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2. Differentiated Instruction in Multigrade Preprimary Classrooms in Kenya. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0084-2212
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RTI International, Sitabkhan, Yasmin, Jukes, Matthew C. H., Dombrowski, Eileen, and Munialo, Indrah
- Abstract
There is little evidence of how differentiated instruction is being implemented, if at all, in low- and middle-income contexts, which often have unique challenges such as availability of resources and large class sizes. In this paper, we present the results of a qualitative study in eight multigrade preprimary classrooms in Kenya. We used classroom observations and teacher interviews to understand how teachers approached differentiation during language and mathematics lessons, including understanding why teachers were making the moves we observed. All teachers differentiated instruction to some extent in our findings, and we provide detailed descriptions of the ways that teachers adapted content to fit the needs of their students. We also provide recommendations, including how to support teachers in creating activities that are appropriate for different abilities of students in the same classrooms, and suggest next steps for research in this area.
- Published
- 2022
3. Maintaining Learning Continuity during School Closure: Community Health Volunteer Support for Marginalised Girls in Kenya. Paper 2 of the Learning Renewed Series
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Education Development Trust (United Kingdom), Amenya, Donvan, Fitzpatrick, Rachael, Page, Ella, Naylor, Ruth, Jones, Charlotte, and McAleavy, Tony
- Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been intensely disruptive to education all around the world. With children in many countries continuing to face prolonged absences from the classroom, innovative solutions are needed to maintain education continuity, especially for the most vulnerable students. Such crises require solutions that go beyond the resources of the 'traditional' education workforce, with local communities and inputs from other sectors playing a potentially important role in ensuring continuity of learning. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Education Development Trust has sought to be highly responsive to the changing needs of educators, system leaders and partners around the world. In doing so, Education Development Trust has developed an evidence base from which new thinking has been developed, called 'Learning Renewed', which reimagines what more effective, equitable and resilient education systems might look like, and how they might better withstand future shocks. This report, the second in the Learning Renewed series, explores the solutions adopted by a team in Kenya, where the roles of community health volunteers (CHVs) have been redesigned to support continuity of learning for the vulnerable girls, and identifies key lessons which may prove valuable both during and beyond the current crisis. To do so, Education Development Trust commissioned a research study to explore, in detail, CHV activities during school closure. Data was collected remotely through surveys, diaries written by CHVs and interviews with stakeholders. The research covered CHVs operating in both rural Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) and urban areas. The research highlighted both many positive outcomes for girls and significant challenges. [Foreword is written by Tony McAleavy. For "Learning Renewed: A Safe Way to Reopen Schools in the Global South. Paper 1 of the Learning Renewed Series," see ED614318.]
- Published
- 2021
4. Assessment as a Service Not a Place: Transitioning Assessment Centers to School-Based Identification Systems. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0064-2004
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RTI International, Hayes, Anne M., Elder, Brent C., and Bulat, Jennae
- Abstract
The World Health Organization and World Bank (2011) estimate that there are more than 1 billion people with disabilities in the world. To address this population's diverse needs, the United Nations drafted their Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2006. Article 24 (Education) of the CRPD requires ratifying countries to develop an inclusive education system to address the educational needs of students with disabilities alongside their peers without disabilities. Despite substantive improvements and movement toward inclusive education, many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) continue to struggle with accurately identifying and supporting students with disabilities, including knowing how to effectively screen, evaluate, and qualify students for additional services (Hayes, Dombrowski, Shefcyk, & Bulat, 2018a). These challenges stem from the lack of policies, practices, and qualified staff related to screening and identification. As a result, many students with less-apparent disabilities--such as children with learning disabilities--remain unidentified and do not receive the academic supports they need to succeed in school (Friend & Bursuck, 2012). This guide attempts to address the lack of appropriate, useful disability screening and identification systems and services as countries look to educate all students in inclusive settings. Specifically, this guide introduces viable options for screening and identification related to vision, hearing, and learning disabilities in inclusive classrooms in LMICs. It also provides guidance on how LMICs can transition from an assessment-center model toward a school-based identification model that better serves an inclusive education system.
