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Copyright of Ricerche di Pedagogia e Didattica is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Educazione and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Espanola de Antropologia Americana is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Community mobilisation is recognised as an important strategy to shift inequitable gender norms and ensure an enabling environment to prevent gender-based violence (GBV). Yet there is a need to better understand the factors that facilitate effective community activism in particular contexts. Although fundamental to the success of mobilisation programmes, there is also limited appreciation of the experiences and agency of engaged community activists. This paper draws on qualitative evaluations from two community mobilisation GBV prevention programmes: the Gender Violence in the Amazon of Peru (GAP) Project and the Indashyikirwa programme in Rwanda. In Peru, participatory data was collected, in addition to baseline and endline interviews with 8 activists. In Rwanda, baseline and endline interviews and observations were conducted with 12 activists, and interviews were conducted with 8 staff members. The data was thematically analysed, and a comparative case study approach was applied to both data sets. The comparative study identified similar programmatic aspects that could hinder or enable activist's engagement and development, and how these are embedded within contextual social and structural factors. We discuss these insights in reference to the current emphasis in public health on individualistic programming, with insufficient attention to how wider environments influence violence prevention programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how teachers' beliefs and practices create spaces for the contestation and innovation of bilingual intercultural education (BIE) policy, a policy of indigenous culture and language revitalization in Peru. Based on ethnographic research, there are two central arguments developed throughout this paper. First, the author argues that unaddressed issues in the definition of BIE policy, namely its top-down design and vague treatment of the intercultural element, contribute to its problematic implementation. Under BIE the school has likely remained a space of exclusion of indigenous languages and cultures. Second, using empirically documented teacher data, the author argues that teachers are central to reproducing inequalities and contesting social structures through the implementation of policy. This paper aims to challenge common assumptions about the limited (passive) role of teachers as policy actors. Although bilingual teachers continue to contest and transform BIE policy in rural schools, their actions have remained unnoticed; thus opportunities for ground-up innovation to reach and transform the official discourse have been missed. This paper places at the center of language and policy research and, in particular, of bilingual education, the urgency to understand local practitioners - beyond the school setting - at the policy level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the impact of cultural heritage tourism in North Coast Peru on local communities and artists, in particular, on efforts to use the burgeoning interest in pre-Inca cultures to involve local communities in the development of tourism. A number of studies have explored the connection between archaeology, cultural heritage, and tourist development in Peru and Latin America. While North Coast Peru is an area rich in pre-Inca cultural heritage, many residents near the impressive archaeological sites are in need of an improved quality of life and more economic development opportunities. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on ethnographic fieldwork, including interviews with site directors, local development personnel, government officials, and artists as well as observations of relevant tourist-related sites and events, conducted by the author during 2011-2012 in the North Coast cities of Trujillo and Chiclayo. Findings – The so-called “new archaeology” plays an important role in the region by using archaeology, in a sense, as a pretext for community development, while exploiting the historical ties between ancient and modern cultures in the area has provided economic development opportunities for local residents. Projects such as those developed in Chotuna, the Pomac Zone, and Túcume provide opportunities for community participation and development at multiple levels. Further, the historical ties posited between ancient and modern local communities in the area have led to successful projects that recuperate artisan techniques and indigenous crops. Originality/value – As the North Coast undergoes a larger process of re-imagining its historical past and cultural heritage, a focus is needed on efforts to involve local communities in the development of tourism in ways that empower local people and have the potential to lift them out of poverty. In part, then, this project is intended to connect the growing concern for a more nuanced understanding of the non-Quechua [Inca] indigenous cultural heritage of Peru with cultural heritage preservation and tourism studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Management Plus (PM+) is a low-intensity psychological intervention developed by the World Health Organization that can be delivered by nonspecialists to address common mental health conditions in people affected by adversity. Emerging evidence demonstrates the efficacy of PM+ across a range of settings. However, the published literature rarely documents the adaptation processes for psychological interventions to context or culture, including curriculum or implementation adaptations. Practical guidance for adapting PM+ to context while maintaining fidelity to core psychological elements is essential for mental health implementers to enable