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Prepositional form and function in Irish, as in other Modern Celtic languages, are topics of much significance. In Modern Irish numerous simple prepositions not only form compounds with possessive forms of personal pronouns but additionally marshal an impressive array of 'conjugated' forms corresponding to the various grammatical persons. Prepositions also play a crucial role in indicating aspect and are involved in passive/ reflexive roles with the verbal noun. This paper offers an overview of the functioning of a selection of important prepositions in the language and provides examples by way of illustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview on the recovery of Tuscan data (audio and accompanying materials) of the Carta dei Dialetti Italiani (CDI). The study aims at showing the challenges met during the realisation of the CDI and highlighting the importance of recovering and safeguarding a research project largely forgotten by the very same Italian linguistic community. The relationship between oral sources and written documentation collected in the project allows us to observe the construction of the 'linguistic data' precisely from the recovered audio materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to develop tools for historical and regional variations is becoming more urgent in natural language processing. In this paper, we present two candidate systems for lemmatising historical East Slavic lects (Late Old East Slavic and Middle Russian), as well as modern regional East Slavic lects (Belogornoje and Megra): BERT-based end-to-end pipeline with language-specific heuristics and sequence-to-sequence BART-based encoderdecoder. To evaluate their predictions, we use accuracy score and string similarity measures, such as Levenshtein distance. The BERT-based model is more suitable for the regional data, achieving 85% accuracy score, and only 74% on the historical data. BART-based model climbs up to 92.6% accuracy score on the historical data, yet gets only 80% on the regional data. We provide an error analysis and discuss ways to enhance models, such as dictionary lookup and spellchecker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to give an overview of previous research on hypotactic structures in the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect by determining the theoretical and methodological frameworks in which the research was conducted, and systematizing the results obtained in them, in order to facilitate future research. The obtained findings have been compared with the results of examining this topic in the Šumadija-Vojvodina and Prizren-Timok speeches and some possible guidelines for further research have been provided. The author concludes that the hypotactic structures in the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect are partially and differentially investigated: the researchers focused on conjunctions that show differences in their form and function/meaning in relation to the standard language, as well as conjunctions that do not exist in the standard language. This is characterized by previous examinations of hypotactic structures in the Šumadija-Vojvodina and Prizren-Timok speeches. Having this in mind, the paper presents the basic characteristics of the dependent clauses in the Hercegovina-Krajina dialect. First of all, an inventory of conjunctions has been made, which in future research should be supplemented by: (a) relative clauses: koji, što/šta, čiji, kakav, koliki, ko, da, te, đe; (b) complement clauses: da, e, što, đe, kako, dako, neka; (c) spatial clauses: đe (goj), đe (goj) šta, kud (goj) / kudije; (d) time clauses: kad(a), dok, dokle, pošto, kako, čim, a, tek (što), prije no (što), otkad, otkako (?); (e) manner/comparative clauses: ko da, ko što, kako, ka/ko, koliko, koliko da, nego/no da, no što, no, što; (f) causal clauses: jer/jel/jera, jerbo, đe, zato đe, e, zato e, kad, pošto, dok, čim, a, kako, ko, što, kao što; (g) purpose clauses: da, li, dako, eda, neka; (h) conditional clauses: ako, li, kad, da, što, a; (i) concessive clauses: iako, premda, makar, da, kad, ma; (j) effect clauses: da. Based on the compiled inventory of hypotactic conjunctions, it can be concluded that the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect has no features that would distinguish it from other Serbian dialects, but it shows the features that connect it with some other Serbian dialects, i.e., intradialectal specifics, such as the use of complement conjunction e (i.e., Ja viđu e laže) in Montenegro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the study of Norse-derived terms in medieval English has benefitted from recent etymological advances (e.g. the Gersum project), the exploration of their process of integration lags behind. The latter requires the analysis of the dialectal and semantic distribution of the terms, as well as their interactions with other members of their lexico-semantic fields. This paper offers a case study of this approach by presenting the first comprehensive account of the Norse-derived terms included in La estorie del evangelie, an early Middle English poem from south Lincolnshire/north Norfolk. Besides identifying and classifying the Norse loans on the basis of the Gersum typology and the Historical thesaurus of English, the paper examines the different layers of scribal reworking in its seven fourteenth- and fifteenth-century manuscripts from various dialectal areas to separate the Norse-derived terms that can be attributed to the original composition from those that represent later lexical substitutions, thus tracing the terms' fate into the late Middle English period. This work shows that this understudied text offers valuable information on the interaction between native, Norse and French terms both in the early Middle English period of the original Fenland author and the later period of the surviving copies. Given that the methodology showcased here should not be restricted only to the analysis of Norse-derived terms, the paper's significance transcends its immediate focus, as it also contributes to our understanding of medieval English lexicology more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a reflection on the theoretical and empirical relevance of approaching the study of historical linguistic change study considering marginalia, that is, phenomena that are typologically unexceptional, but which have been ignored in linguistic research. The objective is to draw attention to the tunnel vision that linguistic theories usually entail for those who work within them, since the paradigms themselves and the study methods that are developed within such theories lead to ignoring certain linguistic phenomena relevant to the study of languages which are relegated to the margins of linguistic description. In order to prove the relevance of these marginalia, we will point out the importance they have had for the advancement of linguistic theories in the last