- Published
- 2020
5. Equivalent Years of Schooling: A Metric to Communicate Learning Gains in Concrete Terms. Policy Research Working Paper 8752
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World Bank, Evans, David K., and Yuan, Fei
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In the past decade, hundreds of impact evaluation studies have measured the learning outcomes of education interventions in developing countries. The impact magnitudes are often reported in terms of "standard deviations," making them difficult to communicate to policy makers beyond education specialists. This paper proposes two approaches to demonstrate the effectiveness of learning interventions, one in "equivalent years of schooling" and another in the net present value of potential increased lifetime earnings. The results show that in a sample of low- and middle-income countries, one standard deviation gain in literacy skill is associated with between 4.7 and 6.8 additional years of schooling, depending on the estimation method. In other words, over the course of a business-as-usual school year, students learn between 0.15 and 0.21 standard deviation of literacy ability. Using that metric to translate the impact of interventions, a median structured pedagogy intervention increases learning by the equivalent of between 0.6 and 0.9 year of business-as-usual schooling. The results further show that even modest gains in standard deviations of learning--if sustained over time--may have sizeable impacts on individual earnings and poverty reduction, and that conversion into a non-education metric should help policy makers and non-specialists better understand the potential benefits of increased learning. [This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist, Africa Region and the World Development Report 2018 Team.]
- Published
- 2019
6. Resetting Targets: Examining Large Effect Sizes and Disappointing Benchmark Progress. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0060-1904
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RTI International, Stern, Jonathan M. B., and Piper, Benjamin
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This paper uses recent evidence from international early grade reading programs to provide guidance about how best to create appropriate targets and more effectively identify improved program outcomes. Recent results show that World Bank and US Agency for International Development-funded large-scale international education interventions in low- and middle-income countries tend to produce larger impacts than do interventions in the United States, as measured by effect sizes. However, these effect sizes rarely translate into large gains in mean oral reading fluency scores and are associated with only small increases in the proportion of students meeting country-level reading benchmarks. The limited impact of these low- and middle-income countries' reading programs on the proportion of students meeting reading benchmarks is in large part caused by right-skewed distributions of student reading scores. In other words, modest impacts on the proportion of students meeting benchmarks are caused by low mean scores and large proportions of nonreaders at baseline. It is essential to take these factors into consideration when setting program targets for reading fluency and comprehension. We recommend that program designers in lower-performing countries use baseline assessment data to develop benchmarks based on multiple performance categories that allow for more ambitious targets focused on reducing nonreaders and increasing beginning readers, with more modest targets aimed at improving oral reading fluency scores and increasing the percentage of proficient readers.
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- 2019
7. Early Mathematics Counts: Promising Instructional Strategies from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0055-1807
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RTI International, Sitabkhan, Yasmin, and Platas, Linda M.
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This paper examines common instructional strategies in early grade mathematics interventions through a review of studies in classrooms in low- and middle-income countries. Twenty-four studies met the criteria for inclusion, and analyses reveal four sets of instructional strategies for which there is evidence from multiple contexts. Of the 24 studies, 16 involved the use of multiple representations, 10 involved the use of developmental progressions, 6 included supporting student use of explanation and justification, and 5 included integration of informal mathematics. Based on the review, we provide conclusions and recommendations for future research and policy.
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- 2018
8. Effectiveness of Teachers' Guides in the Global South: Scripting, Learning Outcomes, and Classroom Utilization. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0053-1805
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RTI International, Piper, Benjamin, Sitabkhan, Yasmin, Mejía, Jessica, and Betts, Kellie
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This report presents the results of RTI International Education's study on teachers' guides across 13 countries and 19 projects. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we examine how teachers' guides across the projects differ and find substantial variation in the design and structure of the documents. We develop a scripting index so that the scripting levels of the guides can be compared across projects. The impact results of the programs that use teachers' guides show significant impacts on learning outcomes, associated with approximately an additional half year of learning, showing that structured teachers' guides contribute to improved learning outcomes. During observations, we find that teachers make a variety of changes in their classroom instruction from how the guides are written, showing that the utilization of structured teachers' guides do not create robotic teachers unable to use their own professional skills to teach children. Unfortunately, many changes that teachers make reduce the amount of group work and interactivity that was described in the guides, suggesting that programs should encourage teachers to more heavily utilize the instructional routines designed in the guide. The report includes a set of research-based guidelines that material developers can use to develop teachers' guides that will support effective instructional practices and help improve learning outcomes. The key takeaway from the report is that structured teachers' guides improve learning outcomes, but that overly scripted teachers' guides are somewhat less effective than simplified teachers' guides that give specific guidance to the teacher but are not written word for word for each lesson in the guide.