replication and scale. This paper describes the process of contextually adapting PM+ for implementation in Rwanda, Peru, Mexico and Malawi undertaken by the international nongovernmental organisation Partners In Health. To our knowledge, this initiative is among the first to adapt PM+ for routine delivery across multiple public sector primary care and community settings in partnership with Ministries of Health. Lessons learned contribute to a broader understanding of effective processes for adapting low-intensity psychological interventions to real-world contexts. Key implications for practice PM+ can be contextualised based on cultural and implementation considerations while maintaining core psychological elements across different settings. The adaptation of PM+ for local health systems and articulation of practical guidance on implementation for routine care is essential. Partnerships across implementing sites are fundamental for iterative PM+ adaptation and provide opportunities for sharing lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Anthropocene, primate conservation can only take place when considering human culture, perspectives, and needs. Such approaches are increasingly important under the growing impact of anthropogenic activities and increasing number of threatened primates. The Amazon rainforest, rich in cultural and biological diversity, where indigenous people play a crucial role in primate conservation, provides ample opportunity to study human–primate interactions and the sociocultural context in which they occur. Human activities threaten the Amazon's fragile ecosystems and its primates, which play a key role in its maintenance and regeneration. This study focuses on one of the largest indigenous groups in the Peruvian Amazon: the Shipibo. Interviews and participant observation were used to investigate local perceptions of animal presence and depletion, food preferences, and how primates are incorporated into daily life and culture. Since time immemorial and still today, primates remain important in Shipibo culture, mythology, and subsistence. Local Shipibo participants consistently identified the presence of 13 species of primate. Primates were among the preferred species for consumption, pet keeping, and held a fundamental role in mythology, traditional knowledge, and storytelling. Large-bodied primates were often mentioned as being locally extinct, with reports and observations suggesting increasing consumption of smaller-bodied primates. Commonly perceived reasons for primate depletion include noise disturbance, hunting, and population growth, often in parallel. This study sheds light on the cultural context of an area rich in biodiversity, where primates, essential for ecological balance and integral to Shipibo lives and identity, are being depleted. We highlight the need for an inclusive ethnoprimatological approach to conserving primates and preserving indigenous heritage while improving local livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the concept of culture has long been central to community psychology research and intervention, it has most frequently referred to the communities in which such work occurs. The purpose of this paper is to reframe this discussion by viewing community interventions as instances of intercultural contact between the culture of science, reflected in community intervention research, and the culture of the communities in which those interventions occur. Following a brief discussion of the complexities of culture as a concept, two illustrative stories of failed community interventions are provided to highlight the centrality of cultural and contextual understanding as prelude to community intervention. These stories, set 50 years apart, reflect the depth and pervasive influence of both the culture of science and the culture of communities. Next, a series of propositions about the culture of social science as a partial reflection of the broader culture of the United States are offered, and their implications for the conduct of community interventions drawn. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations which, together, provide an ecological mind-set for taking culture seriously in community interventions. Central to this mind set are the importance of focusing on communities rather than programs and emphasizing the intervention goal of choice over change.

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the 1990s, an increasing number of development agencies have attempted to incorporate faith-based development organisations into mainstream ‘secular’ partnerships. Development scholars have responded to these trends by seeking to understand the range of ways that faith might matter in development. Far less emphasis has been placed on how development itself might be influencing faith organisations or their values of development. The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between organisational culture and development within a Catholic prelature in the southern Andes of Peru. By examining changes in development practice and perspective over time and tracing the relationship between development values across scales of organisation, I analyse the various ways that religiously-inspired development values are navigated, integrated and contested in the formulation and funding of development projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating evidence suggests that folktales in some societies are characterized by a culturally constructed underlying emotional structure, or Cultural Emotion Schema. In this paper we argue that Matsigenka illness narratives and folk stories share an underlying emotion schema, in which death and suffering result from conflicts between strong-willed individuals prompting anger and aggression. Analysis of illness narratives collected by Izquierdo in the Matsigenka community of Kamisea in the Peruvian Amazon between 1996 and 1999 reveals a common pattern in which