two hundred years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southwestern Khanty is a dialect documented only in the 2008 PhD dissertation by Olga Vaysman. This paper attempts to place Southwestern Khanty among other Khanty dialects. Metadata available on Southwestern Khanty are presented and interpreted: based on these, it remains obscure where Southwestern Khanty is spoken. Additionally, data on the lexicon of Southwestern Khanty are compared with the data of the largest dialectal and etymological dictionary of Khanty. Comparison shows that Southwestern Khanty, despite its name, is closest to the northernmost dialect, Obdorsk Khanty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets forth an algorithm which can recognize any type of the Spanish voseo conjugations, based on a parametric analysis of its morphological typology. The algorithm is built as a sequence of a minimum of two and a maximum of five operations, or steps. Both the linear arrangement of the steps and the structure of the queries are based on an implicit theory of the relative markedness or complexity of each variant and the parametric analysis of the typology. Thus, assessing the speed and efficiency of the algorithm becomes an indirect measure of the underlying analysis. The algorithm also invites to speculate about how the variable data relates to the way it is acquired or learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a synchronic and diachronic computer corpus of Makarska littoral dialects. This corpus was created as part of the project to explore the ikavian neoštokavian dialects of the narrow coastal area in Croatian region of Dalmatia around the town of Makarska. The dialectological characteristics of the dialects studied are briefly presented first, followed by presentation of the digital system. The system is logically organized in first part as a corpus of literary texts created from 1729 to 1803 and digitally processed, and in the second part from the materials collected through dialectological questionnaires prepared and methodologically adapted as part of the creation of the Croatian Linguistic Atlas. Methods of collecting linguistic data, method of input into the digital form and methods and possibilities of data processing will be explained. Based on the input and search strategies within the system, the examples will prove the origin of the dialects of the Makarska littoral to be that of the ikavian neoštokavian dialect described in the dialectological literature. This computer-based principle of work is a novelty in Croatian dialectology which has not been digitally processed so far and offers a basis for future dialectological research. This platform can be used in order to shorten the time of data processing and to analyse them more systematically and more efficiently. So far, there has been no such digital repository for any Croatian speech. This project represents a thorough synchronic and diachronic study of one rounded language area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the language of religious minorities in Iran is particularly important for understanding the historical development and typology of Iranian languages. Historical and linguistic evidence substantiates the idea that Zoroastrians and Jews in cities in central and western Iran preserved their former vernacular language, whereas the majority of the population replaced it with Persian in the New Iranian period. This paper focuses on the language of Jews in Hamadan and has two main objectives: first, it examines numerous distinctive features of Judeo-Hamadani; second, it reviews and updates recent research to clarify the language origins, using data from new materials recorded during fieldwork in Hamadan from October 2018 to August 2019, and in Yazd in 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1948 war created a new situation in Palestine. Palestinians became dispersed across political borders that had not existed before, and these borders continued to change in different ways into the 21st century. In many respects, these political borders have had notable linguistic effects, introducing bilingualism and multilingualism for some Palestinians but not all, and subsequently affecting varieties of Palestinian Arabic in terms of their lexica, their grammars, and their speakers' sense of identity and belonging. Newcomers to Palestine, particularly Jewish immigrants from Arabic-speaking countries, were also compelled to adapt their linguistic practices to the new reality into which they implanted themselves. Finally, traditional dialectological boundaries, delineating Palestinian dialects according to regional and local linguistic features, have been affected by population shifts, redrawing of political borders and the catastrophic consequences of the wars the region has endured. This paper attempts to tackle the complex web of borders and boundaries that have shaped much of the sociolinguistics of Palestinians throughout most of the 20th century and into the first two decades of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a synthesis of the most significant paths and problems of research in Italy, in the second half of the twentieth Century, seen through an autobiographical testimony. We speak of internal changes, due to the evolution of methodologies: the renewal of tools and methods, after the autarchic parenthesis of the first half of the Century; the intrusion of information technology into the organization and analysis of linguistic data; the openness to the problems of a rapidly changing society, with the sociolinguistic approach; the contrasts and mediations between structuralism and historicism. But we also speak, at the same time, of the brakes and conditioning to research by external factors, mainly attributable to a strong management of power and the consequent downsizing of the role of free research, accompanied by the deleterious subordination of research to logic of the market. Finally, the autobiographical perspective highlights the central role of Tullio De Mauro in the renewal of linguistics studies in Italy and in the stubborn persistence of a democratic and inclusive vision even in times of democratic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the acoustic characteristics of sound [s] in the cities of: Medellín and Apartadó and explores the hypothesis that the articulation of /s/ will serve to distinguish between the dialects spoken in these two areas. The study analizes 943 [s] produced by a total amount of 32 speakers. The following parameters were considered in the analysis: Center of gravity, spectral peak, standard deviation of the spectrum, skewness, kurtosis, zero crossings and harmonic-noise ratio. Results suggest that: in syllable onset [s] is more apical in Medellín and more dentalised in Apartadó. Also, Medellín’s onset [s] is more sibilant. In coda position, there is no difference between the two dialects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the acoustic characteristics