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Bárbara S. F. Müller, Janeo Eustáquio de Almeida Filho, Aurélio Mendes Aguiar, Alexandre Alves Missiaggia, Orzenil B. Silva-Junior, Dario Grattapaglia, Leandro G. Neves, Elizabete Keiko Takahashi, Bruno Marco de Lima, Carla Garcia, Matias Kirst, Salvador A. Gezan, BÁRBARA S. F. MULLER, UNB, ORZENIL BONFIM DA SILVA JUNIOR, Cenargen, LEANDRO G. NEVES, RAPID GENOMICS LLC, USA, DARIO GRATTAPAGLIA, Cenargen., JANEO E. DE ALMEIDA FILHO, UENF, BRUNO M. LIMA, FIBRIA S.A. TECHNOLOGY CENTER, CARLA C. GARCIA, INTERNATIONAL PAPER OF BRAZIL, ALEXANDRE MISSIAGGIA, FIBRIA S.A. TECHNOLOGY CENTER, AURELIO M. AGUIAR, FIBRIA S.A. TECHNOLOGY CENTER, ELIZABETE TAKAHASHI, CELULOSE NIPO-BRASILEIRA (CENIBRA) S.A., MATIAS KIRST, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, USA, and SALVADOR A. GEZAN, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, USA

Freddy Cliquet, Varun Warrier, Roberto Toro, Hyejung Won, Richard Delorme, Thomas Bourgeron, Anders D. Børglum, Janita Bralten, Claire S. Leblond, Geert Poelmans, Jakob Grove, Ward De Witte, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, David A. Hinds, Simon Baron-Cohen, Toro, Roberto [0000-0002-6671-858X], Cliquet, Freddy [0000-0002-9989-0685], Chakrabarti, Bhismadev [0000-0002-6649-7895], Børglum, Anders D. [0000-0001-8627-7219], Grove, Jakob [0000-0003-2284-5744], Hinds, David A. [0000-0002-4911-803X], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department [AP- HP Hôpital Robert Debré], AP-HP Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Radboud University [Nijmegen], University of Reading (UOR), The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus University [Aarhus], 23andMe Inc., V.W. was funded by St. John’s College, Cambridge, and the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust. This study was funded by grants to SBC from the Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, the Autism Research Trust, the Templeton World Charity Foundation, and to T.B. from the Institut Pasteur, the CNRS, the INSERM, The Fondamental Foundation, the APHP, the BioPsy Labex and the University Paris Diderot. The research was conducted in association with the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East of England at Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust. We also received support from the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. We acknowledge with gratitude the generous support of Drs Dennis and Mireille Gillings in strengthening the collaboration between S.B.-C. and T.B., and between Cambridge University and the Institut Pasteur. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. Data obtained from 23andMe was supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health (grant number R44HG006981). The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. GWAS data were generated by Sample Logistics and Genotyping Facilities at Wellcome Sanger Institute and LabCorp (Laboratory Corporation of America) using support from 23andMe. This publication is the work of the authors who will serve as guarantors for the content of this paper. The iPSYCH (The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research) team acknowledges funding from The Lundbeck Foundation (grant nos. R102-A9118 and R155-2014-1724), the Stanley Medical Research Institute, the European Research Council (project no.: 294838), the Novo Nordisk Foundation for supporting the Danish National Biobank resource, and grants from Aarhus and Copenhagen Universities and University Hospitals, including support to the iSEQ Center, the GenomeDK HPC facility, and the CIRRAU Center. The project leading to this application has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement no. 777394. The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA and AUTISM SPEAKS, Autistica, SFARI. We thank the iPSCH-Broad Autism Group and the EU-AIMS LEAP group for sharing data. A full list of the authors and affiliations in the iPSYCH-Broad autism group and the EU-AIMS LEAP group is provided in the Supplementary Information., The 23andMe Research Team : Michelle Agee, Babak Alipanahi, Adam Auton, Robert K. Bell, Katarzyna Bryc, Sarah L. Elson, Pierre Fontanillas, Nicholas A. Furlotte, Karen E. Huber, Aaron Kleinman, Nadia K. Litterman, Jennifer C. McCreight, Matthew H. McIntyre, Joanna L. Mountain, Carrie A.M. Northover, Steven J. Pitts, J. Fah Sathirapongsasuti, Olga V. Sazonova, Janie F. Shelton, Suyash Shringarpure, Chao Tian, Joyce Y. Tung, Vladimir Vacic & Catherine H. Wilson, European Project: 294838,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-ADG_20110310,EIMS(2012), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Radboud university [Nijmegen]