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Energy sectors of all the countries around the world are faced with a big challenge: the energy transition under the imperative of continuous reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. The energy transition and the sustainability constraints pose a significant challenge for engineers, researcher and scientists developing new and clean energy-efficient technologies. Energy production and transformations, along with its storage, distribution and consumption, are achieved by utilising new and clean energy technologies, with the goal of the continuous increase of energy efficiency, the growth of renewable energy sources utilisation, the uninterrupted switch from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources, and the continued reduction of CO2 emissions. This editorial paper addresses the latest progress and the findings in research and developments in the sustainable energy technologies, energy and environment systems from selected papers of the conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems held in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short paper gives some perspectives on the recent development in the concept of Smart Energy Systems while introducing the contents of selected papers from the 5th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems, 4th Generation District Heating, Electrification, Electrofuels and Energy Efficiency – SESAAU2019. All of the papers elaborate on or contribute to the theoretical scientific understanding on how to design and implement an energy efficient green transition with an emphasis on system integration and sector-coupling. Low-temperature 4th generation district heating and its possibilities of providing flexible demand is particularly emphasized in the papers presented. However, in order to reach 100% renewability in the energy system, further research is required particularly on the transformation of the transport and industrial sectors. Methods for accommodating increased levels of renewable energy sources, while maintaining proper load-balancing capability and security of supply, should also be further investigated – an area where smart energy systems play an important role. • Recent studies related to the development of Smart Energy Systems are presented. • Studies are divided in 6 categories, each contributing to the green transition. • The overall development is discussed, and perspectives on this research is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial distribution of biomass resources is not uniform. At present, the zoning of biomass energy development suitability is primarily based on resource potential, whereas energy demand is ignored as an important factor affecting the degree of local energy self-sufficiency. Under the constraints of high transportation costs, solar energy with low geographical constraints can be a supplementary energy source for biomass despite its instability. Based on the energy utilization potential of solar energy and biomass resources, this paper evaluates the energy surplus factor (ratio of renewable resource potential to energy demand) of each city in the study area, takes meeting the specific energy surplus factor as the construction prerequisites of biomass combined heat and power (CHP) plants, calculates the biomass resource utilization rate and energy surplus factor in the study area under different conditions, and provides zoning suggestions and data reference for the unified planning of biomass CHP plants. The minimum energy surplus factor that is suitable for the development of biomass energy is set as the construction threshold of biomass CHP plants (The construction threshold is the minimum condition for the construction of biomass CHP plants. Only areas where the energy surplus factor reaches the preset construction threshold are allowed to build biomass CHP plants). The results show that the construction threshold is negatively correlated with the utilization rate of biomass resources. When the construction threshold is less than 1.4, the utilization rate of biomass resources decreases rapidly with the increase of the construction threshold; when the construction threshold is greater than 1.4, the utilization rate of biomass resources decreases slowly and tends to be flat. It is suggested that biomass resources should be developed in different regions and in stages, and priority should be given to developing areas with an energy surplus factor greater than 1.4. Areas with an energy surplus factor of 0.3–1.4 are considered secondary development areas, and areas with an energy surplus factor of less than 0.3 are not recommended for development; these can meet 31% and 59% of the total energy demand and reduce 50319380 tons and 180524400 tons carbon emissions so that the limited construction cost can meet higher energy demand and biomass resource utilization. • Priority development areas are identified based on solar and biomass potential. • Energy surplus factor is calculated to determine the development suitability. • Strategies for zoning and phased planning of biomass resources are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shao, M. and Wu, Z., 2019. China's renewable marine energy based on big data. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 597–600. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The China is located in the eastern part of the Asian continent and the western part of the Pacific Ocean, which is rich in renewable marine energy with various forms and the common characteristics of sustainability.The problem of environmental pollution is aggravated by the consumption of fossil energy, so people pay more and more attention to the development and utilization of renewable energy.The exploitation and utilization of Marine renewable energy is the inherent requirement of realizing the scientific development concept of our country and the inevitable choice of building an environment-friendly and resource-saving society in the 21st century.At present, all countries attach great importance to the development of marine energy and have formulated sound standards for marine energy development.The development of Marine energy can effectively alleviate the energy crisis and promote the innovation of marine energy technology industry.This paper expounds the current situation of Marine energy standardization and analyzes the specific problems and countermeasures according to the big data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is one of the most popular topics in utilization of the electric energy resources. There are various types of alternative energy, which can be used as electrical energy. However, the suitableness of the green energy in a certain country is depending on some criteria such as geographical location, the availability of energy and so on. In order to establish the renewable energy, a well-planned strategy and management must be acquired. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the causal relation of some important criteria of project planning and development of a wind energy project in Malaysia. By using a system dynamic approach, it is found that government policies, investment of renewable energy, energy demand, geographical location and fund management are the most important criteria that need to be considered among others. The diagram of causal relationship with reinforcing and balancing loop shows that the application of renewable energy in Malaysia is promising. In addition, the information of the criteria relationship is further investigated by using the stock flow diagram. From the diagram, the factors that affect project's expenditure could be analysed. This is very important to a developing country where more budgets can be allocated for other facilities, cultures, infrastructure, science, and technology development. By utilise the renewable energy in Malaysia, the carbon dioxide emission can be reduced and contribution to a sustainable and long term alternative energy resources country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the projects aiming the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in Romania, taking into account both the convertible energy potential of this country, as well as the requirements for meeting European Union sustainable energy development targets by 2020. We analyze the current state of renewable energy production facilities in Romania, in correlation with the data collected from 89 energy projects financed through the Operational Sectoral Program Increase of Economic Competitiveness since 2007 until 2013, more than a half of them aiming the development of new RES energy facilities. We also analyze the data quantifying the efficiency of specific investments in renewable energy, in comparison with EU average statistical data and provide some concluding remarks about the difficulties faced by investors during project implementation, given the particularities of the country related with this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As world population continues to grow, fossil fuels keep decaying and global warming becomes a serious problem, hence meeting the demand of energy is becoming a challenge. After the Fukushima accident in March 2011, more and more people are against the operation of nuclear power plants in Taiwan. Taiwan government has also recognized the increasing need for energy independence, and has passed relevant acts and regulations to promote renewable energy. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of renewable energy development in Taiwan. Current conditions and future prospects of six types of renewable energy in Taiwan are discussed: wind energy, ocean energy, solar energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy and hydropower energy. The findings show that solar thermal energy, photovoltaics and wind energy are the most promising renewable energy sources in Taiwan because of Taiwan's geographical characteristics and technological advantages acquired in the related industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (IPB) are the largest South Asian countries in terms of land area, gross domestic product (GDP), and population. The growth in these countries is impacted by inadequate renewable energy policy and implementation over the years, resulting in slow progress towards human development and economic sustainability. These developing countries are blessed with huge potential for renewable energy resources; however, they still heavily rely on fossil fuels (93%). IPB is a major contributor to the total energy consumption of the world and its most energy-intensive building sector (India 47%, Pakistan 55% and Bangladesh 55%) displays inadequate energy performance. This paper comprehensively reviews the energy mix and consumption in IPB with special emphasis on current policies and its impact on economic and human development. The main performance indicators have been critically analyzed for the period 1970–2017. The strength of this paper is a broad overview on energy and development of energy integration in major South Asian countries. Furthermore, it presents a broad deepening on the main sector of energy consumption, i.e., the building sector. The paper also particularly analyzes the existing buildings energy efficiency codes and policies, with specific long-term recommendations to improve average energy consumption per person. The study also examines the technical and regulatory barriers and recommends specific measures to adapt renewable technologies, with special attention to policies affecting energy consumption. The analysis and results are general and can be applied to other developing countries of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the main issues of power market development for clean energy production within the broader framework of ensuring the country's energy security. In addition, special attention is paid to the technologies aimed at reducing emissions of toxic substances and greenhouse gases by the fossil-fired power plants. Even though the future electricity markets would most likely depend on the high shares of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electricity system, energy efficiency such as the one based on the near-zero emission technologies might also play a crucial role in the transition to the carbon-free energy future. In particular, there are the oxy-fuel combustion technologies that might help to reduce the proportion of unburned fuel and increase the efficiency of the power plant while reducing the emissions of flue gases. Our paper focuses on the role and the place of the near-zero emission technologies in the production of clean energy. We applied economic and mathematical models for assessing the prospects for applying oxy-fuel combustion technology in thermal power plants, taking into account the system of emission quotas and changes in the fuel cost. Our results demonstrate that at the current fuel prices, it is advisable to use economical combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT). At the same time, when quotas for greenhouse gas emissions are introduced and fuel costs increase by 1.3 times, it becomes economically feasible to use the oxy-fuel combustion technology which possesses significant economic advantages over CCGT with respect to the capture and storage of greenhouse gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The steady increase in energy demand for residential consumers requires an efficient energy management scheme. Utility organizations encourage household applicants to engage in residential energy management (REM) system. The utility's primary goal is to reduce system peak load demand while consumer intends to reduce electricity bills. The benefits of REM can be enhanced with renewable energy sources (RESs), backup battery storage system (BBSS), and optimal power-sharing strategies. This paper aims to reduce energy usages and monetary cost for smart grid communities with an efficient home energy management scheme (HEMS). Normally, the residential consumer deals with numerous smart home appliances that have various operating time priorities depending on consumer preferences. In this paper, a cost-efficient power-sharing technique is developed which works based on priorities of appliances' operating time. The home appliances are sorted on priority basis and the BBSS are charged and discharged based on the energy availability within the smart grid communities and real time energy pricing. The benefits of optimal power-sharing techniques with the RESs and BBSS are analyzed by taking three different scenarios which are simulated by C++ software package. Extensive case studies are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed energy management scheme. It is demonstrated that the proposed method can save energy and reduce electricity cost up to 35% and 45% compared to the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the state of development of renewable energy sources (RES) in Poland in accordance with the obligations of European Union energy policy. The EU Member States are obliged to adopt different support mechanisms for the development of renewable energy sources, and in consequence to achieve their Directive's targets. Poland, being a Member State of the EU since 2004, has accepted a target of a 15% share of energy generated from renewable energy sources in final energy consumption, including 19.3% from renewable electricity until 2020. Due to the difficulties with target achievement, the authors found it reasonable to analyze the challenge of RES development in Poland. The article presents energy policy in the EU, as well as the review of measures implemented for renewable energy development. The current state of and perspectives on using renewable energy sources in Poland and in the EU are also depicted. In the article, the authors analyze the relation between reference prices at dedicated RES auctions in Poland and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The paper also provides a description of the renewable energy sources' development in three areas: electricity, heat and transport biofuels. Its main content, though, refers to the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Classifications and strategies of NZEBs were reviewed. • Multi-criteria analysis supports NZEB designing. • Renewable energy supply options for NZEBs are summarized. • Cost-benefit analysis and life cycle assessment needed for criterion evaluation. Decarbonizing the building sector is extremely important to mitigating climate change as the sector contributes 40% of the overall energy consumption and 36% of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the world. Net-zero energy buildings are one of the promising decarbonization attempts due to their potential of decreasing the use of energy and increasing the total share of renewable energy. To achieve a net-zero energy building, it is necessary to decrease the energy demand by applying efficiency enhancement measures and using renewable energy sources. Net-zero energy buildings can be classified into four models (Net-Zero Site Energy buildings, Net-Zero Emissions buildings, Net-Zero Source Energy buildings, and Net-Zero Cost Energy buildings). A variety of technical, financial, and environmental factors should be considered during the decision-making