teachers in the subject of Human Physiology. Two hundred and eighteen students participated in this study. Construct validity was obtained through Confirmatory Factor Analysis technique (CFA). Reliability was estimated by composite reliability. Findings show that the construct validity and the reliability of the instrument are high. A thorough discussion on the findings and future implications are provided towards the end of this paper.

Prior research suggests and reveals that there is a correlation between human emotional responses and the subjective qualities of digital interactive experiences. Using facial analysis done by deep neural networks presents a true non-intrusive way of measuring emotional responses and engagement assessed as the desire to continue playing. This paper proposes a tool to measure emotional responses across eight different emotions and in real time of any game. The emotional recognition system achieves an accuracy of 98% and the continuation desire system achieves 93.3% accuracy in a pilot test with a two player game and 78.5% accuracy in a single player game. This forms a strong tool that shows a correlation between emotions and the continuation desire of a player, which can be used to evaluate engagement in games and digital interactive experiences, e.g. in critical stages of development of said content.

Prior research suggests and reveals that there is a correlation between human emotional responses and the subjective qualities of digital interactive experiences. Using facial analysis done by deep neural networks presents a true non-intrusive way of measuring emotional responses and engagement assessed as the desire to continue playing. This paper proposes a tool to measure emotional responses across eight different emotions and in real time of any game. The emotional recognition system achieves an accuracy of 98% and the continuation desire system achieves 93.3% accuracy in a pilot test with a two player game and 78.5% accuracy in a single player game. This forms a strong tool that shows a correlation between emotions and the continuation desire of a player, which can be used to evaluate engagement in games and digital interactive experiences, e.g. in critical stages of development of said content.

This paper aimed to explore the interpretation of the story of Thalut in QS. al-Baqarah: 246-251 using the semi-narrative theory of A.J. Greimas as an analytical tool. This structural theory is expected to explore the structure text of the text of the Qur’an. In addition, the narrative semiotics theory also opens up a new understanding of the text by looking at the inner structure and inner structure of the text. This understanding is not new, but it is able to bring meaning that is slightly diverse than most. The findings of the authors obtain that the story of Thalut in the Qur’an at least contains two structures of the narrative meaning of the text, namely the birth and the mind. The understanding gained from the textual structure of the narrative text is the existence of segments that describe how the Thalut struggle to save people from religious, socio-political and even moral crisis with the support of prayer, belief and knowledge. However, he is hindered by his hesitant and arrogant nature. As we know from the inner structure of the text, the story of Thalut in QS. Al-Baqarah: 246-251 shows how the verse describes the spirit of a person in reaching a business which in psychology studies is known also with the phenomenon of will (conation). In addition, the author sees the existence of other elements such as cultural inheritance (cultural transfered) that occurred in the Children of Israel. With the theory of narrative semiotics, the text of the Qur’an becomes more broadly meaningful and not only fixated on textual understanding.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of Chinese youth’s attention to and involvement with Chinese soccer and its professional league, the Chinese Super League (CSL), on their level of satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach A survey study was employed to test the hypotheses. Research participants (n=948) were students from five major universities that represented each of the five main geographic regions of China. Data were randomly assigned into two halves: one half for CFA (n=474) and the other half for structural equation modeling (SEM) (n=474). Mplus 7.0 was used to conduct both the CFA and SEM. Findings The findings of this study indicated an overall lack of attention to and involvement with Chinese soccer and CSL among Chinese youths. Discussions have been presented on the causes of the lack of youth passion for Chinese soccer and suggestions have been articulated to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of policy formulation, business operation and marketing strategy. Originality/value The present study built on the extant sport management literature, demonstrated the complexity of consumers’ cognition and conation in the professional soccer setting, and revealed counter-intuitive relationship between attitudinal traits and behavioral patterns, which in turn provided unique insights for Chinese professional soccer marketers, managers and administrators.

The current globalized environment has increased the prevalence of multicultural teams in the workplace. Efforts to attend to the potential challenges associated with the usage of these teams have ranged widely with little research looking into team creation strategies. To address this need, this research investigates whether a particular approach, the Kolbe guidelines for team creation, can be used to predict multicultural teams’ efficiency. Six teams of 4 were created and asked to build a paper bridge spanning as far as possible while using the least resources. Though complete data was only available for 5 of those teams, the results indicated a potential for the Kolbe guidelines to predict performance in addition to the potential mediating role of teamwork processes for the relationship between team members prior knowledge of each other and objective performance. This study will inform the next research effort analyzing the resilience of synergistic multicultural teams.

Almost the entirety of research on effort in clinical neuropsychology has focused on negative aspects of effort in neuropsychological assessment, with most work over the last 20 years emphasizing feigned cognitive impairment. In contrast, few studies have explored trait-level positive influences on motivation and engagement in regard to neuropsychological testing. This paper reviews potential constructs associated with positive aspects of effort in neuropsychological testing, including conation, grit, Need for Cognition, and personality factors from the Five Factor Model of personality (Big Five). Findings are discussed from a positive neuropsychological framework, with an emphasis on positive effort being conceptualized as perseverance and resiliency in cognitively demanding testing situations. Challenges for the field are discussed, and we offer suggestions for conceptualizing effort on a continuum and recommendations for future research directions.

