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Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: Prior research has demonstrated that childhood trauma can increase adolescents' suicidal ideation, and perceived stress plays a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and adolescents' suicidal ideation. Character strengths, which are trait‐like positive personality characteristics, have also been found to be closely related to decreased stress and suicidal ideation. However, it is unclear whether character strengths act as a transfer mechanism that links childhood traumatic experiences with perceived stress and eventually suicidal ideation. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: This study found that character strengths and perceived stress serially mediated the association between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation. Specifically, childhood trauma was associated with inferior character strengths, and the impaired character strengths further triggered high perceived stress, which was finally linked to a heightened risk of suicidal ideation. This study provided important theoretical implications for preventing suicidal risk among adolescents who are exposed to traumatic events during childhood. What are the implications for practice?: This study highlighted the roles of character strengths and perceived stress in the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and suicidal ideation, which provided suggestions for designing nursing interventions to reduce adolescents' suicidal ideation, especially for those with traumatic childhood experiences. In addition to family nursing, school‐based regular monitoring and interventions of character strengths and perceived stress are necessary. Aim: This study sought to examine the mediating effects of character strengths and perceived stress on the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation among adolescents. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted on a sample of 1069 Chinese adolescents. The Chinese versions of the Suicidal Ideation Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale and Character Scale for Adolescents were used to assess adolescents' suicidal ideation, childhood trauma, perceived stress and character strengths. Results: The findings showed that childhood trauma influenced suicidal ideation directly and indirectly via perceived stress. Moreover, character strengths and perceived stress serially mediated the association between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation, implying that childhood trauma was associated with inferior character strengths, and the impaired character strengths further triggered high perceived stress, which was finally linked to a heightened risk of suicidal ideation. Conclusions: This study highlighted the joint contribution of childhood trauma, character strengths and perceived stress to suicidal ideation, providing theoretical and practical implications to guide mental health nurses to reduce the suicide risk among adolescents. Implications for Practice: These findings highlighted the importance of developing character strengths and stress‐coping strategies. Family nursing and school‐based regular monitoring and interventions of character strengths and perceived stress are necessary among adolescents who exposed to a high level of childhood trauma experiences to reduce their suicidal ideation and foster mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines two Taiwan projects: the National Palace Museum (1965) in Taipei (NPM) and the NPM Southern Branch (NPMSB) in Chiayi (2003). The NPMSB targeted the liberalisation of the NPM from the stained political connotation of Chinese nationalism and constructs anew Taiwan's autonomous national identity. This paper argues that the construction of NPM/NPMSB in Taiwan is a cultural and colonial traumatism of national identity, and a struggle between official Chinese nationalism and rising prior Taiwanese subjectivity in a postcolonial context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited studies have been conducted on Chinese women's willingness to donate milk following perinatal loss. In this study, we explore the relationship among childbirth trauma, willingness to donate milk, and resilience in women following perinatal loss, and the mediating effect of resilience between childbirth trauma and willingness to donate milk. A cross‐sectional study was carried out throughout 4 months. We used convenience sampling methods and recruited 241 women following a perinatal loss from eight tertiary hospitals in Sichuan Province, China. Participants completed four questionnaires during a face‐to‐face individual interview: the general information questionnaire, the Willingness to Donate Milk Scale (WMDS), the City Birth Trauma Scale, and the Brief Resilience Scale. SPSS 20.0 was used to analyze the collected data. In our study, childbirth trauma was negatively correlated with the total and each dimension score of WMDS (p < 0.001). Resilience was positively correlated with the total and each dimension score of WMDS (p < 0.001). Resilience partially mediated the relationship between childbirth‐related symptoms and willingness to donate milk (β = −0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.50 to −0.26), which accounted for 69.03% of the total effect. Resilience partially mediated the relationship between general symptoms and willingness to donate milk (β = −0.31, 95% CI: −0.40 to −0.21), which