process of net-zero energy building development, justifying the use of multi-criteria decision analysis methods for the design of net-zero energy buildings. This paper also discussed the contributions of renewable energy generation (hydropower, wind energy, solar, heat pumps, and bioenergy) to the development of net-zero energy buildings and reviewed its role in tackling the decarbonization challenge. Cost-benefit analysis and life cycle assessment of net-zero energy building designs and their challenges were reviewed to shape the priorities of future development. It is important to develop a universal decision instrument for optimum design and operation of net-zero energy buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in disruptive technologies along with the cost reduction of photovoltaics have been transforming business models in the electricity sector worldwide. The rise of prosumers has led to a more decentralized and open local green energy market through the emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading, where consumers and prosumers can buy or sell electricity through an online trading platform. P2P energy trading has the potential to make green energy more accessible at the local level, provide a customer choice that aligns with community values, and promote the use of renewable energy (RE) for local consumption. Although P2P energy trading has already been adopted in some countries, its implementation remains challenging in other countries, including Thailand. In this work, we investigated the drivers and challenges of implementing P2P energy trading in Thailand based on the perspectives of P2P energy trading pilot project developers participating in the regulatory sandbox program. A strategic framework was used to identify the respondents' standpoints on the political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) factors that can influence the implementation of P2P energy trading. This can help businesses, policymakers, and regulators better understand drivers and barriers of P2P energy trading, which is a potential local energy market. This paper also provides policy recommendations for regulatory changes for the future development of P2P energy trading, including opening a third-party access (TPA) regime, enabling a liberalized market in the electricity market, and integrating the role and responsibilities of the prosumer for P2P energy trading into existing law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The penetration of renewable energy is one of the main challenges for sustainable energy development. Local governments across the European Union commit to development and implementation of the Sustainable Energy (and Climate) Action Plan. This paper focuses on the case of Lithuania—a Central and Eastern European country. Almost one-third of Lithuanian municipalities have joined the Covenant of Mayors and prepared the plans that include SWOT analysis. However, there is a lack of information on how those plans contribute to climate change mitigation and sustainable energy development. This study identifies the links between key policy financial instruments, increasing energy efficiency. The Strategic Action Plans aimed at reducing GHG emissions and energy consumption in Lithuanian municipalities are analyzed. The challenges in promoting the renewable energy generation in Lithuanian rural regions are discussed. Moreover, the importance of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats identified is elicited at the local level. The study uses a combination of methods, such as expert surveys and SWOT analysis, that complements the tools used for regional energy climate planning and allows for overarching analysis. The expert survey shows that priority is given for renovation of buildings and modernization of energy infrastructure, making them more sustainable and more energy efficient. The results also show that, in the case of Lithuania (and possibly elsewhere in the post-Soviet countries), conditions and opportunities should be created beforehand to increase energy efficiency. Once this is achieved, the policies should focus on energy transition by switching to sustainable energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy crops constitute significant potential for meeting the future energy need worldwide. In addition, agricultural lands offer an alternative to the agriculture which is referred to as energy farming. The studies on energy crops in biofuel production show that they are quite an economical and environmentally beneficial way of sustainable energy production. Today most of the developed countries use staples such as corn, sugar beet, soybean, rapeseed, and wheat in order to obtain energy. Moreover, bioethanol is mostly produced from sugarcane and corn and biodiesel from oilseed plants. Therefore, these produced raw materials compete with food and feed production. Consequently, the use of those energy crops which are used as food products for biofuel production is an important issue which must be considered in terms of the current food safety. Some energy crops, such as miscanthus, switchgrass and sweet sorghum, that are called C4 crops, can grow with high biomass yield even in infertile land. Thus, these crops are used in energy farming – a new type of agriculture. Furthermore, C4-type crops possess the features of resistance to aridity, high photosynthetic yield and a high rate of CO2 capture when compared with C3 crops. In conclusion, C4 crops tend to produce more biomass than C3 crops. Therefore, these crops are investigated, focused on, and elaborated on in this paper. This study aims to present a comprehensive review on the production of biofuels from lignocellulosic agricultural products and promising energy crops. Thus, the energy crops to be used as raw materials for biofuels today and in the future are investigated. In addition, it is intended to highlight the energy crops used as staples by discussing them in detail for biofuel production. The energy crops which are promising in biofuel production, particularly non-staple miscanthus and sorghum, are presented in detail as they are non-food crops and have a high yield. Furthermore, the energy crops used as raw materials for bioenergy today and their potential are compared both worldwide and in Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The renewable energy policies in the European Union have already led to a significant progress; the energy mix should further change until 2020. Italy is planning to meet the 2020 targets on renewable energies also thanks to a relevant paradigm shift in renewable energy exploitation. Indeed, in 2005 the sector where RES were more present in Italy was electricity production with 203 PJ of renewable origin, while in the heating and cooling sector renewable energy penetration was limited to 80 PJ. On the contrary, in 2020 heating and cooling is expected to absorb the highest amount of renewable energy (438 PJ) with renewable electricity expected to count for 356 PJ. Bioenergy, a renewable energy resource particularly suitable for electricity, heating & cooling and in transport, will be at the core of this sectorial shift in renewable energy production and use and is expected to become the dominant form of RES before 2020. The paper makes a detailed analysis of the recent developments and expected evolution of the Italian energy mix in next decade. It provides an overview of the Italian bioenergy sector in comparison with other Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and with leading countries in the European Union with a special focus on the production, exploitation and potentials on the basis of the analysis of the Italian National Renewable Action Plan. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study explored the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth from new risk-based perspectives, including political risks, financial risks, economic risks and composite risks. The study uses a panel threshold model to empirically analyze panel data for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1997 to 2015. The results show when composite risks and political risks are used as threshold variables, there is a single threshold between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. When that threshold is exceeded, the positive effect of renewable energy on economic development increases. When economic risks and financial risks are used as threshold variables, there is a double threshold between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. When the first threshold value is exceeded, but not the second, renewable energy positively impacts economic development. However, when economic risk and financial risk do not lie between the two threshold values, there is an insignificant negative correlation between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. [Display omitted] • This paper explores the impact of country risks on renewable energy consumption and economic growth. • At different risk levels, the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic development is different. • When the composite risk and political risk crosses the threshold, the positive effect is significantly enhanced. • Effect is positive only if economic risks and financial risks crosses the first threshold but not crosses the second. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the design and performance of an energy hub to supply the demands of heating, cooling, electricity and freshwater for a coastal urban is considered. The modeling framework considers exergy and economic factors as well as greenhouse gas emissions. To optimally meet the demands of the energy hub, the consumed energy flows and their exchanges with the outside of the hub are determined. The optimization problem will be solved according to the environmental conditions, demands and design parameters of energy hub equipment. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the energy hub is considered in order to take into account the economic and emissions outlook, along with renewable energy sources. In this study, two levels of integrated system modeling are simulated as "design" and "environmental-design" to optimize the energy hub with high accuracy. The results showed that the microturbine capacity decreased during the hours of sun exposure and power generation by the solar panels. As the heat generated by the Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) system increases, the contribution of the adsorption chiller in cooling demand has increased. After performing optimization, the total annual costs in the urban area decreased by 30%, exergy efficiency increased by 28%, and carbon dioxide emissions decreased by 16%. • Improved strategy for simulation and exergetic optimization of energy hub development. • Energy hub considers heating, cooling, electricity and freshwater demands. • Economic and environmental factors by optimal Pareto frontier are analyzed. • Strategy illustrated on a real case study based on a coastal region. • Compared to the current state, TAC and emissions decrease by 30% and 16%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A framework for retrofitting existing houses to NZEBs is proposed. • The framework includes renewable system design, building envelope improvement and energy system retrofit. • The framework practicability and reliability were demonstrated in a real building retrofit. • Energy consumptions before and after retrofit were presented and compared. Nearly zero energy building is a promising solution for tackling the conflict between the reducing fossil fuel reserves and the ever-increasing energy demand. Initiatives and goals for nearly zero energy buildings have been announced in different countries, as well as a series of strategies and incentives for advocating renewable energy applications. Within this context, homeowners' energy awareness has been strengthened and more and more of them are willing to invest on energy efficiency improvement and renewable energy application. However, there is no clear method or procedure for common practitioners to follow in the practice of energy retrofit of existing buildings, more specifically existing houses. This paper fills this pressing research gap by developing a framework for retrofitting existing houses to nearly zero energy buildings. The developed framework is then implemented on a real house in Beijing to demonstrate its reliability and practicability. The innovations of this study lie in the full consideration of the actual conditions of existing houses as well as the practicability of the framework, and for the first time, the detailed energy performance measurements of a real-life house from its original inefficient condition to after being retrofitted to a nearly zero energy building are presented. The framework can be easily extended to applications of other renewables and serve as a guideline for the wide common practitioners in their real building renovation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing energy from renewable sources and modernizing the energy system are critical components of China's efforts to combat climate change. Policymakers and authorities have made significant attempts to bring them. However, one of the major impediments to China's energy revolution is financial limitations, which are inextricably linked to the country's economic growth. The present research paper intends to investigate the relationship between economic growth and sustainable financial development on the use of energy from renewable sources in both the short and long run in the context of China. To achieve this, the researchers have utilized the panel data consisting of 10 years from 2011 to 2020. When compared to cross-sectional and time-series data samples, the panel data model offers many benefits. For starters, the panel data includes information on the passage of time and the cross-sectional area. Another benefit of using panel-data models with a larger degree of freedom is that they provide more stable and reliable estimates across short periods across cross-sections. In the case of the short run, there is a positive relationship between economic and financial development and the use of energy from renewable sources in the context of all of China. While in the case of long-term effects, the results indicate the adverse impact of financial development on the use of energy from renewable sources in the western regions of China. These results were deduced using the causality test Granger proposed to determine the path of the causal relationship and the direction of the relationship between the variables. These results indicated that the relationship between economic and financial development in east China was unidirectional, and the nature of the underlying relationship was causal. Meanwhile, in east and west China, economic development in China as a whole has been unidirectionally increasing energy from renewable sources. Our empirical findings suggest many strategies for promoting the growth of energy from renewable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing depletion of natural resources, combined with a wider set of pressures on the environment, has, in recent years, highlighted the need for a more efficient use of energy and a development process that involves alternative energy sources. Energy efficiency has received much attention as a solution, implying both monetary and emissions savings. However, the latter may be partially offset by the income and demand effects of the former, both in more efficient sectors and in spreading to the wider economy. This is the problem of rebound effects. Taking Spain as a case study, and introducing an energy-related CGE model that develops the inclusion of renewables, this paper evaluates a combination of efficiency initiatives to deliver both reduced energy use by households and a more sustainable supply of energy. Our findings suggest that a package aimed at improving efficiency in household electricity and petroleum use, combined with a more competitive supply of energy from renewable sources, may be the only way to get reductions in all energy use, and thus benefit the economy. Specifically, we consider how this package may lead to positive economic impacts and associated rebound effects, where the latter are focused on a greener energy supply. • A package of improvements in electricity and petroleum household use are evaluated. • Rebounds are studied, distinguishing between renewable and non-renewable energies. • The success of renewables depends on competitive production and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy plays a crucial role in both climate change mitigation and adaptation in highly climate-vulnerable nations such as Nepal. This paper reviews various types of renewable energy technologies and their status, potential for adoption, relationship to climate change, and mitigative and adaptive roles in Nepal. Nepal has installed micro-hydro projects, solar power, improved cooking stoves, biogas technology, improved water mills, and wind energy to mitigate and adapt to climate change. There is a growing potential for renewable energy development in Nepal, such as hydropower, solar, wind energy, biogas, and improved cooking stoves. Roughly 70% of Nepal's energy consumption is generated from traditional energy sources while renewable energy accounts for approximately three percent. The gradual increase in the use of renewable energy has reduced greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced carbon sequestration. By adopting renewable energy technologies, Nepal has reduced emissions by 221,129 tCO 2 e from 2017 to 2018. Nepal's second Nationally Determined Contribution targets a 15% increase in national energy use from renewables with a reduction of 23% of CO 2 emissions by 2030 using biogas and improved cooking systems. Furthermore, a significant increase in the adoption of renewable energy has become a pivotal strategy in adaptation to climate change in social, health, and economic sectors resulting in time savings, alternative income sources, improved health and educational status, local job opportunities, and the promotion of social capital. The benefits of adapting to climate change and mitigating CO 2 emissions via renewable energy are significant at the local, national, and international levels. This study recommends that the government of Nepal focus work on energy policy reviews to address local energy demand and climate change issues by utilizing renewable energy resources at the local level, which has global implications. • Suitable, potential renewable energy technologies in Nepal. • The relationship between energy and climate change. • Relevant data on energy and climate change in tables and figures. • Social, economic, and environmental benefits of renewable energy. • Climate change adaptation and mitigation via renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Despite significant financial support from the UK government to stimulate adoption of microgeneration energy technologies, consumer uptake remains low. This paper analyses current understanding of motivations and barriers that affect microgeneration adoption with the aim of identifying opportunities for improving the uptake. The findings indicate that, although feed-in tariffs have increased the uptake, policies do not sufficiently address the most significant barrier – capital costs. ‘Environmental benefit’ appears to be a significant motivation to install, but there is doubt whether consumers are willing to pay extra for that. The issue is complicated by the fact that motivations and barriers differ between segments of the population, particularly with age. Younger age groups are more willing to consider installing but less frequently reach the point of installation, suggesting that other barriers such as costs prevent them from installing. Further investigation into these factors is required to understand how uptake may be increased. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since the beginning of the last century, energy affairs have always been taken into global consideration due to their effects on economies, policies, security and the environment. Fossil fuels have been the first recourse for global energy supply needs (80% of total energy consumption); nonetheless, owing to the production of greenhouse gases, they are gradually being replaced with renewable energy resources. In addition, renewable energy resources are perpetual, unlike fossil fuels, which may be exhausted in less than one century. From 2005 to 2010 (coinciding with Iran's fourth development program), renewable energy resources enjoyed a double-digit global growth rate as a result of environmentally friendly perception and a reduction in equipment price. Some policies and strategies were globally adopted to support renewable energy resources (Feed-In-Tariff, subsidies, etc.). Iran began utilizing renewable resources from the early 1990s and set targets and policies for renewable energy resource utilization in the fourth development program. However, Iran's trend has not aligned with global trends, and it appears that its enormous fossil fuel reserves overshadow the growth of renewable energy resources in the country. In this paper, the status, achievements and policies of Iran during the fourth development program will be discussed and compared with global trends. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Garden waste biomass is a potentially underutilized renewable biofuel feedstock, which is increasing dramatically with rapid urbanization worldwide. China has experienced fast-paced urbanization over the past three decades: the settlement area has increased at a rate of 6.1% annually, with greenspace increasing by 12.7% annually from 1996 to 2008. This paper provides a synthesis of literature and experimental data to trace the potential of garden waste biomass for green renewable energy production in China. Our results show that the total potential biofuel produced by garden waste biomass was estimated at 260 petajoules (PJ), accounting for 20.7% of China's urban residential electricity consumption, or 12.6% of China's transport gasoline demand in 2008. Thus the use of garden waste biomass for energy production will contribute to the construction of low-carbon cities. However, there are still many difficulties—the main challenges are how to quantify the available garden waste biomass accurately, and technical and financial issues with the exploitation of garden waste biomass for energy production. Finally, we provide several practical suggestions for the future development of garden waste biomass for energy production. The use of garden waste for energy production in urban areas could be a win–win approach for mitigating both the burden of disposed costs and the energy crisis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China is facing a number of challenges such as electricity supply shortages, excessive consumption of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. As a renewable energy, wind power plays a vital role in mitigating these issues. With its unique geographical location and rich resources, China has produced a wind power industry that has achieved rapid growth. However, the complex Chinese market environment presents significant challenges to the industry. This research has adopted a strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis approach to examine both the internal and external factors that affect the competitiveness of the wind power industry in China. An extensive and critical review of a wide range of literature (including academic papers, industry reports, statistical data, relevant regulations and policy documents) was conducted. As a result, 19 factors were identified. These factors form part of an integrated framework that provides a useful tool for both policy makers and industry to gain a better understanding of what affects the sustainable development of the wind power industry in China. The results also provide a useful reference for foreign firms that intend to explore the Chinese wind power market. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Biomass is a renewable energy resource; however, its exploitation raises concerns about its ability to sustain the growing demand and its negative impacts on the environment, particularly in developing countries. These concerns are more prominent on the African continent where high population growth rates is leading to high rates of deforestation due to expansion of agricultural land and increased demand for bioenergy. Use of traditional and inefficient bioenergy technologies and appliances also exacerbate the problem. This paper presents a review of the efforts and progress made by different organisations in promoting improved bioenergy technologies in Uganda. The study was based on an extensive review of available literature on improved bioenergy technologies introduced in the country. It was found that there is high level of wastage of biomass resources since an estimated 72.7% of the population use traditional cooking stoves with efficiency estimated to be less than 10%. Inefficient cooking stoves are also blamed for indoor air pollution and respiratory illness reported amongst its users. Modern bioenergy technologies such as biomass gasification, cogeneration, biogas generation, biomass densification, and energy-efficient cooking stoves have been introduced in the country but have certainly not been widely disseminated. The country should pursue policies that will accelerate proliferation of more efficient bioenergy technologies in order to reduce the negative environmental impacts of bioenergy utilisation and to ensure sustainability of biomass supplies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of the article is to develop technique for climate change mitigation policies assessment based on priorities of sustainable energy development. There is a close relationship between energy policies and tools aiming at sustainable energy development targets, i.e. promotion of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency measures and climate change mitigation tools. Therefore ranking of climate change mitigation tools based on their impact sustainable energy development targets is necessary seeking to ensure harmonization of policies and their synergy effect. The main tasks of the article are: (i) to define EU sustainable energy development targets, (ii) to analyze EU energy and climate change mitigation policies and their interactions, (iii) to propose a multi-criteria framework for climate change mitigation policies assessment and ranking, and (iv) to apply multi-criteria decision making methodology for climate change mitigation policies ranking in Lithuania. The main findings of paper are related with proposed technique for climate change mitigation policies assessment and application of this technique for ranking of climate change mitigation policies in Lithuania. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Gansu province is relatively less developed in economy, whereas abundant in Renewable Energy Sources (RES). It has been counting on heavy industry for a long time and highly dependent on fossil fuels, causing serious pollutions. Meanwhile, its own power demand is insufficient, thus its RES-generated electricity must be out-delivered. After the Renewable Energy Law (REL) took effect in 2006, RES development is booming in this area, bringing about a series of problems as well. This paper aims to present the current status, future potentials and challenges in Gansu by carrying out a detailed review of relevant studies, along with surveys on the wind and solar developers. Particularly, Gansu is a typical province in terms of RES development in Northwest China. It can be concluded that the RES development in this district is policy-driven to avoid risks in technology cost efficiency, grid co-development and so on. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The actual electric grid was developed to offer electricity to the clients from centralized generation, so with large-scale distributed renewable generation there is an urgent need for a more flexible, reliable and smarter grid. The wireless technologies are becoming an important asset in the smart grid, particularly the ZigBee devices. These smart devices are gaining increased acceptance, not only for building and home automation, but also for energy management, efficiency optimization and metering services, being able to operate for long periods of time without maintenance needs. In this context, this paper provides new comprehensive field tests using open source tools with ZigBee technologies for monitoring photovoltaic and wind energy systems, and also for building and home energy management. Our experimental results demonstrate the proficiency of ZigBee devices applied in distributed renewable generation and smart metering systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Aeolian archipelago is made up of seven main islands situated in the Tyrrhenian sea (Sicily Italy). They represent a suitable scenario for the development of a sustainable energy production system, that could easily be reproduced on other Mediterranean Islands. The fact that these islands depend on the mainland for energy supplies and the high cost of bringing fuel in tanker boats are factors that should strongly encourage the use of renewable energy source technologies. Taking into account the European Commission guidelines, this paper sets out to evaluate potential energy production using photovoltaic and small scale wind power, in order to verify their contribution to overall estimated energy requirements. The estimate of energy productivity was preceded by a study concerning the management measures in force in the Aeolian Islands in order to formulate technical hypotheses in accordance with natural and cultural values protection. The homogeneity of climatic conditions on the seven islands and the similarity of their economies allowed to focus the analysis on the island of Salina. In this way, a whole year''s productivity was calculated, with particular attention to the period June – September, when the arrival of tourists brings about a surge in energy consumption. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The interest in increasing the participation of renewable energy sources (RES) in energy production arises with increasing population and growing demands for energy production and consumption, as well as the fact of the limited fossil fuels reserves. RES in the energy balance of any country has their share of energy, socio-economic and environmental benefits. Investment in energy sector in the RES domain enables Vojvodina Province to reduce energy dependence on the fossil fuel market. From the total RES potential in Vojvodina Province that is 1293ktoe/year, around 1.7% is located in existing geothermal sources. There are 73 drills with a total capacity of 72.6MW from which 65 drills are tested positive. Currently, 15 wells are in production, with a total power of 17.7MW. There are 27 drills that have never been in production and which are perspective, with a total power of 42.8MW. The aim of this paper is to perform data analysis of direct geothermal energy utilization according to the water temperature and geothermal fluid flow. According to the results of the analysis recommendations for geothermal energy utilization are given within certain sectors: agriculture (aquaculture and greenhouses), heating of the facilities and pools, industrial applications and balneology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Korea relies on imported fossil fuels to meet its energy consumption demands. As such, there is a need to investigate alternative energy resources such as renewable energy. In this paper, assessments of the potential of various ocean renewable energy resources in the sea around Korea; potential sources of energy including wave energy, tidal energy, tidal current energy and ocean thermal energy. Tidal energy and tidal current energy are likely to play an important role in meeting the future energy needs of Korea, whereas the potentials of wave energy and ocean thermal energy for the same are relatively low. The level of technical development and the renewable energy market in Korea is currently in an early stage. The government will have to be more aggressive in the promotion of renewable energy to achieve sustainable development in Korea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The development of renewable energy technologies is a critical tool for reducing climate change and the reliance on fossil fuels. However, renewable energy technologies cannot be considered totally clean because they require energy consumption and have environmental impacts that cannot be neglected during their life cycle. In this paper, the life cycle assessment methodology was applied to assess resource use and other environmental burdens related to the entire life-cycle steps of a solar cooling plant. The investigated system works with an absorption chiller assisted by a solar plant. Two back-up configurations (hot back-up and cold back-up) were examined in two localities: Palermo (southern Italy) and Zurich (Switzerland). The benefits in terms of primary energy savings and greenhouse gases emission reduction were demonstrated by comparing the use of this innovative plant in substitution of a conventional one. Energy and CO2eq emission payback times and the energy return ratio of the system were calculated. For all the analysed configurations they ranged from 4 to 6years. A sensitivity analysis related to the calculation of the energy payback time was carried out to assess the influence of various system performance parameters on the payback index. The analysis stressed the following: [–] LCA of renewable energy technologies has to include a detailed analysis of the use phase to assess the benefits that arise from the energy produced by the system during its useful life and to obtain reliable and high-quality LCA results. [–] The use phase is responsible of about 70–90% of the energetic and environmental impacts of the plant life cycle. [–] The innovative plant has a lower environmental impact than the conventional plant. [–] The advantages of renewable energy technologies strongly depend on the climate of the installation site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the opening talk that briefly surveys the present (May 2011) situation in sustainable energy development. Recent estimates and forecasts of the oil, gas, coal resources and their reserve/production ratio, nuclear and renewable energy potential, and energy uses