of sound [s] in the cities of: Medellín and Apartadó and explores the hypothesis that the articulation of /s/ will serve to distinguish between the dialects spoken in these two areas. The study analizes 943 [s] produced by a total amount of 32 speakers. The following parameters were considered in the analysis: Center of gravity, spectral peak, standard deviation of the spectrum, skewness, kurtosis, zero crossings and harmonic-noise ratio. Results suggest that: in syllable onset [s] is more apical in Medellín and more dentalised in Apartadó. Also, Medellín's onset [s] is more sibilant. In coda position, there is no difference between the two dialects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lexical diversity, the amount of lexical variation shown by a particular concept, varies between concepts. For the concept drunk, for instance, nearly 3000 English expressions exist, including blitzed, intoxicated, and hammered. For the concept sober, however, a significantly smaller number of lexical items is available, like sober or abstinent. While earlier variation studies have revealed that meaning-related concept characteristics correlate with the amount of lexical variation, these studies were limited in scope, being restricted to one semantic field and to one dialect area, that of the Limburgish dialects of Dutch. In this paper, we investigate whether the impact of concept characteristics, viz. vagueness, lack of salience and proneness to affect, is manifest in a similar way in other dialects and other semantic fields. In particular, by extending the scope of the earlier studies to other carefully selected semantic fields, we investigate the generalizability of the impact of concept characteristics to the lexicon as a whole. The quantitative approach that we employ to measure concept characteristics and lexical diversity methodologically advances the study of linguistic variation. Theoretically, this paper contributes to the further development of Cognitive Sociolinguistics by showcasing how meaning can be a source of lexical diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subject of the paper The Development of Substantive Declension in Slavic Languages is based on an extensive field research of the Dialects of all Slavic languages. The territory of the research is delimited by the international Slavistic project Slavic Linguistic Atlas the database of which is formed by answers to 3400 questions within 853 localities of the overall Slavic territory. However, not all the forms of all the substantive paradigms are presented, but only the selected representative phenomena testifying to the natural constitutive processes of the national languages in connection with the phonetic changes proving the specific character of the linguistic development under the influence of a genetically homogeneous or heterogeneous environment and testifying to linguistic changes as results of intercultural, inter-lingual and probably also inter-confessional influences. The final part of the publication is oriented upon the constitutive processes of substantive declination in the Slavic macro-areas (South-Slavic, West-Slavic, and East-Slavic - and within them also in the particular Slavic languages) from the point of view of "otherness" and "foreignness", i. e. from the point of view of the original and non-original grammatical endings in the particular declension types. The genuine basis of the transgression from the original domestic elements to the new ones gets manifested not only within the adaptation processes of the lexical level, but its basis is hidden in the long-term stabilization processes, in systemic changes by which the inner structure of the language, the area of the distribution of changes, and their impact upon the typological substance of the language are modified. By its interpretative character, the paper The Development of Substantive Declension in Slavic Languages aims at integrating the genetic, areal as well as typological aspects of the investigated domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possible preservation of the phonological distinction between the voiceless postalveolar affricate/tS/and the voiceless post-alveolar fricative/S/- corresponding to the graphic forms and , respectively - in only a few dialects in the north of the country could be motivating different behaviors from children speaking different regional varieties of Portuguese in their first years of schooling. Since this study has not yet been done, this paper intends to analyze the written productions of Portuguese children from three linguistic areas of Portugal, represented here by children from the cities of Lisbon, Porto, and Chaves, about the spellings and , to understand whether there is any relationship between the preservation or non-preservation of this phonological distinction and the children's orthographic performance. Thus, the written productions of students belonging to the three dialectal regions mentioned above will be analyzed based on data from the EFFE-On corpus (Rodrigues, Lourenço-Gomes, Alves, Janssen & Gomes 2015) with the phonological distinction between/tS/and/S/having been preserved in some and neutralized in others. Therefore, it will be possible to measure the impact that the students' dialect can have on their orthographic performance, as well as perceive any differences in performance related to the grapheme vs. the digraph . Two groups of children were created for the analysis: a group with typical and another with atypical phonological development children. The differences observed point to a need to deepen the discussion concerning the sound aspect of language in the classroom, beginning in the first years of schooling - especially during the literacy phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folk linguistics examines ordinary views of people (folk) whose profession isn’t linguistics and also linguistic subjects such as phonology, syntax and semantics in context of dialectology and sociolinguistics. In this article, linguistics folklore studies have been analyzed in the context of general linguistics, social psychology, quantitative sociolinguistics studies and ethnographic evaluations. In this paper, the contributions of linguistics folklore studies on perceptual dialectology have been presented for many research areas. From the linguistics folklore front, dialect studies have started to be analyzed with Labov and Silverstein from the point of view of language variation. By this means, applied linguistics folklore studies have made progress particularly with Labov and the unusual views of ordinary people on language have started to be explained by tangible data. The contribution of comparative language research is of great importance in the reinterpretation of linguistics and language philosophy with a modern point of view related to social science branches such as psychology, history, anthropology, philosophy, sociology, and folklore. When the common grounds between