envy and frustration lead to the belief in sorcery as the main cause of illness and death. This pattern contrasts with the typical stories of a previous generation collected by the Johnsons among the Matsigenka of Shimaa and other Matsigenka researchers, where sorcery beliefs were virtually absent. Our argument is that important changes in ecology, community, politics, and religion have led to a systematic rise in feelings of envy and frustration, and that these have increased the likelihood that sorcery accusations will occur. We explore the likelihood that such beliefs increase as egalitarian peoples become more crowded into settlements where they are likely to experience greater inequality, more competition for resources and increased societal and personal stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Peruvian state's neoliberal policies include its mission to modernize Peru through international tourism and foreign investment, and tourism promoters and politicians increasingly invoke Andean mysticism and Inca patrimony (or incanismo) as a marketing strategy. This paper argues that Cusqueño citizens invoke the same representations, with competing claims of authenticity and authority, as they construct their own versions of Incanist identification in populist movements against the state and its enforcement of the global neoliberal order, as well as in their attempts to survive in the tourist economy. In Peru, criticism of the tourist industry is often grounded in incanismo and seems to take aim at the neoliberal order. However, closer analysis reveals a more complicated set of relationships between resistance and liberalism. Friction emerges not because cultural identity is being commodified or inequalities persist, but because local desires for access to the market are frustrated by state and municipal agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how and why an ethnic community perpetuates itself over generations, drawing on ethnographic research conducted among later-generation Japanese-Peruvians in Lima, Peru. After their 100-year-long presence in Peru, Japanese- Peruvians, now mostly in their second and third generations, are highly acculturated. They are also integrated economically, and now politically—as exemplified by the election of Alberto Fujimori as the first President of Japanese descent (1990–2000). Despite increased levels of integration, Japanese-Peruvians have maintained an institutionally well-established ethnic community that has grown, rather than diminished, in each generation. How have they been able to preserve such a community, and why have they done so? I seek answers to these questions in the nature of their community institutions and the role of Japan. A key to their ethnic community maintenance lies not in the preservation of the 'old culture', but rather in recreating 'Japanese culture' anew through community activities with a backing of Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the research conducted on social information processing (SIP) factors predictive of child abuse risk has been conducted in North America, raising questions about how applicable such models may be in other cultures. Based on the premise that the parents' child abuse risk is affected by both risk and protective factors, the current study considered how specific SIP socio-cognitive risk factors (acceptability of parent–child aggression as a discipline approach; empathic ability; frustration tolerance) as well as social support satisfaction as a resource related to child abuse risk by comparing a sample of mothers in Peru (n = 102) with a sample of mothers in the U.S. (n = 180). Using multi-group regression analyses, the current investigation identified that lower empathy was more salient for the abuse risk of U.S. mothers relative to the salience of lower frustration tolerance for Peruvian mothers. Although effects were observed for the approval of parent-aggression for the child abuse risk of both samples, such approval did not appear to be related to the Peruvian mothers' actual use of such tactics. When considered alongside the socio-cognitive risk factors, greater social support satisfaction did not significantly relate to child abuse risk for either sample. The findings are discussed in reference to future cross-cultural work that may need to better examine how factors may or may not be universal to craft more culturally informed child abuse prevention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the techniques and decorative motifs of several works made using barniz de Pasto, highlighting their characteristics in order to establish comparisons with artistic phenomena of Asia and Europe. A possible link can be observed between barniz de Pasto and the Namban and Pictorial style Japanese export lacquer works of the 17th and 18th centuries. A search for similarity is justified by the documentary and material evidence of Japanese works created in these styles being transported from Japan to the Viceroyalty of New Spain by Manila galleons via the trade route between Acapulco and Callao. Additionally, traces of the Spanish culture have been recognized in barniz de Pasto. For example, printed images that circulated in the Viceroyalty of Peru have been observed on a coffer. This appropriation, also observed in the mural painting of a Central Andean church, and the presence of the image of Amaru, a Quechua deity, on the same coffer, marks the Central Andes as one of the possible places where the practice of barniz de Pasto could have been established. All of this points to Central and South America's great ability to appropriate foreign cultures and fuse them with their own during the viceregal period, as manifested in the art of barniz de Pasto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biomedical technologies have the potential to be advantageous in remote communities. However, information about barriers faced by users of technology in general