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The Network Robustness Index (NRI) was one of the first tools to successfully assess networkwide congestion effects due to single-link closures. This paper investigates the use of systemwide metrics in the context of Montreal’s urban road network, and provides a new mechanism to evaluate the importance of individual links while internalizing the environmental perspective. Specifically, the NRI is expanded to include road emissions in the link criticality analysis process, resulting in the creation of an Emissions-based NRI (ENRI), to be used in conjunction with the NRI. The results of this new Emissions-based NRI (ENRI) are compared with the NRI results and we observe that both tools provide similar results for major scenarios (such as capacity reduction on major bridges) while for minor scenarios (such as capacity reduction on arterial roads) the results are quite different. The results suggest that new holistic frameworks are needed to assess link criticality in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessibility research, within the context of the social exclusion dimensions of transport, has provided valuable tools to understand the potential of people to reach daily life activity locations. In this paper, model-based estimates of distance travelled are used to calculate a cumulative opportunities measure of accessibility. Multivariate, spatially expanded models produce estimates of distance travelled that are speciic to both geographical location and type of individual. Opportunity landscapes obtained based on these estimates are used for comparative accessibility analysis by means of what are termed relative accessibility deprivation indicators. The indicators proposed are demonstrated with a case study of food deserts in the city of Montreal, Canada. The results of the analysis illustrate the variations in accessibility between individuals in low-income households and the reference group, and the effect of vehicle ownership for accessibility to food services, thus highlighting the social exclusion implications of these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an introduction to the 8th European Conference on the History of Economics, held in March 2002 , at Montreal, Quebec. By visual representation, was meant the use in the field of various kinds of images, be they graphs, diagrams, maps or even paintings. Papers presented at the conference were varied. Physiocracy was the subject of two of them. Another dealt with the use of imagery in the literature critical of 19th-century English political economy. The role of visual representation in science has, in recent years, become an issue of interest for historians, sociologists and philosophers.

The papers of Bartholomew O'Brien, innkeeper and broker of silver, offer a fresh look at Montreal's Irish Catholic community in the 1840s. His interventions illustrate the way an individual navigated an "ethnicized" social network and circulated resources between the market economy and the gift economy, spheres that Ferdinand Tönnies termed the Gesellschaft and the Gemeinschaft (1887). In a city embarked on the revolution of steam power, the two circuits were braided together, and, despite the obsolescence of Tönnies' original formulation, the distinction reveals some persistent features of the invasive nature of capital and human responses to its perennial re-structuring of the urban economy. When the market faltered, each of the several ethnic communities worked to buffer its members through a personal web of trust. The evidence is based on archival sources: O'Brien's own correspondence and daybook, parish registers, and leases and loans conserved in notaries' repertories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That immigration leads to the emergence of ethnic neighborhoods in North American cities is not a new phenomenon in urban geography. New arrivals often participate in the development of local economies by creating small businesses to serve the needs of their compatriots. They also participate in the transformation of centrally located neighborhoods in large cities. The emergence of the Polish neighborhood on Roncesvalles Street in Toronto and the Jewish neighborhood of Côte-des-Neiges in Montreal exemplify this pattern. However, the importance of ethnic economies in such neighborhoods has gone largely unexplored. This paper examines the relationship between geographic location, immigrant entrepreneurs and the role of small ethnic businesses in two Canadian urban areas: Côte-des-Neiges in Montréal and Parkdale in Toronto. Data from interviews with local businesspeople in these two areas are used to examine the pertinence of the concepts of ethnic/open and ethnic/closed markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There is growing concern over income inequality and its generational dimensions. Post- Fordist and neoliberal restructuring have reshaped urban labour markets, resulting in growing inequalities that disproportionately afflict younger workers. This article empirically analyses the transition as experienced in Montreal and Vancouver, two Canadian cities that have undergone restructuring in different ways. The study of young adults' changing incomes reveals growing intra- and inter-cohort inequality, and an increasing intergenerational income gap in both cities. Income inequality is greater in Vancouver, with its more pronounced post- Fordist labour force composition and neoliberalized governance context. Known factors such as occupation and gender affect the earnings structure, but educational attainment has increased the most in terms of its effect on incomes. Inequalities among young adults are expected to magnify in the future due to unevenness in educational attainment. Urban research ought to pay close attention to the role of education in structuring inequalities, and the ways the impact of restructuring is unevenly distributed across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An organised market for financial securities in Montreal prior to 1874 developed slowly because finance of major infrastructure projects was carried out in London, not Montreal. Growth was not driven by speculation or tempered by successive boom and bust; this makes the Montreal experience practically unique in the history of finance. The Montreal Board of Trade was the focus of commercial activities that eventually evolved through increased specialisation to a stock market. Some businessmen who called themselves brokers traded stocks and bonds for their own account but not on commission since trading volume was too low for any form of auction to take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article compares the economic, social, and political outcomes of the hosting of sports mega-events in Canada to the outcomes of hosting such events in Japan, including discussions of the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, Quebec; the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta; and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. Economic difficulties and political uncertainty following the Montreal Olympics are noted, and the impact of the Olympics on tourism is described. Other topics include the impact of hosting the Olympics on cities' reputations and on national identity, and the lack of benefit that lower-income citizens see from Olympic-related business.

Examines changes in the position of Montreal, Quebec Province and its regional economy in the economic space of North America and world since 1970. Exogenous factors that have influenced the economy of Montreal; Strategic approaches that have been used in planning the economy of Montreal; Economic situation of Montreal in 2000; Factors that determine the process of urban economic development.

Presents information on the economic impact of an identical demand shock on Montreal and Quebec City in Quebec. Models used in the study; Experiment conducted to study the differential impacts of a given shock on the areas; Results of the study; Structural explanations on the difference of the areas.