linguistics, folklore and sociology based on American structuralism, genuine output related to the public’s interpretation of its environment is obtained. In literature, the determinations of Bloomfield related to language and its philosophy and Hoenigswald’s declaration at Sociolinguistics Congress at the University of Los Angeles California in 1964 questioning the relationship between linguistics, sociology and folklore as well as folklore terminology and statements indigenous to the public have been considered as the subject of linguistics folklore. Within this scope, the rapid rise of linguistics folklore in social sciences in the interdisciplinary age and their relations with perceptual dialectology, sociophonetics and sociolinguistics have gained importance. Within the framework of the work of developing this new field by Niedzielski and Dennis Preston who have unique place in modern languages and folklore research has been studied in a systematic manner to be addressed in this paper. And this paper was enriched with a sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first "Prosodic Map of Chile", a long-term project aimed at documenting and describing (both phonetically and phonologically) the suprasegmental features of Chilean Spanish. In order to better appreciate the map's reach, a review of currently implemented similar prosodic maps is provided, including AMPER, ATLES and some others. This review considers what particular parameters are studied in each map, closely inspecting what are the foundations, directions and the overall reach of each one of them. The closing section provides a consideration of some freely available software tools designed to build maps, particularly OpenStreetMap, focusing on its potential for future international collaborative efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DIALEKT, a corpus of Czech dialects, has been continuously curated and expanded by the Spoken Corpora section of the Institute of the Czech National Corpus. The following paper aims first to give a concise characteristic of the corpus, addressing its sociolinguistic parameters and possible subcorpora derivable thereof, its two-layer approach to the transcription of dialect recordings, and lemmatization & morphological tagging of the corpus. Subsequently, we move on to examples of how linguists can use the corpus and discuss two related projects which expand upon currently available possibilities: an archive of dialect-specific differential phones of the Czech language (completed) and an interactive web environment for spatial map-based visualization of data from all kinds of spoken corpora (in preparation). Thanks in part also to these additional tools, the DIALEKT corpus should serve both experts in the field as well as the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swiss dialects of German are, unlike many dialects of other standardised languages, widely used in everyday communication. Despite this fact, automatic processing of Swiss German is still a considerable challenge due to the fact that it is mostly a spoken variety and that it is subject to considerable regional variation. This paper presents the ArchiMob corpus, a freely available general-purpose corpus of spoken Swiss German based on oral history interviews. The corpus is a result of a long design process, intensive manual work and specially adapted computational processing. We first present the modalities of access of the corpus for linguistic, historic and computational research. We then describe how the documents were transcribed, segmented and aligned with the sound source. This work involved a series of experiments that have led to automatically annotated normalisation and part-of-speech tagging layers. Finally, we present several case studies to motivate the use of the corpus for digital humanities in general and for dialectology in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comitative represents a particular case in the Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula. Except for Catalan, the rest of varieties possess a redundant form inherited from the evolution of the Latin postposition plus the preposition con ('with'). However, some authors point out a tendency that favours subject forms or even stressed object forms in persons in which the norm prohibits them. With the aim of finding the vernacular responses to this respect, this paper attempts to account for all the possibilities in the comitative in the Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula as well as the factors upon which the selection of either strategy depends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on some of the more serious issues faced by the Macedonian language. One of them, is certainly the lack of a serious scholarly Macedonian grammar that shall be up-to-date with the development of the language which, like all other languages, is a complex adaptive system. Consequently, there is a lack of a historical grammar and modern language grammar. Another serious issue identified is the unfinished work on the Macedonian dialect dictionary and, in general, the inadequate care for dialectology. In the first part of the paper, we highlight the link between the need for greater linguistic research and the fact that this volume of the journal Contributions is dedicated to the marking of the 80th birthday of academician Bojan Šoptrajanov, our "honorary linguist". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an introduction to the text by Gaston Maspero, whose translation we offer in this issue, "Sur quelques singularités phonétiques de l'espagnol parlé dans la campagne de Buenos-Ayres et Montevideo". It is a text initially published in 1875 in which Maspero presents one of the first dialectological descriptions of Rioplatense Spanish. The first version in Spanish of this text was published in 1892 by the German philologist Karl Lentzer, who included it in the Tesoro de voces y provincialismos hispano-americanos. In the translation we offered, the terms and verses in Spanish are reproduced as they appear in the original, that is, without amending the spelling errors. In footnotes, the bibliographic references omitted by Maspero, Lentzner's comments and a few clarifications from the translator have been added. The comparison between the quotes and the works of Hidalgo Ascasubi and Del Campo is work of Carla De Natale, whom we thank for her collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methods of geolinguistics offer the possibility to study the geographical spread of dialect phenomena. The paper focuses on the presentation of the new Russian linguogeographic work Lexičeskij atlas russkich narodnych govorov [Lexical Atlas of the Russian National Dialects], namely the first volume - Planthood. Some aspects of the atlas conception are compared with other atlas works that are known and used or even prepared in the Slovak linguistic context: Atlas slovenského jazyka [Atlas of the Slovak Language], Český jazykový atlas [Czech Linguistic Atlas] and partially Slovanský jazykový atlas [Slavic Linguistic Atlas]. These works represent different periods in the development of linguistic geography methodology, so they represent different linguogeographic concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a production study to explore the controversial question about /l/ velarisation. Measurements of first (F1), second (F2) and third (F3) formant frequencies and the slope of F2 were analysed to clarify the /l/ velarisation behaviour in European Portuguese (EP). The acoustic data were collected from ten EP speakers, producing trisyllabic words with paroxytone stress pattern, with the liquid consonant at the middle of the word in onset, complex onset and coda positions. Results suggested that /l/ is produced on a continuum in EP. The consistently low F2 indicates that /l/ is velarised in all syllable positions, but variation especially in F1 and F3 revealed that /l/ could be “more velarised” or “less velarised” dependent on syllable positions and vowel contexts. These findings suggest that it is important to consider different acoustic measures to better understand /l/ velarisation in EP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulgarian Dialectology as Living Tradition (BDLT) has been one of the longest-running Slavic digital humanities projects in the United States. Initially conceived in 2008 as a series of printed volumes, the digital project was built upon the foundation of a long-term international collaboration dating to the 1970s. As BDLT nears completion in 2019, this paper reflects on the trajectory of its development and its sustainability as an unfunded digital humanities project, and the ways it can serve as both a model and cautionary tale for others who seek to undertake similar work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a method for mapping lexical innovation, which we then use to track the origin and spread of new words on American Twitter, based on a multi-billion-word corpus of Tweets collected between 2013 and 2014. We first extract fifty-four emerging words from the corpus by searching for words that are very uncommon at the end of 2013 but whose use rises dramatically over the course of 2014. We then map the origin and spread of each of these words. Based on these results, we identify five main regional patterns of lexical innovation on American Twitter, primarily associated with the West Coast, the Northeast, the Mid-Atlantic, the Deep South, and the Gulf Coast. We conclude by proposing explanations for these results and by discussing their significance to theories of language variation and change, including both the actuation and diffusion of lexical innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes three significant aspects in the Caribbean and Canary Islands voice guagua, while also updating the lexicographers' information on it. First, I focus on the issue of signification, considering the diverse orientation of meaning this term has developed throughout history. Second, I center on its particular evolution in diverse geographies: from Cuba, to the rest of the Caribbean region, Equatorial Guinea and Canary Islands; from Grand Canary or Tenerife, to the other islands of this archipelago, Spanish Sahara and Cartagena (Spain). And third, I look into the always problematical etymology of this term, which has been subjected to many kinds of more or less plausible speculations due to its etymological uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a construction-based dialectometry capable of identifying previously unknown constructions and measuring the degree to which a given construction is subject to regional variation. The central idea is to learn a grammar of constructions (a CxG) using construction grammar induction and then to use these constructions as features for dialectometry. This offers a method for measuring the aggregate similarity between regional CxGs without limiting in advance the set of constructions subject to variation. The learned CxG is evaluated on how well it describes held-out test corpora while dialectometry is evaluated on how well it can model regional varieties of English. Themethod is tested using two distinct datasets: First, the International Corpus of English representing eight outer circle varieties; Second, a web-crawled corpus representing five inner circle varieties. Results show that themethod (1) produces a grammar with stable quality across sub-sets of a single corpus that is (2) capable of distinguishing between regional varieties of Englishwith a high degree of accuracy, thus (3) supporting dialectometricmethods formeasuring the similarity between varieties of English and (4) measuring the degree to which each construction is subject to regional variation. This is important for cognitive sociolinguistics because it operationalizes the idea that competition between constructions is organized at the functional level so that dialectometry needs to represent as much of the available functional space as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seán Mac Criomhthain (1875 - 1955) is not to be confused with Seán Ó Criomhthain, author of Lá Dár Saol and son of Tomás Ó Criomhthain whose famous chronicle of life on the Great Blasket Island was published under the title An tOileánach. Mac Criomhthain's importance stems rather from his mastery of the oral tradition which led Seosamh Ó Dálaigh to place him on a par with Peig Sayers as two of the best informants he had encountered. Ó Dálaigh himself was one of the most prolific collectors of the Irish Folkore Commission whose contribution to what is now the National Folkore Collection must be considered as one of the great cultural achievements of Irish history. Nonetheless, the institutional frames influencing the collection process meant that ultimately the IFC lacked what Ó Giolláin calls an "reflexive ethnology" (141), and this issue therefore merits some discussion. The present paper is intended to advance the discussion with reference to the presence, or not, of linguistic essentialism on the part of the Irish state as well of other sectors of society, taking as central texts Seán Ó Riada's famous poem "Fill Arís" as well as a recently completed critical edition of Seán Mac Criomhthain's folkloric repertoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The se vivo fecit formula (or any variants of it) occurs almost 1400 times in the Latin epigraphic corpus. This fact attracts our attention, because, according to the rules of the classical grammar, the expression should be seen as incorrect, since the semantic subject of the ablative absolute construction corresponds to the subject of the main clause. This incorrect formula was nevertheless part of the Latin funerary epigraphic language for more than five hundred years. We can find it in inscriptions from the Iberian Peninsula to the Balkans, from Africa up to Gallia, and the form was considerably widespread in the area of Rome, in the west side of North- Africa, and in the Balkan provinces. It is remarkable that (especially in Rome) the phonetic and morpho-syntactic changes of the Latin language have induced further interior mutations of the formula. We have many examples in which the adjective of the expression (vivus) stands in the nominative or in the accusative instead of the morphologically correct ablative. Therefore, we can find variants as se vivus, se vivum, etc. The aim of this paper is to explore the spread of each variant of the se vivo fecit formula, and to give a possible explanation for the occurrence of trends that do not meet our expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces the ORTOFON corpus of spontaneous spoken Czech and the DIALEKT corpus of Czech dialects, their design principles and practical solutions adopted during data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of computerized systems for geolinguistic data processing began in the 1970s with the production of maps for linguistic atlas projects. From that moment, dialect studies have continuously benefitted from the innovations that took place in the field of digital technologies. At present, linguistic geography projects are fully integrated within the Digital Humanities and are governed by the same principles that guide studies in this discipline: the interoperability of applications, free reuse of data and interdisciplinarity. This paper provides a brief outline of the structure and design of the database that currently houses the Atlas Lingüístico Galego materials, a linguistic atlas of Galician begun as a project in the 1970s. This database is being used as an information source for the publication of the project's volumes, for research into variation and change of Galician varieties, and to contribute to the elaboration of geolinguistic projects that are greater in scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introduction lays out the issues in the study of morphosyntactic variation in Modern Greek dialects and summarizes the contents of the papers included herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a preliminary investigation on the documentation of the language of Khetrans. The Khetrans, being one of the many Baloch tribes that speak a language apart from Balochi, primarily occupy the Barkhan district of Balochistan. Earlier observations describe their language as forming a part of Sindhi or being a type of Lahnda. Khetrani is undoubtably a northwestern Indo-Aryan language, and the evidence at the researcher's disposal shows that it does share features with both Sindhi and Siraiki. Historically Khetrani lay well on a dialect continuum that spanned both of these languages and has preserved features intermediate to each. Its adjectival morphology is nearly the same as Siraiki's but the pronominal one closer to Sindhi. Khetrani verb structure is largely similar to and at par with Siraiki for it lacks the “richness” of Sindhi, despite the forms of many cognate verbs being identical to Sindhi. The most salient features of the verbal morphology aligning Khetrani with Siraiki are a sigmatic future and the continuous aspect. The valence model, however, is similar to Sindhi and Khetrani has a Passive Participle peculiar to itself. These features distinguish Khetrani as an independent language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biblical text implies that the language of the southern and northern monarchies differed, though with the exception of one anecdotal story no specifics are offered. While the hypothetical existence of a number of dialects is widely accepted, several scholars have claimed that there is actual evidence for at least two, possibly three, dialects in the text of the Hebrew Bible. In order to substantiate this claim a long list of grammatical features has been suggested over the past three decades. In this paper I will evaluate the evidence purported to prove the existence of Hebrew dialects, and show that it is weak and does not support the dialectal hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbal folklore (fairy tales, tales, proverbs and riddles, folk beliefs, etc.) is the literary art of spoken language (or spoken dialect) resulting from contact between carrier and receiver and its aesthetic function. Folklore material has been the point of contact between Slovenian folklore studies and dialectology from the mid-!9th century, which was when material first started to be carefully collected and recorded. This paper chronologically presents, through written sources, the motivations and development of the recording principles for verbal folklore, which is reflected through guidance and instructions as well as in practical work. The author lists the various milestones that have marked different periods in Slovenian folklore studies. These are linked to changes in views of the material, to which the methodology was also adapted. One constant feature of every period is the dilemmas and problems associated with the records and editing of the texts: it seems that dialectologists have no specific problems with the recording of material, while folklorists are required to ensure that the artistic text does not lose its aesthetic elements and the comprehensibility of the rounded unit (i.e. the story) in the rigorous process of dialectological recording. At the end, the author puts forward a number of concrete proposals for closer and more systematic collaboration between the Slovenian folkloristic and dialectological professions, for example combining efforts to acquire and treat in an interdisciplinary way Baudouin's material from the end of the 19th century (held by the St Petersburg archive) and to establish a common repository of field (audio) recordings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the morphological structure of masculine nouns in the Central Savinja dialect as spoken in the village of Ložnica pri Žalcu. It also includes morphophonetics according to the method of arrangement inspired by the grammar of the Slovenian literary language. The typology of noun forms is presented in the tables according to declination type. The rich dialect database and a number of observations regarding the use of double forms of this dialect, which in many ways is transitional, allows us an insight into the direction of development of the Ložnica micro-dialect, which is (has been) under different influences at different periods of time. The Central Savinja dialect of today is, as a result of contact between the Gorenjska and Štajerska dialect base, a relatively young intermediate formation. It is among the most south-easterly dialects with a-vocalisation of the long schwa vowel (*... in *...). Morphophonetics and morphology show an increase in Styria development tendencies, e.g. morphologisation of the stress, generalisation of one word-stem to all forms, generalisation of i-endings in feminine declension in the dative/instrumental and locative of the dual and plural, etc. The orientation towards a