accounted for 66.89% of the total effect. Resilience partially mediated the relationship between childbirth trauma and willingness to donate milk in women following perinatal loss. Our findings suggest that resilience can play a significant role in mediating the relationship between childbirth trauma and willingness to donate milk in women following perinatal loss. These results could help healthcare professionals design interventions for physical and mental recovery after perinatal loss. Key messages: Women's age, occupation, marital age, and degree of postpartum pain affected their willingness to donate milk after perinatal loss.Resilience has a positive association with the willingness to donate milk and a negative association with childbirth trauma in women following perinatal loss.Childbirth trauma could negatively predict their willingness to donate milk after perinatal loss.Resilience partially mediated the relationship between childbirth trauma and willingness to donate milk in women following perinatal loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dissociation remains a controversial topic in terms of its prevalence, cross-cultural validity, and relationship with childhood trauma and adversities. Aims: This study investigated the prevalence of dissociative symptoms and probable dissociative disorders among Chinese high school students and tested the trauma model of dissociation. Methods: A total of N = 1,720 high school students completed standardized measures of positive and adverse childhood experiences (PCEs and ACEs), dissociation, depression, and anxiety. Results: The prevalence rates of dissociative symptoms and (probable) DSM-5 dissociative disorders (DDs) were 11.2% and 6.9%, respectively. Dissociation was a reliable construct (ICC =.682 to.752, p <.001) and was moderately correlated with general psychopathology (r =.424 with depressive symptoms, r =.423 with anxiety symptoms). Participants with a probable DD reported more ACEs, fewer PCEs, and more mental health symptoms than those without a probable DD. ACEs were significantly associated with dissociative symptoms (β =.107, p <.001) even after controlling for age, depressive, and anxiety symptoms. PCEs moderated the relationship between ACEs and dissociative symptoms. Conclusions: This is the first report of the prevalence of dissociative symptoms and probable DSM-5 DDs among nonclinical children. We provide cross-cultural evidence that dissociation is a reliable and valid clinical phenomenon associated with psychopathology in children across cultures. The findings partly support the trauma model of dissociation. This study contributes to the limited literature on dissociation in children. It also offers empirical data to facilitate the ongoing controversy about (childhood) trauma and dissociation. Our findings imply that dissociation is cross-culturally associated with childhood adversities, but trauma is not the only, sufficient cause. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Based on empirical studies of 5836 children in six provinces of China's Mid-Western regions, this paper contributes to existing knowledge by analyzing the severity, consequences and risk factors of child abuse. There are three major findings. Firstly, significant regional disparities of the severity of child abuse exist in China and non-Han ethnic minority regions have higher reported child abuse rate. Secondly, psychological trauma of child abuse is tremendous and children's psychological wellbeing in all domains is seriously affected when suffering from different forms of abuse. Children in poor ethnic minority regions and younger children experience severe trauma consequences. Thirdly, family relationships including the quality of couple relationships and intergenerational relationships are significant risk factors of child abuse, indicating the necessity of improving relationships for addressing child abuse. Implications of the empirical findings for future policies and actions for alleviating child abuse are summarized in the end. Highlights • Significant regional disparities of the severity of child abuse exist in China and non-Han ethnic minority regions have higher reported child abuse rate. • Children's psychological wellbeing is affected when being abused. • Children in poor ethnic minority regions and younger children experience severe trauma consequences. • Family relationships including the quality of couple relationships and intergenerational relationships are significant risk factors of child abuse, indicating the necessity of improving relationships for addressing child abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to measure sleep quality and its possible association with fear of progression (FOP) in patients with chronic heart failure (HF). Design: A cross‐sectional study. Methods: A total of 254 patients with chronic HF were recruited from two tertiary hospitals in China. The sociodemographic and clinical data of participants were collected using a general information questionnaire. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Fear of Progression Questionnaire‐Short Form were used to evaluate sleep quality over 1 month and FOP. Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression were conducted to analyse the relationship between sleep quality and FOP. Results: Of all participants, 85.8% had poor sleep quality, with a mean score of 12.3 ± 4.2 (possible score could be 0 to 21). The severity of FOP was positively correlated with poor sleep quality. HF hospitalization in the past year, numbers of HF drugs, monthly income and total score of FOP were strong predictors of decreased sleep quality, accounting for 24.2% of the variance in the sleep quality of these patients. Conclusions: Patients with chronic HF generally reported poor sleep quality, which should be highly concerned for medical workers. Alleviating FOP as a therapeutic strategy may improve sleep quality. Impact: It is urgent to raise clinical attention that Chinese patients with chronic HF have poor sleep quality, which is not just due to the symptoms of HF itself. FOP is an important psychological factor influencing sleep quality in patients with chronic HF, which has not been explored in China. This study provides a new perspective on targeted interventions for poor sleep quality in chronic HF. Patient and public involvement: No patient or public involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to elucidate the characteristics of symptom network of childhood trauma (CT) and sleep disorder (SD) in Chinese adolescents, with the influence of depressive symptoms taken into account. Method: A total of 1301 adolescent students were included, and their CT, SD and depressive symptoms were measured using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), and The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Central symptoms and bridge symptoms were identified based on centrality indices and bridge centrality indices, respectively. Network stability was examined using the case-dropping procedure. Results: In CT and SD symptom network, emotional abuse and sleep quality symptoms had the highest centrality values, and two bridge symptoms, i.e., emotional abuse and sleep disturbance symptoms, were also identified. In symptom network for CT, SD, and depressive symptoms, sleeping difficulty symptoms, daily dysfunction symptoms, and emotional abuse appeared to be potential bridge symptoms. In symptom network of CT, SD, and depressive symptoms (excluding the symptom of sleeping difficulty), daily dysfunction symptoms, emotional abuse, and sleep disturbance symptoms appeared to be bridge symptoms. Conclusions: In this study, emotional abuse and poor sleep quality were found to be central symptoms in the CT-SD network structure among Chinese adolescent students, with daytime dysfunction as the bridge symptom in the CT-SD-depression network structure. Systemic multi-level interventions targeting the central symptoms and bridge symptoms may be effective in alleviating the co-occurrence of CT, SD and depression in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on interviews with 10 men all of whom became paraplegic through trauma in adult life. These interviewees and the interviewer are all Hong Kong Chinese. The interviews concentrated on the respondents' sexual adjustment and help they may or may not have received from professionals involved in their treatment and rehabilitation. The author examines the application of the individual and social models of handicap in the specific area of sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have previously demonstrated that anxious attachment shapes the association between childhood traumatic experiences and somatic pain; however, it remains unclear how this relationship is influenced by anxious attachment in patients with depression. This study investigated how anxious attachment influences the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and pain symptoms in depressed patients from a social psychological perspective. A total of 139 adult patients with depression participated in this study; the level of depression was assessed by a psychiatric professional. Childhood trauma, pain symptoms, and attachment dimensions were tested by various questionnaires. The moderating role of anxious attachment in the trauma‐pain association was examined using the PROCESS Model 1. Our findings showed that in depressed patients, childhood maltreatment had a significant positive impact on the severity of pain ratings. Moreover, anxious attachment influenced the relationship between childhood trauma and pain symptoms. Our study indicated that anxious attachment is not necessarily a negative outcome for depressed patients; moderate levels of anxious attachment alleviate childhood trauma‐related pain symptoms in individuals with highly traumatic experiences. Understanding the traumatic experiences and attachment styles of depressed patients with pain complaints can help to develop intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychological birth trauma is widespread in postpartum women, and its harms are serious to mothers’ health. Existing tools rely on posttraumatic stress disorder to evaluate, which cannot effectively evaluate its connotation. The aim of this study was to develop a new instrument for use to comprehensively assess the psychological birth trauma level of women after birth and test the scale’s psychometric properties. Methods: The scale was developed and evaluated through item generation, expert consultation, pre-survey, and psychometric evaluation. A literature review, focus group, and individual deep semi-structured interviews were utilized to identify the scale items. The expert consultation evaluated the content validity. Psychometric testing was conducted in a convenience sample of 712 mothers within the first 72 h postpartum who were recruited from three hospitals in China. Results: The total Cronbach alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.874. Exploratory factor analysis supported that the final scale consisted of four dimensions and fifteen items. The explanatory variance of the four factors was 66.724%. The four dimensions are named “being neglected,” “out of control,” “physiological emotional response,” and “cognitive behavioral response.” The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit indices were all at acceptable and good levels. Conclusion: The 15-item Birth Trauma Scale is a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the psychological trauma of mothers who experienced spontaneous childbirth. The scale is a maternal self-assessment scale that can help women understand their mental health. Healthcare providers can identify key populations and intervene with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the emotional injury and behavioral consequences that police officers in China experience after they have been violently attacked (e.g., when police are victims of violent crimes). The analysis was based on self-narration from police officers who were victimized (from here "police victims"). First, the study explored the emotional trauma caused by violent and nonviolent attacks on police victims. Second, this study explored the impact of this violence on the police community. Finally, the study assessed the impact of violent attacks on police enforcement capabilities. Research shows that police in China have become victims of violent attacks that may have caused emotional damage. However, the extent and consequences of this emotional damage are not clear and deserve further discussion. Therefore, this research attempts to contribute to an in-depth discussion of this topic. The research used a focus group format to interview police victims (n = 40). The interviews included questions about emotional damage, occupational hazards, ensuing self-doubt, long-term behaviors, returning to work, and self-protection. The results show that police victims have suffered severe emotional damage, which may affect their ability to continue in law enforcement. It is particularly noteworthy that some police officers received unequal treatment, which led to the breakdown of family and social relationships. Chinese police victims face severe emotional damage. They have suffered great mental pressure and bad social evaluation. A reasonable recovery plan is required to help police victims return to normal life. The recovery plan should aim to improve the lives of police victims, especially by helping them relieve stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The objective of this study is to explore and compare the strength of associations between work‐related potential traumatic events and burnout among operating room nurses based on three different approaches. Design: The study followed a multisite cross‐sectional design. Methods: A stratified sampling method was conducted. Cities in the Shandong Province were divided into four groups, and two tertiary hospitals were randomly selected from all tertiary hospitals in cities of each group. A total of 361 eligible operating room nurses provided valid questionnaires between June and November 2019. Work‐related potential traumatic events questionnaire and the Chinese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory were conducted. Associations between individual, cumulative potential traumatic events, as well as latent class analysis‐derived patterns of potential traumatic experiences with burnout were examined using logistic regression analysis. Results: Specific traumatic events (e.g., patients' sudden death, bullying and ostracism from colleagues) were independently associated with an increased risk of burnout. Work‐related potential traumatic events had a cumulative effect on burnout, whereby operating room nurses exposed to cumulative potential traumatic events carried a higher risk for burnout than others. The "multiple work‐related potential traumatic events" pattern derived by latent class analysis was related to an increased risk of high depersonalization. Conclusion: Operating room nurses who reported specific or multiple work‐related potential traumatic events were at high risk for burnout. It is of great significance to provide qualified and timely counselling or support. Impact: This study is the first to focus on work‐related potential traumatic events among operating room nurses and examine their relationship with burnout based on three perspectives. The findings could help identify those operating room nurses who are at high risk of burnout in clinical practice. Hospital managers should develop targeted interventions to prevent or mitigate the harmful impact of potential traumatic events on occupational health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social adversity events commonly occur in our daily lives. However, an individual's perception of social adversity experienced may be more important than actual events in impacting an individual's psychological functioning and reactions. In the current study, we examined how individuals' perception of social adversity events they experienced is associated with their traumatic stress symptoms as well as mood and anxiety symptoms using the Bayesian network model. The findings indicated that individuals with a perception of social adversity events as traumatic and frequent showed an increase in the probability of displaying a high level of posttraumatic stress symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the neglect