and in remote Indigenous communities is scarce. The purpose of this study was to characterize the leading challenges faced by researchers who have used biomedical technologies in the Peruvian Amazon. Methods: This exploratory, qualitative study with a phenomenological approach depicts the lived experience of participants who were researchers with experience working with biomedical technologies in the Peruvian Amazon in the past five years. Analysis was based on three core themes: design, implementation, and acceptability. Sub-themes included environment, community, and culture. Of the 24 potential participants identified and contacted, 14 agreed to participate, and 13 met inclusion criteria and completed semi-structured interviews. Results were sent to each participant with the opportunity to provide feedback and partake in a 30-minute validation meeting. Five participants consented to a follow-up meeting to validate the results and provide further understanding. Results: Participants recognized significant challenges, including technologies designed out-of-context, difficulty transporting the technologies through the Amazon, the impact of the physical environment (e.g., humidity, flooding), and limited existing infrastructure, such as electricity and appropriately trained health personnel. Participants also identified cultural factors, including the need to address past experiences with technology and health interventions, understand and appropriately communicate community benefits, and understand the effect of demographics (e.g., age, education) on the acceptance and uptake of technology. Complementary challenges, such as corruption in authority and waste disposal, and recommendations for technological and health interventions such as co-design were also identified. Conclusions: This study proposes that technological and health interventions without efforts to respect local cultures and health priorities, or understand and anticipate contextual challenges, will not meet its goal of improving access to healthcare in remote Amazon communities. Furthermore, the implications of corruption on health services, and improper waste disposal on the environment may lead to more detrimental health inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chachapoya societies that lived on the forested eastern slopes of the Andes in northern Peru between A.D. 1000 and 1450 remain largely absent from broader narratives of the Andean Late Intermediate period {LIP). This paper argues that environmentally deterministic frameworks and lingering Inka biases have led scholars to problematically isolate Chachapoyans from their highland contemporaries. This work reviews three aspects of Chachapoya built environments--settlement patterning, internal organization, and architectural style--in order to provide a baseline for comparison with other regions. Chachapoyas shared a pattern of hilltop settlement locations with nearly all of the highlands, which suggests that its inhabitants faced the same shared factors that prompted changes in settlement organization on a massive scale in this region during the LIP. At the same time, comparison of Chachapoya built environments with others of the northern, central, and southern highlands highlights the considerable diversity within and between regions. This demonstrates that Chachapoyas is best interpreted as simply one of many regions that were characterized by distinctive spatialities and architectural forms. These reflected locally specific cultural practices and social institutions. Including Chachapoyas and other regions of the Eastern Andes in accounts of the LIP underscores the diversity and dynamism that characterized this period of significant change in Andean history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we examine the intertwined relationship between taste and mining culture in early modern Spanish worlds, highlighting descriptions of metals and minerals through which taste appears as an epistemic marker with symbolic dimensions. Drawing on different documents regarding mining practices, mineral vocabulary and metal appreciation in Spain, New Spain, Peru and the New Kingdom of Granada (c.1550-1640), our article contends that knowing minerals through taste in the Spanish worlds was part of a practice engaged with the senses, the body politic and its cosmological order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the result of a field study of an urban, Mestizo spiritualist healer in the Peruvian Amazon, the author presents data on a new, culture-bound disorder, called saladerra. Characterized by an acute anxiety reaction with little or no somatization, the syndrome is perceived by patients to take the form of constant and continuing misfortune and bad luck. The paper presents a clinical description of saladerra, examines folkloric references to the origin of the complex, discusses the epidemiological significance of the syndrome, and sets it occurrence within the context of changing urbanization. Case histories of ten patients treated by one folk healer are presented in detail. Aspects of the spiritualist belief system, Septrionismo, used by the healer to treat the disorder are described, as well as his specific therapeutic modalities.

This paper reports on a rapid ethnographic assessment methodology (REA) that was developed as an essential component of the dietary management of diarrhea (DMD) program. The DMD program is an interdisciplinary research project that has been developed to design intervention programs to reduce or eliminate the nutritional complications of diarrhea in Peru and Nigeria. Anthropological data gathering was an important component of the intervention design, but time and budgetary constraints required a rapid methodological approach. This paper outlines the REA methodology, describes the advantages and disadvantages of the approach, and discusses future applications for international primary health care interventions.