Gorenjska dialect influence in phonology and towards Styria in other language developments in the case of the Ložnica micro-dialect confirms the hypothesis that the language can differ from one linguistic plane to the other in the context of a single micro-dialect, and consequently in the context of the entire dialect, and that linguistic planes can develop quite independently of each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Overview of scholarly approaches to traditional English dialect features. • EDD Online allowing for quantification of dialect features. • Research on English dialect features has generally been selective. • Joseph Wright's EDD still the best source on Late Modern English dialects. • The hierarchy of types of dialect features, with a focus on pragmatic features. Scholars have traditionally described dialects in a selective way by identifying individual, supposedly characteristic, features in a certain area. However, modern dialectology ambitiously claims to depict dialectal areas holistically by simultaneously attributing a large number of important features to geographical space and measuring the difference between dialectal areas. In the face of this quantifying challenge, which some scholars refer to as 'dialectometry,' the question of how these features can be defined and found has arisen within the last few decades. This overview article presents a detailed state of the art, drawing on traditional dialectology as well as variationist and recent 'dialectometrical' approaches. The question of dialect feature retrieval is answered with the help of the English Dialect Dictionary Online, which is based on Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1898–1905) and has been generally accessible since 2019. The paper is an empirical demonstration of how dialectology could benefit from a new tool and from resultant methods of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most local varieties of Kyrgyz show a composite or in-between character. However, the Ichkilik group of dialects stands apart from other Kyrgyz dialects. The Ichkilik is actually a collective name of the group of tribes mainly settled in the Batken province of Kyrgyzstan and adjoining regions such as Fergana, Jergetal and Pamir of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The linguistic data gathered so far shows that the Ichkilik idiom is quite distinctive not only from standard Kyrgyz, but from neighboring dialects as well. On the one hand, the language of Ichkiliks has a strong in- fluence of Turkic languages such as Uighur and Uzbek. On the other hand, the linguistic data provides evidence that there are certain Oguz and some mixed layers in the dialect. This paper is devoted to a study of the dialect of Ichkiliks. The author focuses on typical characteristics in the phonological system, morphology, sentence structure and lexicon of the dialect. The paper is based on the results of the previous studies on Kyrgyz dialects as well as the author's materials gathered from field researches on the Ichkiliks and their idiom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 150 years since Alexandru Philippide (1859-1933) - the founder of the linguistic school at Iaşi - was born and after 100 years since the first linguistic atlas of the Romanian language (Linguistischer Atlas des dacorumänischen Sprachgebietes) was published by Gustav Weigand (Leipzig, 1909) the disputes between the two linguists are now making the object of this paper which is based on Philippide's polemic work „Un specialist român la Lipsca“ (A Romanian Specialist at Leipzig; Iaşi, 1910). We are presenting the Romanian philologist's critical views on the results of Weigand's dialectal research on Romanian dialects south of the Danube and on Daco-Romanian dialects. Philippide claims that some results of the recordings and their subsequent interpretation were biased by Weigand's insufficient knowledge of the Romanian language and of the history of the Romanian language. This polemic also brings up the issue of Weigand's Ph. D candidates' papers which are criticized for about the same faults. These were published in 15 volumes of a magazine run by Weigand - „Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache (Rumänisches Seminar) zu Leipzig“. Finally we present some points of view regarding the activity of the institute mentioned in the title of the magazine and which was financed by the Romanian State. The head of the institute is criticized for the superior tone of the interventions and especially for the un-academic vocabulary Weigand used in his polemic writings regarding the works of some Romanian linguists. To conclude, we must point out that we should choose, from the linguistic inheritance left by the two scholars, only the positive aspects to create such a synthesis that would be useful to the history of Romanian linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 150 years since Alexandru Philippide (1859-1933) - the founder of the linguistic school at Iaşi - was born and after 100 years since the first linguistic atlas of the Romanian language (Linguistischer Atlas des dacorumänischen Sprachgebietes) was published by Gustav Weigand (Leipzig, 1909) the disputes between the two linguists are now making the object of this paper which is based on Philippide's polemic work „Un specialist român la Lipsca‟ (A Romanian Specialist at Leipzig; Iaşi, 1910). We are presenting the Romanian philologist's critical views on the results of Weigand's dialectal research on Romanian dialects south of the Danube and on Daco-Romanian dialects. Philippide claims that some results of the recordings and their subsequent interpretation were biased by Weigand's insufficient knowledge of the Romanian language and of the history of the Romanian language. This polemic also brings up the issue of Weigand's Ph. D candidates' papers which are criticized for about the same faults. These were published in 15 volumes of a magazine run by Weigand - „Jahresbericht des Instituts für rumänische Sprache (Rumänisches Seminar) zu Leipzig‟. Finally we present some points of view regarding the activity of the institute mentioned in the title of the magazine and which was financed by the Romanian State. The head of the institute is criticized for the superior tone of the interventions and especially for the un-academic vocabulary Weigand used in his polemic writings regarding the works of some Romanian linguists. To conclude, we must point out that we should choose, from the linguistic inheritance left by the two scholars, only the positive aspects to create such a synthesis that would be useful to the history of Romanian linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the redevelopment and subsequent evaluation of a unit in dialectology within a foreign language curriculum (German). In doing so it is a case study which serves to offer insight into the student experience of studying linguistics within a foreign language curriculum, the potential of