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The identification of the technical cooperation mode in the field of hydrogen energy is of great importance in guiding technological innovation. Based on the social network analysis (SNA) and spatial network method, this paper constructs the technical cooperation graph of China's industry-university-research (IUR) tripartites in the field of hydrogen technology. Based on the performed graphs, it shows the game and evolution of hydrogen technology innovation in three stages, respectively 2000–2010, 2011–2015 and 2016–2019. Meanwhile, this paper calculates the changes of network indicators and found that: (1) the network density showed a downward trend, from the initial 0.062 to 0.003. (2) The degree centrality of the network decreased from 14.7% to 5.7%. (3) The average path length and clustering coefficient indicate that the internal connections within the network were relatively close from 2000 to 2010, and had small-world characteristics. From 2016 to 2019, although the clustering coefficient increased, the average path length also increased significantly, indicating that the internal connections of the network did not become closer. From the network characteristics, the collaborative innovation network of China's hydrogen energy industry continues to expand in scale and scope, and the cooperation relationship is stable. However, it shows the characteristics of low network density and loose cooperation relationship, gradually developing into a scale-free network. Developed provinces and cities in North and East China occupy core positions in the industry-university-research network, while other regions are gradually expanding their cooperation efficiency; however, the overall cooperation frequency is relatively low in Northeast China, and most provinces and cities in South and Northwest China are in edge positions with poor collaboration capabilities. • Network analysis sheds light on China's hydrogen energy tech cooperation via patent. • Collaborative innovation in hydrogen technology evolves through three stages. • Tight internal connections with small-world properties seen in network (2000–2010). • Network's internal connections didn't become closer (2016–2019). • Network transforms from a stable and expanding structure into a scale-free network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the impact of various funding sources on Technology Transfer Entities (TTEs), including government support, private sector investments, grants, and European funds. It emphasizes the crucial role these financial mechanisms play in enabling TTEs to bridge the gap between academic research and commercial application. By analyzing the influence of government funding, the significance of licensing and patent revenues, and the benefits of private and European investments, the article demonstrates how these resources assist TTEs in achieving financial stability, fostering innovation commercialization, and navigating the market. It also highlights the importance of aligning TTEs' goals with broader societal and economic objectives. Through case studies, the research illustrates the essential need for a diverse funding strategy and effective management for TTEs to optimize their contribution to the technological innovation ecosystem, economic growth, and societal well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of the study: To evaluate in a statistical, temporal and comparative way, the competitiveness among states of the federation. Using as a metric, the volume of patents and public policies developed in the states. Being a reference for a practical and effective scenario, of solutions for a regional socio-economic development, with less discrepancies and a higher degree of solution. Having its base based on the innovation pillar of the competitiveness ranking among the states. Methodology: The study was conducted on a base of scientific journals and statistical patent reports via the National Institute of Industrial Property and the Orbit system, in addition to the technology transfer contracts registered in Brazil. Also used was the copy of the year 2021 of the competitiveness ranking among Brazilian states. Main Results: It was possible through the collected data the influence and importance measured through the innovation pillar for the competitiveness ranking among Brazilian states. The metric revealed the performance among the Brazilian federative units ranked there, identifying the possible correlation present between public policies for innovation, as well as the volume of production and patent protection. Three scales of observation were considered: 1) states in the best position in the ranking; 2) states in an intermediate position in the ranking, such as the state of Rio de Janeiro, currently seventeenth in the ranking; and 3) states in the worst positions, such as Acre and Roraima, currently twenty-sixth and seventh, respectively. Theoretical/methodological contributions: We sought to contribute with studies based on statistical analysis, as well as the collection of legislation that promotes public policies for innovation. And contributions that generate opportunities for deeper analysis to search for solutions not only parallel the concrete cases, but also to contribute to the Brazilian states, but that it is possible to gradually reduce their disparities among themselves, with regard to the search for the development of local innovation. Contributions of the association/management: It is hoped that this research will contribute to the study and exploitation of new opportunities, as well as proposals and possible solutions that can contribute to the improvement of a national innovation scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental deterioration is a substantial hazard to sustainable development. To add new dimensions to the discussion. This study aims to consider the impact of patents on environmental technology and environmental degradation in Iceland, along with other indicators, such as economic growth, primary energy consumption (PEC) and trade openness. This effect has not been comprehensively examined in the case of Iceland's economy. To this end, the study adopted novel econometric Fourier‐based estimators. The Fourier‐augmented Dickey–Fuller (F‐ADF) unit root tests, Fourier‐autoregressive distributive lag (F‐ARDL) cointegration test, F‐ARDL for long run estimation, and the Fourier‐Toda and Yamamoto (Fourier TY) causality test to determine the impact of explanatory and control indicators on production‐based CO2 emissions for the period 1995Q1 to 2019Q4. The findings revealed the impact of environmental technology and trade openness is negative and mitigates production‐based CO2 emissions and increases environmental sustainability in Iceland. In contrast, economic growth and PEC were found to have harmful and positive influences on production‐based CO2 emissions and increases environmental deterioration in the region. In addition, the Fourier TY causality test suggests unidirectional causality between these indicators in Iceland and the outcome further confirms that environmental technology and trade openness are vital for decreasing production‐based CO2 emissions in Iceland. Thus, the study findings benefit policymakers in adopting green innovation activities that increase sustainable energy resources and minimize the detrimental effects of a boost in economic activities in Iceland for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 40 years have passed since the enactment of the Patent and Trademark Amendment (Bayh-Dole) Act, which authorized institutions to patent inventions arising from federally funded research. Although some experts have heralded the Bayh-Dole Act as ushering in a new era of technological advances, others have been less sanguine about its impact. In recent years, the high price of prescription drugs and the patenting of COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccines developed with substantial federal government support have rekindled the debate over whether companies should receive more restricted rights to products originating with government funding. This article traces the history leading to the enactment of the Bayh-Dole Act and critically assesses its strengths and weaknesses as well as unresolved questions concerning its scope. Based on this analysis, the authors propose reforms to better align the Bayh-Dole Act with public values and health outcomes, including clarifying government use rights, making it easier to invoke march-in rights for failure to meet health and safety needs, increasing transparency in how patents are licensed, and testing different approaches to foster the development and application of inventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Latin American universities have innovated their patents and services and generated easy-to-market developments to produce revenue. However, the lack of an adequate system to effectively transfer technology and of a frame of reference that allows universities to propose a suitable sale value for their innovations and patents, prevents them from obtaining economic benefits by distributing their products and services to public and private companies. In this study, a technical method is proposed--in addition to an effective technology transfer system--to quantify the potential that universities have and guarantee that the innovations, services and developments produced by them are marketed effectively. To do this, the potential that the university possesses is quantified and the contributions from the personnel, the research groups, the laboratories, etc. are assessed in order to then weigh the best references and define which ones have the greatest potential to be marketed. Since the objective of public universities is to generate the greatest benefit to society through non-profit products and services, measuring the true impact of these benefits through indices that quantify the social mass they impact is proposed. For this research, the invention patent developed by Escuela Politécnica Nacional del Ecuador was analyzed and the sale value and the projection of revenues that the university received were calculated. This case serves as an example for other Latin American universities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the patenting activities of university science and engineering professors in Canada between 1920 and 1975. Unlike most studies on commercial activities in academia, which typically focus on the post-1980 period and on university practices, we focus on the pre-1980 period and on the individual decisions of professors to patent their inventions. Based on quantitative patent data, we show that patenting, and thus professors' interest in the possible commercial value of their scientific discoveries made in university laboratories, was relatively common on an individual and informal basis well before the 1980s and the advent of what is now called "academic capitalism". This contradicts the belief that before that period, universities were a kind of ivory towers in which professors isolated themselves from external influences and engaged only in pure and disinterested research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates whether patents assigned to different types of organizations—firms, universities, and government research agencies—vary with regards to their effect on subsequent technological change. We find the organization type to which a patent is assigned to have significant and robust effects on the number of times a patent is cited and its generality. More precisely, we find that university patents are cited more often than corporate patents and that both university and government patents are more general than corporate ones. Additionally, university and governments patents are more likely than corporate patents to be both highly cited and highly general. The finding that university patents have a particularly deep and wide impact on subsequent technological change suggests that policies that attempt to use universities as engines for advancing technological innovation may hold promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transfer of technology from health research institutions to businesses that develop new medical treatments has generated great benefits for public health at a global level. Mexico however, is lagging in innovation indicators. There are important cultural, regulatory, and financial barriers that limit innovation in Mexico. However recent years have seen the appearance of several useful initiatives that constitute progress in the right direction. This work provides a brief overview of the current situation of innovation in Mexico, describes the main barriers and gives recommendations that can promote health innovation in Mexico, which can contribute to improvements in public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines the trends in the formation of academic capitalism in Ukraine. There Also have been described the trends of development of business environment in the field of high technology in Ukraine and abroad, particularly in universities, as well as patterns of commercialization of results research activities in the context of strengthening the importance of knowledge. The obtained results will allow forming the principles for the formation of a new methodological paradigm for managing the technology transfer process, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of domestic science, economy, entrepreneurship and the market of high technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual property is briefly the knowledge of somebody owns that gained importance in today's business strategy. A patent is a license of exclusive rights granted by a state to the holder to an invention, design or process for a period of time. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in the field of cosmetics are often; patents, trademarks and trade secrets include formulations and production techniques. Research & Development (R&D), innovation, technology transfer, patent, establishing quality systems, branding and benchmarking are the important factors that must be considered for sustainability of the cosmetic sector. In the scope of sustainable economy and thus economic growth of a country R&D, Research & Technological Development (RTD) and innovation activities need to be encouraged and supported by effectively protected IPR systems. Negative effects of infringements of IPR to consumers, right owners, legal businesses and states can be listed basically as health risks arising from using unsafe products, decreasing the encouragement of innovation, loss of jobs and money. Especially determining the critical steps in the life cycle of products and checking their legality is efficient at fighting with counterfeiting and IPR crimes. Cooperation of competent authorities and right owners has great importance of detecting infringements of intellectual property rights and counterfeit products and conducting an effective legal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes 20 years of nanotechnology patents in Mexico, showing its historical evolution, proprietary institutions and private or public origin. Patents with at least one inventor based in Mexico were identified and it was determined if these were requested by the public sector, private sector or by particular individuals. The results show that nanotechnology research in Mexico started collectively in the early nineties; but innovation, measured by patents, took at least another decade to develop itself. The period of greatest growth of nanotechnology patents in Mexico coincides with the end of the first decade of the XXI century; besides, most are concentrated in universities and public research centers. Conclusions show that, if the analysis is complemented with other indicators, patents can be considered a rough indicator of intensity of innovation in a determined technological field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an environment where competition is increasingly fierce, it is essential to create an innovation system, that ranges from basic research to the transfer of developments for the companies and the whole society. To verify this process, the most of the works are using the record number of patents as a proxy, given the difficulty of measuring new products, services and process for the market. Based in incubators of technology-based enterprises, in this article this problem was overcome, by measuring their products, services and processes. Thus, we developed this work with the main objective to assess whether there is interaction between the resident enterprises in technological incubator of Maringá, external companies and university. The methodology includes a literature review on the subject, the development of variables related to incubator's characteristics, the application of a questionnaire to the companies linked to Technological Incubator of Maringá, in order to verify the new products, services and process related to research that hit the market. The results point indicates the need for facilitating the process of innovation and interaction with university and industry by developed innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation plays an important role in shaping the competitive advantage of enterprises. The purpose of innovation is to make a business stand out in a group so that it is noticed and appreciated by the customers. The aim of the research was to assess the transfer of technology, which can be defined as the co-operation between the scientific environment and the industry in the Kujawy-Pomorze region. The research findings were used to answer the fundamental question regarding the scope of cooperation between the industry and the scientific environment. Forty-three entrepreneurs from the Kujawy-Pomorze region took part in the survey. The questions referred to achieving innovation in the companies and their view on co-operation with universities. The entrepreneurs observed that the current lack of co-operation between the private sector and universities can be attributed to little or no initiative of the latter. The scarce number of innovative solution patents purchased from universities and R&D centres supports this claim. Most of the respondents maintain that the existing offer presented by the universities and R&D centres do not meet their requirements. What is more, 80% of those polled claimed that graduates are unprepared to undertake professional duties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1980s in the US and the 1990s in Europe, patenting and licensing activities by universities have massively increased. This is strongly encouraged by governments throughout the Western world. Many regard academic patenting as essential to achieve 'knowledge transfer' from academia to industry. This trend has far-reaching consequences for access to the fruits of academic research and so the question arises whether the current policies are indeed promoting innovation or whether they are instead a symptom of a pro-intellectual property (IP) culture which is blind to adverse effects. Addressing this question requires both empirical analysis (how real is the link between academic patenting and licensing and 'development' of academic research by industry?) and normative assessment (which justifications are given for the current policies and to what extent do they threaten important academic values?). After illustrating the major rise of academic patenting and licensing in the US and Europe and commenting on the increasing trend of 'upstream' patenting and the focus on exclusive as opposed to non-exclusive licences, this paper will discuss five negative effects of these trends. Subsequently, the question as to why policymakers seem to ignore these adverse effects will be addressed. Finally, a number of proposals for improving university policies will be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th is paper presents an overview of patenting activities carried out by Brazilian public universities. Th e analysis is based on data and information collected directly at the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), at the Technology Transfer Offi ce (TTO) at each university studied, as well as at the Lattes Database from the National Research Council (CNPq). Th e main results show a signifi cant increase in the number of patents fi led by Brazilian universities in the most recent period; a geographical concentration of academic patents in the South-eastern region, mainly in the São Paulo State; the leadership of FAPESP as the main coassignee; the diff erent licensing strategies adopted by universities and the high level of academic maturity of the inventors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa is predicted to be the region most affected by climate change and water is one of the sectors with anticipated severe impacts. Innovations in this sector are being promoted as part of the adaptation solutions to this problem. In this paper, we use available data on water-related climate change adaptation technological developments to examine the degree to which the vulnerability to climate change in the water sector is motivating these innovations. Using pooled data for African countries between 1990 and 2016, we estimate the relationship between climate-induced vulnerability in the water sector and water-related innovations, controlling for country size and proxies for technology transfer environment, institutional and regulatory quality, knowledge base, and research and development activity. Data on innovative activity shows evidence of over-dispersion; thus we use the negative binomial distribution with robust standard errors for estimation of our model. We find evidence that countries most exposed to water stress are innovating at lower rates. Though counterintuitive, this result is explained by the fact that such vulnerable countries also tend to have little research and development infrastructure needed to develop the kind of high quality innovations that usually necessitate patenting. Our result suggests that African countries experiencing water stress may need to reconsider priorities in the design of water-related adaptation to climate change. We also find that a country's knowledge base and openness to trade are important determinants of adaptation technologies in the water sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]