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- 2018
9. Disability and Inclusive Education: Stocktake of Education Sector Plans and GPE-Funded Grants. Working Paper #3
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Global Partnership for Education (GPE)
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This report was commissioned by the Global Partnership for Education's Secretariat to take stock of how disability and inclusive education are in included in education sector plans (ESPs) in 51 countries, including GPE-funded programs, such as education sector program implementation grants (ESPIGs), program documents (PADs), implementation progress reports (IPRs) Education Sector Analysis (ESA), if applicable, and other relevant GPE program documents. Moreover, a plethora of key international reports and monitoring reports was reviewed. This report documents progress and highlights the need to step up support to GPE partner countries on disability and inclusive education, to improve consideration of issues around disability and inclusion in education sector analysis and sector planning processes to better promote the achievement of GPE 2020 strategic goal 2, and to fulfill the transformative vision of Agenda 2030. This means ensuring that girls and boys with disabilities are not only able to access their right to a quality education in a nurturing environment, but also, through education, become empowered to participate fully in society, and enjoy full realization of their rights and capabilities. [This report was written with Louise Banham and Eleni Papakosta.]
- Published
- 2018
10. 'They Look Like Paper': Refugee Students Experiencing and Constructing 'the Social' at a Queensland High School
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Smith, Casey and Halbert, Kelsey
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Educational institutions in Australia face complex challenges in providing inclusive learning experiences for a growing number of North African refugee students. This paper explores the school experiences of five North African refugee students who volunteered to participate in semi-structured interviews in 2012. A qualitative intrinsic case study approach was employed to investigate participant experiences with their Australian peers. This included peer influence on defining social norms and the articulation of race, religion and social differences. Foucault's theories of discourse, the subject, disciplinary practices and normalisation, have been utilised as tools to drive the exploration of students' experiences. Participants encountered 'difference' in the Australian schooling context that affected their ability to connect to the social discourse and the disciplinary systems of school. Participants indicated that their knowledge of themselves, and others, had developed from a point of 'difference' and isolation, to ways of 'seeing' the characteristics of the 'Australian' student and the diversity within their 'white' peers and teachers. Exploring this discursive negotiation illuminates the taken-for-granted ways these students come to know the role of student, friend and school in facilitating membership and belonging.
- Published
- 2013
11. Impact Investing in Education: An Overview of the Current Landscape. ESP Working Paper Series. 2013 No. 59
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Open Society Foundations (OSF), Education Support Program (ESP)
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Despite the fact that access to education has dramatically increased over the past decade, 57 million children do not currently have access to education, and many of those who do receive limited, low-quality services. Recent estimates have shown that the stagnation of aid and inflation has meant that the funding gap needed to provide basic education for all children and adults has increased from $16 billion to $26 billion. In this context, impacting investing, which uses the tools of commercial capital deployment for social good, has emerged as a potential tool to support education access, equity, and quality. This study maps the emerging landscape of education impact investing, with a view to identify potential areas for intervention by investors. It describes the characteristics of impact investment, including sources of capital, investor profiles and preferences, and areas of investment. Its focus is on investments that broaden access to quality education, especially for the most vulnerable populations. This study, conducted by D. Capital Partners, is part of the Open Society Education Support Program's efforts to identify innovative financing mechanisms and approaches that can increase the availability and allocation of resources for education systems. [The working paper was written by D. Capital Partners.]
- Published
- 2013
12. Taking Workforce Initiatives to Scale: Workforce Initiatives Discussion Paper #2
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Academy for Educational Development
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The System-wide Collaborative Action for Livelihoods and Environment, or SCALE process, has become one of the Academy for Educational Development's (AED's) and the United States Agency for International Development's (USAID's) most utilized and replicated models, with applications in education, health, natural resources management, tourism, sustainable agriculture, and energy, among others. SCALE was originally designed through the GreenCOM project, which was funded by the USAID/Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade Bureau's Natural Resources Management Office and implemented by AED. This paper illustrates how the SCALE model can be modified for use in the context of international workforce initiatives.
