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Abstract: Gas diffusion layers (GDLs) of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), consisting of a microporous layer (MPL) and a back layer (BL), influence the cell performance and stability significantly due to the critical function that the GDL undertook, i.e., distribution of reactants and removal of the products in electrodes. The hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of the GDLs are required to tailor to the transport/transfer of reactants/products depending on a specific electrode reaction. One important way to adjust the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of GDLs is to vary PTFE content in GDLs. In this paper, we employ infrared spectroscopy technique, specifically, diffuse reflection (DR) method and attenuation total reflection (ATR) method, to determine the PTFE content in both MPLs and BLs quantitatively by comparing the measured C-F intensity with the pre-calibrated standard plots. Compared to the ATR method, the DR method takes advantages of sensitivity, wide range and precision. By the DR method, we succeed in observing that PTFE in MPLs migrates to BLs, consistent with the corresponding EDX results for a sample experienced 600 h lifetime test, suggesting DR method an effective approach to determine quantitatively the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of both MPLs and BLs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, Nafion ionomer, as a kind of hyperdispersant, was added to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) water dispersion system to suppress the size of PTFE particles in the ink of microporous layer (MPL). The agglomeration behavior of PTFE in ethanol and MPL were investigated by laser diffraction, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and metallurgical microscopes. The electronic resistance, pore size distribution, gas permeability and surface hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties were also characterized for prepared gas diffusion layers (GDLs). It was shown that PTFE water dispersion system suffered flocculating when dispersed in ethanol and this agglomeration behavior was reduced by employing Nafion ionomer. With the increase in the Nafion ionomer adopted in the MPL, not only the decreased hydrophobic property was shown in the MPL, but the decreased PTFE particle size was also achieved, which results in improved crosslink of carbon and pores themselves as well as the volume loss of pores in micron scale. The increased gas permeability and electronic conductivity of the GDL made the one employing the PTFE dispersion system with 1% Nafion content own its advantages as the cathode diffusion layer for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) under near-ambient conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) and catalyzed diffusion medium (CDM) prepared either by brush painting method or by spraying method were compared for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) anode and cathode. The pore structure and the morphology of the electrodes were characterized by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Internal resistance corrected polarization curves were employed to separate the contribution of each compartment of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) to the overall polarization. It was shown that the increased mass transport resistance in the anode diffusion layer made the anode in CDM form act as the methanol barrier. The CCM configuration and the increased pores in micron scales in the catalyst layer were in favor of improving the performance of both anode and cathode. Accounting for the effect of methanol permeation, the combination of the anode in CDM form prepared by brush painting method and the cathode in CCM form prepared by spraying method was finally selected as the optimized configuration for MEA, which had the highest DMFC performance under near-ambient conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In present work, a 600h durability test and in situ measurements of water transport were carried out on a single direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) at atmospheric pressure and 80°C. Effect of water transport on the single cell performance was investigated in detail, which indicated that the accumulated water in the hydrophobic micropores of the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) aggravated the cathode flooding, and consequently led to a temporary and reversible degradation of the cell performance. Further investigation revealed that cathode flooding could be alleviated by blowing the cathode with dry air for 150h at open circuit condition and the partially recovered cell performance within the durability could be obtained in consequence. Water analysis combined with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurement and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was used to explore the characteristics of cathode GDL before and after the durability test. Results showed that the variation of the microstructure and hydrophobic properties for both sides of the cathode GDL is probably one of the inherent reasons for the irreversible degradation of the cell performance besides the electro-catalysts deterioration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The transport of methanol through Nafion® membrane in diffusion cell is investigated using the open circuit potential method at different initial methanol concentration solutions. A simple mathematical model based on quasi-steady-state diffusion for the transport of methanol across the membrane in a diffusion cell is developed to simulate the experimental data in order to measure the methanol permeability. The influence of the diffusion cell parameters and thickness of the membrane on the methanol permeability measurement has been evaluated and analyzed. By means of Maclaurin expansion technique, this model can be used to predict the deviation of methanol permeability determined by steady-state diffusion model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]