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Splenocytes, bone marrow cells, and peripheral CD3+ cells from aged transgenic mice showed increased levels of I p21 i and I p16 i senescence markers, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype, when compared to the wild-type counterpart. Overall, the study by Yousefzadeh I et al. i sheds new light on systemic ageing being fostered by immunosenescence induced by DNA damage repair impairment in the haematopoietic cell compartment ( I Figure 1 i ). Not the case for the immune system when promoting systemic ageing. [Extracted from the article]

Efficient cardiac repair and ultimate regeneration still represents one of the main challenges of modern medicine. Indeed, cardiovascular disease can derive from independent conditions upsetting heart structure and performance: myocardial ischemia and infarction (MI), pharmacological cardiotoxicity, and congenital heart defects, just to name a few. All these disorders have profound consequences on cardiac tissue, inducing the onset of heart failure over time. Since the cure is currently represented by heart transplantation, which is extremely difficult due to the shortage of donors, much effort is being dedicated to developing innovative therapeutic strategies based on stem cell exploitation. Among the broad scenario of stem/progenitor cell subpopulations, fetal and perinatal sources, namely amniotic fluid and term placenta, have gained interest due to their peculiar regenerative capacity, high self-renewal capability, and ease of collection from clinical waste material. In this review, we will provide the state-of-the-art on fetal perinatal stem cells for cardiac repair and regeneration. We will discuss different pathological conditions and the main therapeutic strategies proposed, including cell transplantation, putative paracrine therapy, reprogramming, and tissue engineering approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biography: Paul R. Riley is a British Heart Foundation Professor of Regenerative Medicine and Chair of Developmental and Cell Biology within the Department of Physiology Anatomy & Genetics. Dr Sveva Bollini from the University of Padova (Italy), interviews Prof. Paul R. Riley, British Heart Foundation Professor * Corresponding author. Conflict of interest: Paul Riley is co-founder and equity holder of OxStem Cardio, a University of Oxford spin-out company seeking to identifysmallmoleculedrugsforpromotingendogenousrepairoftheinfarctedheart. e56 S. Bollini and P.R. Riley Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/cardiovascres/article/117/4/e55/6148994 by 81695661, OUP on 24 March 2021 © 2021 European Society of Cardiology. [Extracted from the article]

Ischaemic cardiac disease is associated with a loss of cardiomyocytes and an intrinsic lack of myocardial renewal. Recent work has shown that the heart retains limited cardiomyocyte proliferation, which remains inefficient when facing pathological conditions. While broadly active in the neonatal mammalian heart, this mechanism becomes quiescent soon after birth, suggesting loss of regenerative potential with maturation into adulthood. A key question is whether this temporary regenerative window can be enhanced via appropriate stimulation and further extended. Recently the search for novel therapeutic approaches for heart disease has centred on stem cell biology. The "paracrine effect" has been proposed as a promising strategy to boost endogenous reparative and regenerative mechanisms from within the cardiac tissue by exploiting the modulatory potential of soluble stem cell-secreted factors. As such, growing interest has been specifically addressed towards stem/progenitor cell-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can be easily isolated in vitro from cell-conditioned medium. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the current paradigm on cardiac repair and regeneration, with a specific focus on the role and mechanism(s) of paracrine action of EVs from cardiac stromal progenitors as compared to exogenous stem cells in order to discuss the optimal choice for future therapy. In addition, the challenges to overcoming translational EV biology from bench to bedside for future cardiac regenerative medicine will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]