- Published
- 2011
13. Beyond Fishing: KCDF's Approach to Capacity Development. Working Papers in Early Childhood Development, No. 32
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Bernard Van Leer Foundation (Netherlands) and Mwaura, Nora
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In "Beyond Fishing," the Kenya Community Development Foundation (KCDF) documents its experiences as a local capacity building and grantmaking organisation and describes how it supports community based projects in developing their organisational capacity. In recent decades, development organisations have been supporting capacity building mainly through training. In this they have often been influenced by the paradigm, "Give a man a fish and you feed him for today, but teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime." KCDF takes this paradigm a step further, moving "beyond fishing," and emphasising the importance of "helping the fisherman to gain access and increased control over all the resources to which he has a right." The first section of the Working Paper concentrates on the value of capacity building and grantmaking as a strategy for development in general. However, KCDF's work is also making a particularly meaningful contribution to meeting the goals of Early Childhood Development. In Section Two of the paper, KCDF explains its view on the value of a holistic development approach to improving the well-being of children. This is illustrated with a description of the work of KCDF with the Nyuat and El-barta projects, two of the Bernard van Leer Foundation's partner organisations in the Samburu district of Kenya. This description of KCDF's approach to development can be informative for readers working as programme staff, policy makers or academics, whose interests lie in finding ways to achieve local autonomy and participation. Funders and other development agencies will find that KCDF gives a useful description of the role that local grantmaking and endowment building can play in furthering community development; and of how a local community foundation can make a difference in this respect. Finally, the publication will appeal to a wide readership interested in concrete examples of integrated projects in support of the development of the young child. A glossary is included. (Contains 22 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2003
14. Public Disorder, Private Boons? Inter-Sectoral Dynamics Illustrated by the Kenyan Case. PROPHE Working Paper Series. WP No. 9
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Program for Research on Private Higher Education, Otieno, Wycliffe, and Levy, Daniel
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Within and beyond Africa, it is the public sector much more than the private sector that is the scene of strikes and other forms of disorder, conflict and difficulty. Yet the private sector can be much affected by the public problems. Effects may be simultaneously positive for the private sector and deleterious for the public sector. Although a few higher education works have considered the private sector impacts of general public sector disorder, our Kenyan case study goes much further in uncovering and detailing inter-sectoral dynamics. Compared to the (sparse) literature on higher education inter-sectoral dynamics, it extends consideration from Latin America to Africa, from elite to other private higher education, and from challenges facing public universities to ensuing challenges facing private universities. It also extends consideration of strikes to the faculty side. Faculty strikes have been less common than student strikes in higher education, but Africa stands out for experiencing both strike forms. We treat faculty strikes as a prominent case of the wider phenomenon of disorder, conflict, or difficulty. The ramifications of public disorder do not stop at one-shot impacts on private higher education. On the contrary, the Kenyan case reveals dynamic and multiple, sometimes sequential, public-private interactions. The public sector does not haplessly suffer and the private sector does not inevitably gain. Both face challenges as the other sector shifts strategies and as macro political and economic contexts change. The case of Kenyan faculty strikes tells us much about unfolding realities in African higher education and much about private-public dynamics more widely. Whether in regard to particular private gains or generally in regard to multiple public-private shifts, the case provides insights into significant conceptual and empirical questions about inter-sectoral impacts--whether in higher education or beyond. Public and Private University Enrolment, 1994, 2004 is appended. (Contains 2 tables and 23 notes.)
- Published
- 2007
15. International Quality Review and Distance Learning: Lessons from Five Countries. CHEA Occasional Paper
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Council for Higher Education Accreditation, Middlehurst, Robin, and Woodfield, Steve
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This is a report on the quality review of distance learning in a sample of five countries. The report was commissioned by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation's (CHEA's) International Commission in order to understand better the nature of existing regulatory arrangements in the context of growth in electronically supported learning and in the import and export of education world-wide. The data collected from readily available public sources were used to create country case studies for Jordan, Malaysia, Australia, Kenya and the UK, which were subsequently verified by in-country experts. From the data and information collected, a summary report was produced in two parts. Part One summarizes information and issues arising from relevant policy reports and academic literature. The sections of the report cover: context and terminology, approaches to quality review, agencies involved, review processes, and challenges and issues in the quality review of distance learning. The second part presents data from the case studies. After a brief section outlining the socio-economic context, educational system and policy context for each country, Part Two addresses the main themes of the project: the nature of distance learning in each country and the main providers, the nature of the regulatory and quality assurance systems as they apply generally and to distance learning in particular, and the relationship between trade in educational services (from an importing and exporting perspective) and arrangements for quality review. [This report was produced by CHEA (Council for Higher Education Accreditation) Institute for Research and Study of Accreditation and Quality Assurance. It was prepared for the International Commission of the Council for Higher Education Accreditation.]