of left-behind children (LBC) in China. Method: Participants: Children separated from one or both parents for at least 6 months. Intervention: Trauma of separation. Comparison: Non-left-behind children (NLBC). Outcomes: Neglect rates and severity. Only case–control studies were included. Results: Thirteen studies were included; there were 18,688 LBC in a large sample (N = 42,003) of children aged 0–18 years in China. The overall neglect rate was significantly higher in LBC compared to NLBC (odds ratio [ OR ] = 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.50, 1.67], p <.01) based on the Chinese Rural Child Neglected Evaluation Model (CRCNEM) and the Parents–Child Conflict Tactics Scales (OR = 1.44, 95% CI [1.35, 1.54], p <.01). The overall neglect severity in LBC was also significantly higher than NLBC (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI [0.28, 0.33], p <.01). The same trends were observed in sex subgroups. With regard to subtypes, LBC were significantly more likely to have emotional neglect (OR = 2.29, 95% CI [1.88, 2.78], p <.01), medical neglect (OR = 1.79, 95% CI [1.62, 1.98], p <.01), physical neglect (OR = 1.75, 95% CI [1.60, 1.91], p <.01), security neglect (OR = 1.52, 95% CI [1.32, 1.75], p <.01), educational neglect (OR = 1.50, 95% CI [1.31, 1.72], p <.01), and social neglect (OR = 1.33, 95% CI [1.18, 1.51], p <.01). Furthermore, LBC had significantly higher severity in medical neglect (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI [0.27, 0.35], p <.01), emotional neglect (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI [0.24, 0.32], p <.01), physical neglect (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI [0.18, 0.29], p <.01), security neglect (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI [0.23, 0.29], p <.01), educational neglect (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI [0.20, 0.31], p <.01), and social neglect (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI [0.10, 0.40], p <.01). Conclusion: The neglect rates and severity in LBC in China were both significantly higher than those in NLBC. There was a strong association between neglect and LBC. Public policy changes are urgently needed to improve the dire situation and the well-being of the LBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more studies have paid attention to how cyberbullying victimization leads to adolescents' suicide ideation. The present study explored a new explanation of worldviews or world assumptions through the lens of the shattered assumptions theory. We investigated the associations among cyberbullying victimization, belief in a just world, suicide ideation, self-esteem, and perceived social support. Results drawn from 3322 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 16.64 years, SD = 1.32) indicated a positive correlation between cyberbullying victimization and suicide ideation, which was mediated by belief in a just world. Moreover, self-esteem and perceived social support moderated the negative correlation between cyberbullying victimization and belief in a just world. The findings demonstrated that cyberbullying victimization, as a form of traumatic events, is likely to shatter an individual's world assumption (i.e., belief in just world), which may eventually result in suicide ideation. Surprisingly, for those participants with a higher self-esteem or stronger perceived social support, belief in a just world was more strongly affected by cyberbullying victimization. This paper elaborated on the implications of these findings concerning applications and developments of the shattered assumptions theory. • Cyberbullying victimization is positively associated with suicide ideation. • Belief in a just world mediated the link between cyberbullying victimization and suicide ideation. • Self-esteem and perceived social support moderated the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and belief in a just world. • We extended the shattered assumptions theory by demonstrating its application in both virtual world and reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been the subject of inquiry by scholars and governments, the latter being required by International Conventions and explicitly supported in National Plans in select jurisdictions to undertake this type of research. While establishing the prevalence of IPV has been a priority globally for some time now, there has been relatively little focus on estimating the prevalence of IPV in Mainland China until recently. This article presents the findings of a scoping review of literature examining the prevalence of IPV in China. The scoping process located only 14 peer-reviewed articles written in English and 12 in Chinese-language journals published between 1997 and 2016 meeting the inclusion criteria set for the review. The results of the scoping review indicate that in China, the lifetime prevalence of victimization of IPV reported in the general population is within a range of 17.4 to 24.5% for psychological violence, 2.5 to 5.5% for physical violence, and 0.3 to 1.7% for sexual violence using national survey data. The prevalence of IPV in China can also be estimated from research data sets focusing on specific population groups. However, the methodologies used in such studies vary considerably making comparison of results difficult. As well as providing insight into the prevalence of IPV in China, this article identifies the challenges in estimating prevalence and presents contextual factors particular to China. Directions for future research to develop a culturally specific definition of IPV and identify IPV in non-married couples are also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nanjing Massacre of 1937 is a historical tragedy that is hard to erase from the collective memory of Nanjing residents. Since 1982, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall and other monuments have been established as a Chinese response to the Japanese revision of their high school history textbooks, and these facilities have opened a mnemonic channel for the Nanjing people to link history to reality. In the Nanjing people's traumatic memory, the historical facts of the Nanjing Massacre of the contemporary nationalistic sentiments are entangled and symbiotic. Many survivors have profound factual memory of the massacre, yet they have shown tolerance and forgiveness to the victimizers. While their memory has transcended the primitive stage of retaliation, the traumatic memory of mankind should be transformed into invaluable resource of the human endeavor to pursue peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the depression of pregnant women in the aftermath of an earthquake, and to identify the social support that they obtained, their coping styles and socio-demographic factors associated with depression. Methods: A total of 128 pregnant women from three hospitals in the epicenter area were recruited immediately after the Ya’an earthquake. Their depression was investigated using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) with a cutoff score of 14; the social support that they obtained was measured using the Social Support Questionnaire; and their coping styles were assessed using the Coping Styles Questionnaire. Results: Immediately after the earthquake, the incidence rate of depression in pregnant women was 35.2%, higher than that of the general pregnant population (7%-14%). The EPDS scores were significantly correlated with gestation age at the time of the earthquake, objective support, subjective support, use of support, negative coping style, and positive coping style. The regression analysis indicated that risk factors of prenatal depression include the number of children, relatives wounded, subjective support, and coping styles. A further analysis of the interaction between social support and two types of coping styles with depression showed that there was interaction effect between subjective social support and positive coping styles in relation to EPDS scores. There was an inverse relationship between low EPDS scores and positive coping styles and high social support, and vice versa. Conclusion: The timing of the occurrence of the earthquake may not necessarily affect the progress of the illness and recovery from depression, and psychological intervention could be conducted in the immediate aftermath after the earthquake. The impact of coping styles on prenatal depression appeared to be linked with social support. Helping pregnant women to adopt positive coping styles with good social support after a recent major earthquake, which is a stressor, may reduce their chances of developing prenatal depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schools are often an entry point for offering psychosocial interventions to communities following disasters. However, teachers often lack skills to facilitate classroom activities that can address post-traumatic symptoms. Further, they are not trained in mental health and they themselves have been traumatised. A solution is to provide teachers with an intervention protocol to be used in the typical classroom. As an alternative to traditional counselling, holistic interventions can alleviate traumatic symptoms, while promoting personal wellness and community development. A method for offering both expressive arts and integrated body-mind-spirit approaches is offered with reference to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Trauma and adverse childhood events are found in the pre-immigration histories of a cohort of four Chinese Canadian pathological gamblers. The nature of their traumatic experiences, consisting of loss and abandonment, neglect and deprivation, physical and emotional abuse, socioeconomic and political oppression, is elucidated and described. The impact of pre-immigration trauma and its relationship to the development of pathological gambling post-immigration are discussed. Upon further corroboration of the existence of pre-immigration trauma among Chinese and Asian immigrants in future studies, training of counsellors to incorporate an in-depth pre-immigration history in the assessment and treatment protocol of immigrants manifesting pathological gambling is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looks at the trauma experienced by the Chinese people during the Taiping Rebellion and the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution. Collapse of the imperial state and the occurrence of civil wars and revolution during the period; Overview of the range of traumas induced by state violence; Interrelation between the study of traumatic events and memory.

Discusses the theme of traumatic memory in Chinese history. Impact of mass killings in China after the 1911 Revolution on social policy in the country; Role of cultural traits in aiding or inhibiting people from recovering from trauma; Efforts of scholars who had fled the country after international and civil wars to promote renaissance and reconstruction.