This paper analyzes the current relationship between Peruvian teenagers and television. The information accessed from various sources concluded that adolescents are consuming television extensively, especially the poorer within the country. Teens appreciate the cable television as a source of learning, and its variety and ability to relate it with the world. The interest in cartoons, movies and series -fiction genre in general- affirms the value of this media in society as well as the possibility to make them more familiar with their environment. Information about what happens beyond their localities is a source of reference in their perception of the country. Beyond the cultural conflict from which is generally assessed from the effects that television may have on the rural world, television has a positive sign for the visual deterritorialization, which dissolves the natural relationship between culture and territory. In rural areas, parents and teenagers evaluate television positively because it offers more than just the school itself. In the midst of academic and professional criticism on television, adolescents do not distinguish between traditional media and new media, they are all integrated into their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines large-scale cultural developments in Perú's north central highlands during the 1st millennium AD, with an emphasis on their implications for ancient language use and spread. Áncash is of special interest because of its long history of research, central geographic position in northern Perú, diversity in archaeological cultures, and the presence of a series of languages, many now extinct. During the 1st millennium, cultural interaction between north highland groups and their neighbors was very prominent during the beginning and the end of the Early Intermediate Period. The end of the Middle Horizon also saw intensive interaction and cultural transformations. he paper ends with a trial, interdisciplinary study to examine the archaeological traces of the Culle language. It compares the distributions of material artifacts, architecture and toponyms of archaeological sites, and finds there is a reasonable, if imperfect, it between the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper endeavors to establish some basic points of reference to better understand the early culture-historical dynamics of the Casma Valley. The revised chronology presented here follows the ceramic sequence developed by Peter Fuchs (1990) on the basis of his Cerro Sechín stratigraphy, confirmed and amplified in its early sections by his recent excavations at Sechín Bajo. A systematic review of the different categories of archaeological data reveals many lacunae that still persist in our record. Monumental archi- architecture most clearly expresses the socio-cultural complexity of the ancient Casma Valley polities. It first appeared during the Sechín Period (3400-1650 cal BC) which is part of the Late Archaic (Preceramic), followed during the Early Formative by the Moxeke Period (1650-1400 cal BC) and the Haldas Period (1400-1000 cal BC) with their diagnostic ceramics. Within this timeframe, some hypotheses formulated by Shelia and Thomas Pozorski (2006) about the socio-political transactions between major Casma Valley sites are evaluated in the light of the archaeological evidence. The tradition of monumental adobe architecture that goes back to about 3400 cal. BC in the Casma Valley, reminds us of analogous developments in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the ancient Near East. There still remains the challenge to adapt Archaic Period terminology in the Andes to those new discoveries (Kaulicke 1994, 2007: 17-18). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides information about Peru's dental history and dental school system, including the curriculum and dental licensure. With the increase in the number of dental schools in Peru, the number of dentists is also increasing. Until 1965, Peru had only three dental schools; currently, there are 14. Four of these dental schools are public, and ten are private. A five- or six-year dental program leads to the B.D.S. degree. After successful completion of a thesis defense or competency examination, the D.D.S. degree is awarded. The D.D.S. is mandatory for practicing dentistry in Peru. Currently, there are approximately 14,000 active dentists, with a dentist-patient ratio of approximately 1:2,000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of archaeological research in the Huancabamba Valley and excavations at the site of Ingatambo in the same valley, northern Perú. Although archaeological work in this extreme northern region of Perú, near the Ecuadorian border, are very infrequent, the area and its topographic setting, and especially the site of Ingatambo, are important for clarifying the cultural interrelationships between northern Perú and southern Ecuador. For such a reason, synthesizing data, provided by our project and the studies of the surrounding areas, this article presents a description of the cultural contact in this region through analysis of architectural sequences and the established chronology for the purpose of contributing to a better understanding of the dynamics of these interrelationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate feeding practices contribute to poor nutrition among Peruvian children. In response, Peru's Lambayeque Regional Government funded an initiative in its four poorest districts to improve nutrition counselling skills of health-service professionals (HP). The study aimed to identify factors associated with successful communication of optimal nutrition practices to caregivers. Counselling data were collected in six health establishments in two of the four poorest Lambayeque districts. A thematic content analysis was completed for 30 direct observations of counselling by staff in the national child growth and development monitoring programme, 26 exit interviews with caregivers, 12 in-depth interviews (5 HP and 7 caregivers), and 5 home observations. Type and training of HP influenced messages given. Nurses focussed on multi-micronutrient powders and iron-rich foods; nutritionists targeted dietary diversity, food consistency, and frequency of feedings. Caregivers reported feeling more comfortable when HP used positive verbal communication and non-verbal cues. Language was a barrier (non-Quechua speaking HP), as were high HP turnover, remoteness of villages, and limited attending hours, all of which reduced opportunities for nutrition education. Learning materials and group demonstrations facilitated comprehension, but cultural beliefs prevented the adoption of some messages. Both HP and caregivers were invested in improving infant and young child feeding practices. Trained HP demonstrated skills for effective nutrition counselling. Inclusion of nutrition education and counselling training in all HP's curriculum, as well as in-service refresher training, is recommended to ensure all HP possess the knowledge and communication skills needed in the health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood obesity is