- Published
- 2004
16. The El-Barta Child and Family Project--Community Based Early Child Care and Development Programme: An Integrated Approach. Working Papers in Early Childhood Development.
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Bernard Van Leer Foundation, The Hague (Netherlands)., Lanyasunya, Andrew Ropilo, and Lesolayia, Moses S.
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The advent of schooling, the cash economy, and new political systems have brought about many situations providing challenges to the Samburu and the Turkana nomadic pastoralists in northern Kenya. This report details the experiences of the staff of the El-barta project in working with communities within a situation of isolation, harsh climatic conditions, and few economic resources. Chapter 1 of the paper introduces the organization and describes the scope of their work in enabling groups and individuals to take responsibility for building the capacity of their communities in order to enhance young children's development. El-barta works closely with community organizations through its six departments--health, education, food security, communications, finance, and administration--and links its interventions to the communities through three main community groups: focus groups, function committees, and opinion leaders. Chapters 2 through 5 examine different aspects of the El-barta project, showing how they are tied together in an integrated program: (1) early childhood development program, building on positive traditional child-rearing practices and facilitating the development of community day care centers; (2) health interventions, including medical care, maternal-child health, nutrition, personal hygiene, and safe home environment; (3) food security interventions, including drought preparedness, improved food practices, and income generating activities; and (4) further education interventions, including out-of-school programming and adult literacy training. Chapter 6 details some of the obstacles to program implementation and identifies potential goals for further enhancing early childhood development. The report concludes by asserting that it is critical to have an integrated program when working in a harsh environment and imperative to keep as many good traditional practices as possible for a society in transition from traditional to modern ways of life. (KB)
- Published
- 2001
17. Learning To Compete: Education, Training & Enterprise in Ghana, Kenya & South Africa. Education Research Paper.
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Department for International Development, London (England)., Afenyadu, Dela, King, Kenneth, McGrath, Simon, Oketch, Henry, Rogerson, Christian, and Visser, Kobus
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A multinational, multidisciplinary team examined the impact of globalization on education, training, and small and medium sized enterprise development in Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa. The study focused on the following issues: developing a learner-led competitiveness approach; building learning enterprises; education for microenterprises and macroeconomic growth; and training for self-employment and competitiveness. The study documented the importance of learning-led competitiveness and identified obstacles to development of learning enterprises in all three countries. The following are among the 12 recommendations offered to national governments and international agencies with development concerns: (1) insert learning-led competitiveness into development debates; (2) understand the implications of globalization better; (3) address the range of barriers to development of learning enterprises; (4) consider interenterprise linkages and the role of learning therein; (5) place learning-led competitiveness at the heart of small enterprise development policy; (6) broaden the universal primary education vision; (7) construct a curriculum for competitiveness; (8) improve public training's ability to support competitive self-employment; (9) empower training providers to be more market responsive; and (10) emphasize skills transfer from large to small firms. (The bibliography lists 139 references. Brief profiles and addresses of the research team members and a list of project papers are appended.) (MN)
- Published
- 2001
18. Helping Children Outgrow War. SD Technical Paper.
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Agency for International Development (IDCA), Washington, DC. Bureau for Africa., Miller, Vachel W., and Affolter, Friedrich W.
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Helping children outgrow war is an overarching goal of educational reconstruction in post-conflict settings, but responses must be highly adaptive and informed by insights gained from interventions elsewhere. This guidebook offers seven examples of successful interventions in post-conflict settings internationally, situating them within a framework that emphasizes the ecology of children's well-being and learning. To facilitate navigation of the guidebook, cases are organized according to post-conflict phases, including emergency, recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. These phases indicate the stability of government and the health of civil society, important parameters for guiding programmatic choices. The cases illustrate many of the key dimensions of a comprehensive approach to helping children overcome violence and rebuild their lives. Following each case study is a discussion of critical theoretical issues and a set of questions regarding practical considerations for project design. While not intended to serve as a training manual per se, the guidebook contains elements that can be extracted for use in training workshops or policy discussions. