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Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) has become increasingly important in petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries, demanding superior and robust membranes. Herein, we report advanced OSN processes by designing three‐dimensional covalent organic framework (3D COF) membranes through moderated interfacial crystallization. Nanoporous supports work as the moderator allowing the crystallization of 3D COF membranes. The 3D COF features sub‐nanometer and anti‐swelling channels, affording a sharp selectivity to fine targets with an exceptionally high and stable methanol permeance. Thus‐synthesized membrane exhibits a record stability against high‐concentration feeds and long‐term operation for ≈1000 h. Moreover, we unambiguously demonstrate that our membrane holds excellent practicality in purifying active pharmaceutical ingredients from organic liquids. This work reveals the great potential of distinctive 3D COFs in producing prominent OSN membranes for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide a theoretical basis and fundamental data for industrial utilization of insoluble potassium rocks to produce potassium salts, the phase equilibrium of the ternary system K 2 CO 3 -Na 2 CO 3 -H 2 O at 323.15 K, 343.15 K and 363.15 K was determined using the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. According to the experimental results of salt solubility, the phase diagrams were constructed and the crystallization zones are discussed in detail. All of the solubility isotherms at 323.15 K, 343.15 K and 363.15 K consist of two invariant points, three univariant curves and three crystallization fields corresponding to Na 2 CO 3 ·H 2 O, K 2 CO 3 ·Na 2 CO 3 and K 2 CO 3 ·1.5H 2 O, respectively. The densities of the liquid phase of the ternary systems were investigated as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrinsically charged covalent organic frameworks (COFs) afford specific ionic nanochannels for mass transport, and thus become promising platforms to design membranes with unique selectivity. However, internal electrostatic repulsion and large-pore frameworks cause significant barriers that greatly limit membrane performances. Herein, we report a novel strategy to synchronously crystallize and upgrade cationic COF membranes by ion-pairing design. Ion-paired guest molecules are involved in electric-driven interfacial crystallization to offset the charges of the ionic monomers and host frameworks. This host-guest neutralization promotes the crystallization of compact COF membranes. Lateral dimension and charge nature of guest molecules fundamentally affect the ion-pairing efficiency. Tight encapsulation of the large-sized electronegative molecules effectually narrows the molecular sieving channels, yielding a significant elevation in membrane selectivity. The membrane rejection of organic ions with a size larger than 1.2 nm thus can be improved from below 50 % to above 85 % with a water permeance of ∼10 L m−2 h−1 bar−1. Prominently, our membranes demonstrate efficient recovery and pH-dependent release of bioactive pharmaceuticals, with a release rate that is 12 times higher in an acidic solution compared to a neutral environment. This work provides an ion-pairing strategy to regulate COF membranes for pharmaceutical industries and beyond. [Display omitted] • Ion-pairing is designed to crystallize and upgrade COF membranes. • Charged additives can be encapsulated to finely tune the COF membranes. • Encapsulation of the large electronegative molecules promotes membrane selectivity. • Ion-paired COF membranes realize the controlled release of bioactive pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]