increasing in Latin America as nutrition status and economies transition. Peru is one such country with an emerging childhood obesity epidemic. The Peruvian Ministry of Health established goals for achieving reductions in overweight and obesity prevalence among children 5 years and younger by 2021. However, specific intervention strategies for achieving these goals are lacking. Culturally appropriate interventions guided by evidence-based theories are needed to address the emerging problem of overweight and obesity among young children. This study utilized the Pen-3 model, a culture-based conceptual framework to explore barriers and facilitators to healthy diet and physical activity for parents of young children in pueblos jóvenes communities. A qualitative investigation was conducted as part of a larger cross-sectional survey study of parents of three and four-year-old children at five school sites in the peri-urban slum neighborhoods of southern Lima. Parents were asked to describe barriers and facilitators of healthy diet and physical activity for their preschoolers and families. Thematic analysis guided by PEN-3 model constructs assisted in identifying emergent themes. Two domains of the Pen-3 model guided the elucidation of barriers and facilitators of health behaviors deemed essential to healthy diet and physical activity. Parental perceptions about neighborhood safety, lack of community resources, such as parks and recreation spaces, and lack of information about appropriate serving sizes and healthy recipes were identified as barriers. Facilitators to healthy behaviors included mothers' views on their role as nurturers, and personal values for family-centered health behaviors. Parents identified specific barriers and facilitators of eating healthy and physical activity for their preschoolers and families living in resource poor areas of Peru. Health promotion professionals can utilize findings to inform the design of culturally appropriate family-based interventions in Peru's pueblos jóvenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study which examines large-scale observational evidence of cross-cultural differences in facial behavior using advanced in computer science. Topics discussed include the automated facial coding used, the reliability of the facial action unit detection algorithms across different testing subsets, multilevel regression estimates predicting each facial action's base rate percentage.

Rural communities in the Peruvian Andes are already feeling the negative impacts of climate change, further impacts are expected to arrive comparatively early and be particularly damaging for indigenous communities in the mountains. Therefore there is a pressing need to ensure effective and sustained adaptation is under taken. Rural communities studied in the Potato Park in the Cusco Region of Peru are shown to possess a number of cultural values, in Quechua known as ayni, ayllu, yanantin and chanincha. These form the foundation of the community's ability to success- fully respond to the challenges presented by climate change. The limited current adaptation strategies and methods not only neglect these values but also undermine and erode them. Future strategies should instead complement, maintain and utilise these values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of ancient human DNA from South America allows the exploration of pre-Columbian population history through time and to directly test hypotheses about cultural and demographic evolution. The Middle Horizon (650–1100 AD) represents a major transitional period in the Central Andes, which is associated with the development and expansion of ancient Andean empires such as Wari and Tiwanaku. These empires facilitated a series of interregional interactions and socio-political changes, which likely played an important role in shaping the region’s demographic and cultural profiles. We analyzed individuals from three successive pre-Columbian cultures present at the Huaca Pucllana archaeological site in Lima, Peru: Lima (Early Intermediate Period, 500–700 AD), Wari (Middle Horizon, 800–1000 AD) and Ychsma (Late Intermediate Period, 1000–1450 AD). We sequenced 34 complete mitochondrial genomes to investigate the potential genetic impact of the Wari Empire in the Central Coast of Peru. The results indicate that genetic diversity shifted only slightly through time, ruling out a complete population discontinuity or replacement driven by the Wari imperialist hegemony, at least in the region around present-day Lima. However, we caution that the very subtle genetic contribution of Wari imperialism at the particular Huaca Pucllana archaeological site might not be representative for the entire Wari territory in the Peruvian Central Coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a unique dataset collected from three regions in Peru (Huancavelica, Lima and Loreto), this study explores the co-occurrence of domestic and child violence within households; that is, the situation where a victim of domestic violence (mother) becomes a perpetrator towards other family members (children) in the same household. Secondly, the study seeks to analyze whether that relationship varies according to different levels of family wealth. The findings reveal that there is effectively, a co-occurrence between domestic and child violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Family Process is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Some research suggests that the risk of physical aggression by an intimate partner is related to marital status, but this relationship may vary across cultures and by gender. In the present study, we systematically examine the relationship between marital status and physical partner aggression by gender across 19 countries. Logistic and multilevel regression confirmed previous findings of lower rates of physical aggression for legally married versus cohabiting and separated/divorced women and men across most, but notably, not all countries. Single status was associated with higher risk in some countries and lower in others reflecting possible cultural differences in risk for different marital statuses. For example, single women had significantly lower rates of victimization than did married women in India where violence against wives is often accepted. The variation in the cross-cultural findings highlights the importance of examining both men and women and considering the cultural context when interpreting the relationship between partner aggression and marital status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Literatura is the property of Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the eight studies on early social-cognitive skills of children from three cultural contexts of Peru, India, and Canada which include instrumental imitation, instrumental helping, and declarative pointing. It provides details on individual studies along with their background and hypothesis, procedures, and results. Tables which show the analysis in cultural setting of each country including the standardized and natural imitations, helping and barrier tasks, and pointing procedure.