In this paper, the authors have chosen to take a closer look at a socio-emotional behavioral condition known as Inappropriate Behavior or Feelings Disorder (IBFD) which is listed in the Educator’s Diagnostic Manual of Disabilities and Disorders (EDM; Pierangelo & Guiliani, 2007). The term (or IBFD for short) used in this diagnostic manual is not found anywhere in the current literature including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). According to the EDM, under the IDEA 2004 enactment, it is one of the criteria for the classification of Emotional Disturbance (ED): “inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances” (p.163), and it covers social, emotional, physical and psychological aspects of behavior or feelings. Hence, the term Inappropriate Behavior or Feelings Disorder is coined from this particular IDEA statement of criterion and, in turn, it is used only in the EDM multi-level coding system. The authors argued the need for educational therapists, special educators and counselors to reframe their current understanding of the IBFD, whose symptoms are similar to disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), within the context of the cognition-conation-affect-sensation (CCAS) framework as they continue to observe, record and evaluate the condition in terms of its core symptoms seen, measured and/or profiled before the diagnostic term IBFD is applied under the EDM code ED3.00.

People, young and old, with exceptional abilities, be they gifted, talented or savant, often manifest overexcitabilities (OEs) – innate intensities, heightened sensitivity and response to stimuli – that can impact positively or negatively or both on the developmental potential of an individual. The term potential refers to the human behavior (i.e., behavioral potential) that can be expressed in terms of thoughts (Cognition), actions (Conation), feelings (Affect) and senses (Sensation), also known as CCAS model. This paper examines the concept of OEs which are stemmed from Kazimierz Dabrowski’s (b.1902-d.1980) theory of positive disintegration (also known as a theory of personality development, emotional development and moral development) within the CCAS framework, where the authors have attempted to show the association between the behavioral potentials (BPs) of CCAS and the concept of the five OEs. As a result, a new model emerges to provide us a better understanding how OEs can help to better understand as well as enhance the development of human potential via BPs.

The indirect effects of gratifications on intention to read citizen journalism news.Using a survey conducted across nearly 300 users, hypotheses were tested.All gratifications, except for escape, have direct effects on attitude.However, none of the gratifications has a direct effect on intention.Attitude mediates the path between all gratifications and intention. This paper investigates gratifications of reading citizen journalism news by applying the research model drawn from the uses and gratifications approach, and the cognitive-affective-conative framework. Based on the uses and gratifications literature and the cognitive-affective-conative framework, the effects of gratifications on attitude (i.e., affective) and intention (i.e., conative) are examined. The indirect effects of gratifications on intention to read news (i.e., conation) through the interpretation of affection that users experienced are also examined. Using a survey conducted across nearly 300 users, the results show that all gratifications, except for escape, have direct effects on attitude. However, none of the gratifications has a direct effect on intention. The proposed model shows that attitude mediates the path between the effects of all gratifications and intention. The model explains a high percentage of variance with gratifications explaining about 46% of the variance in attitude. However, their effects on intention are limited when attitude is controlled.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of the trilogy of emotion – cognition, affection, and conation – on future purchase intentions in consumers of products of high involvement. Design/methodology/approach – The author employed two studies on two different products to test the influence of emotion on future purchase intentions in study one and to replicate the results of study one in study two, using structural equation modeling. In study two, brand awareness is regarded as a mediator. Findings – The results indicate that cognition can influence future purchase intentions, and that affection meaningfully influences future purchase intentions. Additionally, the researcher found that the impact of affection on future purchase intention is stronger than that of cognition on future purchase intentions. Moreover, brand awareness meaningfully influenced cognition, affection, and conation directly, and future purchase intentions indirectly. Practical implications – Encouraging conditions in which consumers have good thoughts and feelings about a prior purchase can bolster future purchase intentions, empowering the potent in future purchase for the brand involved. Originality/value – This research validates the impact of emotion – more specifically cognition and affection – on future purchase intentions under mediating role of brand awareness, in a country with growing markets. Hence, it adds to the literature of post-purchase important findings.

Now-a-days, more and more information systems are linked to the Internet and offer Web interfaces to the general public or to a limited set of users. This paper proposes a standard manner to implement interruption-lenient Web servers. This manner is based on idleness and diversification principles in order to increase the system resilience to assaults: usually, an assault targets particular software, running on a particular platform, and fails on others. The manner is composed of redundant proxies that mediate client requests to a redundant bank of diversified application servers. The idleness is deployed here to increase system availability and integrity. To improve presentation, adaptive idleness is applied: the idleness level is selected according to the current attentive level. The manner can be used for static servers, that is, for Web distribution of stable information (updated offline) and for fully dynamic systems where information updates are executed immediately on an online database. The feasibility of this manner has been demonstrated by implementing an example of a travel agency Web server, and the first presentation tests are satisfactory, both for request execution times and recovery after incidents.

Purpose – In order to cope with the challenge of developing successful fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) innovations, market research vendors offer several methodologies to test concepts. The purpose of this article is to examine the discrepancy between the well-established experimental real store methodology and the most recent of these alternative methodologies that is the virtual store. Design/methodology/approach – A parallel testing of a new adult cereal was conducted in France with 200 shoppers in each store. Findings – Results show that all attitudinal measurements are similar in terms of cognition and conation, but affect and behavior cannot be compared across both methodologies. In conclusion, virtual store testing is a new method that does not exactly fit with one of the previous. Research limitations/implications – The study is limited to a single product and should be generalized to more product categories. Practical implications – Virtual store should be used carefully in order to take capital expenditure decisions. It generates different attitudes and behaviors, but more research is needed in order to debate on predictability. Originality/value – With the emergence of virtual stores to test FMCG innovations, this paper is of high value for practitioners who have to proceed to several tests, with different objectives, before a product launch.