are surveyed. A brief discussion of the status, sustainability (economic, environmental and social impact), and prospects of fossil, nuclear and renewable energy use, and of power generation is presented. Comments about energy use in general, with more detailed focus on recently emerging game-changing developments of postponement of “peak oil”, nuclear power future following the disaster in Japan, and effects of the recent global economy downturn of global sustainability, are brought up. Ways to resolve the problem of the availability, cost, and sustainability of energy resources alongside the rapidly rising demand are discussed. The author’s view of the promising energy R&D areas, their potential, foreseen improvements and their time scale, and last year’s trends in U.S. government energy funding are presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For the last two decades, economic development in Reunion Island has led to major structural changes. The latter have been characterized by an increase in energy demand per person. This demand is mostly related to a high population growth (1.55% per year). Reunion currently has 833,000 inhabitants. The population will rise to 1 million in 2030. Like most ultraperipheral regions of the European Union, Reunion is heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels for its energy production. The total primary energy consumption amounted to 1352ktep in 2009 and 87.1% is imported energy. The development of various renewable energies such as solar energy, biomass, ocean energy, etc. is thus of priority concern to aim to achieve energetic independence. Just like other French overseas territories, Reunion policies have widely invested in Renewable Energy Sources (RES) since 2000. This paper aims at presenting the current status, the major achievements of policies and the future objectives in the deployment of renewable energy programmes. The perspective of a net zero energy island versus the pressure of the population is analysed. The barriers to penetration of RES in a small-scale territory are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This review paper presents an appraisal of renewable energy RE options in Egypt. An appraisal review of different REs is presented. The study shows that electric energy produced from REs in Egypt are very poor compared with other energy sources. The utilization of the renewable energies can also be a good opportunity to fight the desertification and dryness in Egypt which is about 60% of Egypt territory. The rapid growth of energy production and consumption is strongly affecting and being affected by the Egyptian economy in many aspects. It is evident that energy will continue to play an important role in the development of Egypt''s economy in coming years. The total installed electricity generating capacity had reached around 22025MW with a generating capacity reached 22605MW at the end of 2007. Hydropower and coal has no significant potential increase. During the period 1981/82–2004/05 electricity generation has increased by 500% from nearly 22TWh for the year 1981/1982 to 108.4TWh in the year 2004/2005 at an average annual growth rate of 6.9%. Consequently, oil and gas consumed by the electricity sector has jumped during the same period from around 3.7 MTOE to nearly 21 MTOE. The planned installed capacity for the year 2011/2012 is 28813MW and the required fuel (oil and gas) for the electricity sector is estimated to reach about 29 MTOE by the same year. The renewable energy strategy targets to supply 3% of the electricity production from renewable resources by the year 2010. Electrical Coverage Electrical energy has been provided for around 99.3% of Egypt''s population, representing a positive sign for the welfare of the Egyptian citizen due to electricity relation to all development components in all walks of life. The article discusses perspectives of wind energy in Egypt with projections to generate ∼ 3.5GWe by 2022, representing ∼9% of the total installed power at that time (40.2GW). Total renewables (hydro+wind+solar) are expected to provide ∼7.4GWe by 2022 representing ∼ 19% of the total installed power. Such a share would reduce dependence on depleting oil and gas resources, and hence improve country''s sustainable development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nowadays and in the coming years, increased attention is being given to the tidal current energy development all over the world. China is a country endowed with abundant tidal current energy resources. In this paper, the distribution of tidal current energy in China was presented. Policies and current status of usage and technology development of tidal current power generation in China were introduced. Meanwhile, special focus was given to the research programs being carried out and the achievements made. Finally, existing challenges were addressed and the future perspectives of tidal current energy development in China were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper aims to present a review on Malaysia''s national energy developments by looking at various angles in terms of renewable energy and energy efficiency. Energy demand and consumption by sectors are presented as well as the fuel mix in electricity generation. Key energy policies implemented from the incorporation of Malaysia''s national oil company, Petronas in 1974 until the National Green Technology Policy 2009 and a future policy will be addressed. The roles of key players as well as important agencies in energy development are briefly presented. Key programmes in energy development such as Malaysian Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement Project, Small Renewable Energy Power Programme and Building Energy Efficiency Programme are discussed as well as successful initiatives from the programmes. Malaysia''s international involvements towards reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon emissions especially Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol are highlighted. As a conclusion, Malaysia is aware of its role in formulating its national energy development policies, sensitive towards the country''s development towards the environment and utilization of energy resources as well as conscientious and responsive towards the call for sustainable development in promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

One aspect not for ignoring in renewable energy is the monitoring of renewable energy systems. We need this measurement to know their characteristics, and their evolution over time. We need to know when they are working properly and when they can produce energy. Thus, in this paper is developed a monitoring system for the renewable energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy security has recently gained importance for many commercial, industrial, and government facilities. Increasing the security of energy supply is essentially a strategy to reduce or hedge risks that derive from energy use, production and imports. The aim of this paper is to identify the main challenges concerning the security of energy supply in Turkey and to offer solutions. Rapid population growth and economic development in the country have resulted in rapid increases in energy demand in recent years. Turkey is currently heavily dependent on fossil fuels for energy consumption, with oil, natural gas, and coal being the predominant energy sources, accounting for a significant majority of the total energy consumption. Turkey has very limited domestic sources of oil and natural gas, thus it is almost entirely dependent on foreign sources. Due to continuously increase of energy consumption Turkey will be forced to import increasing amounts of fossil fuels. In spite of Turkey’s heavy dependence on fossil fuels for energy demand, the country has a large potential for development of renewable resources of every type. In addition, Turkey has considerable thorium reserves as future nuclear fuel source. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy is essential to the way we live. Whether it is in the form of oil, gasoline or electricity, a country''s prosperity and welfare depends on having access to reliable and secure supplies of energy at affordable prices. However, it is also one of the benefits taken for granted by many people, knowing little about the impact of electricity on their lives. Having dependent mainly on oil and gas for half a century, Malaysia has started to realize the importance to adopt renewable energy in the energy mix and continuously reviewed its energy policy to ensure sustainable energy supply and security. This paper examines and discusses the intricacy of the existing and new energy policies, issues and challenges in Malaysia. The overall approach in addressing the energy issues and challenges will continue to focus on adequacy, quality, security and sustainability of both non-renewable and renewable energy supply in the country''s development and the promotion and implementation of its energy efficiency programs. The recently launched National Green Technology Policy is also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina is an Autonomous Province in Serbia, containing about 27% of its total population according to the 2002 Census. Contribution of renewable energy sources in total energy consumption of Vojvodina contemporary amounts to less than 1%, apropos 280GWh/year. By combining of methods of introduction of new and renewable sources, systematic application of methods for increasing of energetic efficacy, as well as of introduction of the new technologies, percentage of contribution of the non-conventional energy sources in Vojvodina could be increased to as much as 20%. This paper presents the potential of development of bioethanol production in Vojvodina. Production of bioethanol on small farms can be successfully applied for processing of only 30kg of corn per day, with obtaining of crude ethanol in the so-called “brandy ladle” and use of lygnocellulosic agricultural wastes as an energy source. In a case of construction of a larger number of such plants, the only possible solution is seen in the principle of construction of the so-called “satellite plants”, which will on small farm produce crude ethanol, with obtaining and consumption of stillage for animal feeding, and consumption of agricultural wastes as energetic fuels. If stillage is to be used as feed in wet feeding, it is estimated that, because of restrictions established by the magnitude of animal farm, the upper limit of capacity of such enterprises that process is at some 10–15tons of corn per day, and production of 3000–3500hL of absolute ethanol per day. In such a case, for animal feeding necessary is to have herd with 1300–1700 of milking cows or 5000–25,000 heads of sheep and/or pigs. Technological model of separate grain processing ad bioethanol production from dextrose hydrolysates of starch is interesting for countries possessing plants for bioethanol production from molasses and plants for cereals processing into starch and dextrose hydrolysates of starch. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China has the abundant agro-residue resources, producing more than 630 million tons of agro-residues in 2006, and amounting to about 20% of total energy consumption in rural areas. Efficient utilization of enormous agro-residues resource is crucial for providing bioenergy, releasing risk of environmental pollution, and increasing farmers’ income. The paper presented the feasibility of densified solid biofuels technology for utilizing agro-residues in China. The output and distribution of agro-residues in recent 10 years, the R&D of briquetting technology, and the market of densified solid biofuels from agro-residues in China have been analyzed. The result indicated that the abundant agro-residue resources can provide the economical and sustainable raw material for densified solid biofuels development in China. The R&D of briquetting technology at present can strongly support the large scale production of densified solid biofuels. With continued improvement and cost reduction of briquetting technology, along with the support of nation energy policy on biomass energy, the market of densified solid biofuels from agro-residues in China will be more fully deployed. Based on the above mentioned key factors, development of densified solid biofuels from agro-residues in China will be promising and feasible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nepal, one of the least developed countries, is characterized by very low per capita energy consumption. Because of a lack of other commercial sources of energy, the country relies heavily on traditional fuel source, especially firewood. In order to solve the energy problem in rural areas, the country initiated production and distribution of several renewable energy technologies. Among several technologies, biogas has been proved to be viable and emerged as a promising technology. It has been one of the most successful models for the production of clean, environmental friendly, cost effective source of energy and has multiple benefits. In this paper we present the current state and discuss benefits of the biogas technology in Nepal. Improved health, increased crop productivity, saved time for women are some of the major benefits to the users. It provides economic benefit to the country through reduced deforestation and carbon trading. In addition, by reducing green house gas emission, the technology helps in mitigating global warming and climate change. Thus biogas is a renewable, sustainable and clean source of energy that provides multiple benefits; locally and globally. With some exception, cattle dung has been used primarily as an input and the technology is limited to households only. More systematic and comprehensive study supported by research and development is required to use other degradable waste such as municipal waste to produce biogas on a large scale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this article, we aim to identify the determinants that profoundly impact renewable energy sources development in Poland. To this end, the authors have conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses of Poland's renewable energy sector. In this paper, we demonstrate an original approach considering the different development levels of the given sector across provinces (voivodeships). It uses panel data from the Local Data Bank of the Statistics Poland on electricity production from renewable energy sources in individual voivodeships in Poland from 2005 through 2019. The study confronts the results of previous studies and sheds light on the situation in Poland—specifically, upon the changes that have happened over the ten years (2010–2019). The qualitative analysis shows a negative correlation between energy consumption and the share of renewable energy sources in total energy production. Evidence shows that favorable changes are underway in the energy production structure: RES share is growing and by degrees satisfying energy demand, and there is growing potential of energy entities in Poland. Furthermore, the analysis shows that R&D and total expenditures on environmental protection and water management investments do not significantly affect the development of RES. A dynamic panel data model has been used to analyze the group and time effects on the dependent variable. The findings confirm the existence of the persistency effect and indicate positive effects of total installed electric capacity (IEC) and household electricity consumption (HEC). Nonhousehold electricity consumption (NHEC) has a negative effect on the endogenous variable, i.e., the renewable energy sources share in the gross final energy consumption (RESS). The research results may be applicable as recommendations for energy efficiency policy development based on renewable energy sources depending on the RES development level in the regions of Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy plays a crucial role in the modern world. The acquisition and consumption of energy is unfortunately associated not only with economic development or the facilitation of everyday life, but also with a negative impact on the environment. To prevent these, measures are being taken which are part of a broad programme referred to as sustainable energy development (SED). A special place among energy consumers is occupied by households, as access to energy is a fundamental factor affecting the quality of life. The aim of this paper is to look at and assess the current situation of the household sector in the EU energy market in the context of SED and to point out similarities and differences between EU countries. The analysis considers factors based on SED indicators: final energy consumption per capita, energy prices offered to households, and the share of renewable energy in household energy consumption. The k-means method was used as a research tool. The results obtained indicate first of all that the EU countries are highly differentiated in terms of the analysed factors. It can be said that these differences result not only from the wealth of a given country, geographical location, or natural possibilities to use renewable energy sources, but mainly from the energy policies implemented in individual countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]