The article discusses the methodology of a study on socio-cultural skill of young children based on ethnographic methods which collected over a 5-year data collection period organized according to the cultural settings of Peru, India, and Canada. It highlights general procedures in several areas including for recruitment of assistants, experimental venues, and primary experimenters. It notes that the ethnographic methods include interviews, naturalistic observation and community records performed in experimental and controlled condition.

Knowing and deploying local, indigenous, or traditional knowledge has become an increasingly important instrument for the design and implementation of development and conservation initiatives in the Third World. This article explores the strategic mobilization of local knowledge through a case study of the politics of knowledge that emerges within projects aimed at the on-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity in the Peruvian highlands. In framing traditional farmer practices and knowledge as integral to agrobiodiversity conservation, development and conservation groups take recourse to a particular construct of Andean culture. Yet tension arises between the customary delegitimization of Andean cultural traditions and the new appeals to value them, ambivalence emerges within interventionary discourse practice, and the recognition of local farmer expertise in a broader context of social hierarchy is rendered problematic. This case stud)' of local knowledge, its mobilization and negotiation within a particular rendering of "culture," ideological differences between institutions, agricultural heterogeneity, and the agency of recipient farmer groups have broader implications for how we study the utility and value of local knowledge and "cultural essentialism" in other development and conservation contexts, including those of East Timor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article links primary research into the way subjective well-being among poor people can be defined and measured to the growing literature on poverty as a failure of capacity to aspire. Data from Bangladesh, Thailand and Peru are used to illustrate a measurement strategy based on defining well-being as a function of the gap between individuals’ diverse and multiple aspirations, and their satisfaction with achieving them. Such analysis has the potential to illuminate variation in individual and local capacity to respond to different development opportunities. It also warns against the limitations of treating aspirations as a single rather than a multidimensional concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illustrates the materialization process of culture and ideology using three archaeological case studies. Ideology as a source of social power; Means and forms of materialization; Neolithic and Bronze Age chiefdoms of Denmark; Moche states of northern Peru; Inka empire of the Andes.

The article focuses on the influence of schooling and general environmental conditions on the development of memory and cognitive skills in young children. The subjects were 5 and 6 year old children living in jungle villages and in slum settlements of Lima, Peru. Some 6-year-olds of each cultural group and in each location attended school, others did not. Memory tasks were presented in different modes of representation, that is, verbal, pictorial and enactive and cognitive tasks in concrete and abstract versions. A sample of parents in each group was interviewed concerning environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information about the article "The Purposes of Peruvian Education," by Emilio Barrantes. It was published in the first issue of the periodical "Education," sponsored by the Peruvian university, National University of Saint Marcos. The article focuses on the shortcomings of people in the country. The author provides information about the shortages in the schools both as regards equipment and a suitable educational theory and vision. He says that the educators in the country do not have a clear idea of education. The author feels that most important thing is to develop personal aptitudes. He also focuses on the need for the culture for the larger national and restricted, localized units of population. Democracy and a system of higher social justice should also be adopted for the development of the society.