online/electronic pedagogies for the teaching of dialectology and the way in which creative, authentic teaching builds a context for learning. The paper begins with a brief overview of the teaching of linguistics in general and dialectology or language variation studies in particular. It presents the evaluation methodology and findings, and raises implications for further research. It also provides a summary of some aspects of the redevelopment of the unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of research of declension of feminine nouns of the vernacular of Crikvenica. The alternative endings in the genitive singular and nominative, accusative plural are governed by the stem-final consonant: if it is a palatal consonant, the ending -e is used, and if it is a non-palatal consonant, the ending -i is used. The research was conducted by two methods. On the one hand is a method that belongs to traditional dialectological research (using targeted questionnaires), while on the other hand a method that belongs to sociolinguistic quantitative research based on the approach to the Labov's (and his sociolinguistic heritage) study of language changes and variability in language. The results of both studies yielded similar results: a) older informants mostly kept palatal and non palatal variant declension of feminine nouns in all three cases; b) predominance of palatal variant in all three cases is visible in all informants born in and after the 50's of 20'th century with sporadic, random appearances of non palatal variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe the continuum of lexical vitality in the Spanish village of Gualchos, which is one of the main goals of the Research Project VitaLex, whereby we compare the current data of three generations and the results of the surveys of the 1950s of ALEA. Thus, we come to analyze the vitality continuum ranging from keeping the words and entities of ALEA, to their loss. Thus, we can go deeply into this continuum by considering speakers' active and passive knowledge; by combining qualitative and qualitative data, this analysis can help us draw a reliable picture of the true lexical vitality of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the phonetics and phonology of voicing distinctions in the Dutch-German dialect continuum, which forms a transition zone between voicing and aspiration systems. Two phonological approaches to represent this contrast exist in the literature: a [±voice] approach and Laryngeal Realism. The implementation of the change between the two language types in the transition zone will provide new insights in the nature of the phonological representation of the contrast. In this paper I will locate the transition zone by looking at phonetic overlap between VOT values of fortis and lenis plosives, and I will compare the two phonological approaches, showing that both face analytical problems as they cannot explain the variation observed in word-initial plosives and plosive clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a state of the Arts of religious/sectarian dialectal differentiation and sociolinguistic variation in the Arabic-speaking countries. It is based on the studies that have been conducted so far in the fields of dialectology and sociolinguistics to investigate this issue. The first section reminds the reader of the diversity of sociolinguistic situations in the region in terms of the extent of religious differentiation within a city/area. The second section summarizes the trigger of situations of major religious/sectarian differentiation and the factors that led to their stability for many decades or centuries. It also presents three contemporary evolution processes observable in the areas with major differentiation and some contemporary loci of observation of sectarian/religious variation in areas of minor differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses as its corpus of analysis the data collected by the project Brazilian Linguistic Atlas in three regions: Midwest, Southeast and South. The research aims at discussing the diatopical distribution of lexical variants concerning question 133 - Criança pequenininha, a gente diz que é bebê. E quando ela tem de 5 a 10 anos, do sexo feminino? - from the Lexical-Semantic Questionnaire (COMITÊNACIONAL, 2001, p. 32). The methodology involved descriptive and inferential analysis appropriate for the study. Five hypotheses were tested in order to analyze the behavior and distribution of the five most productive variants in the set of answers. The main results indicate that variants exhibit different behavior in the three regions analyzed: (i) the variant menina shows homogeneous distribution in ten states; (ii) the lexical form guria has heterogeneous distribution in the Midwest and Southern regions; (iii) the variant garota shows homogeneity in the Southeast of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a comprehensive investigation of the historical rise and contemporary usage patterns of Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian adjectival long-form allomorphy (ALFA). ALFAs include the sets of the genitive and dative/locative case allomorphs,-og/-ogaand-om/-ome/-omu, respectively. First, from my diachronic research, I find the sudden inclusion of ALFAs in Croatian grammars shortly following the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850. This evidence, coupled with the early attestation of ALFAs in Old Serbian (Belić 1969), as I claim in Pennington 2010, suggests that ALFAs may have been brought to Croatian dialects via Serbian refugees who fled westward to escape Ottoman (and Muslim) rule. From my synchronic research, I find a clear correlation between a preceding preposition and the addition of long-forms to pronominal adjectives. I link this phenomenon to the similar requirement for full form pronouns following prepositions, given the high level of semantic and syntactic features shared by pronouns and pronominal adjectives (see Sugamoto 1989). Finally, taking into account the general Indo-European trend to place pronouns and other “stressless” elements in the second position in a sentence found in Indo-European languages (à la Wackernagel 1892), and moreover, applying Mark Baker's Mirror Principle (1985), which is a statement on the regularity in the similarity of independent syntactic and morphological derivation processes to one another, I claim that ALFAs arose historically and continue to persist (even in Serbian) as extra syllables that may nor may not still have an anaphoric component (in the absence of a following noun) but most certainly serve to create a bi-syllabic form for pronominal adjectives when following stressless prepositions, an analogical extension of the sentential Wackernagel's Law to pronominal adjectival prepositional phrases. While in Serbian this rule is limited to pronominal adjectives, in Croatian it has been analogically extended to the adjectival class as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]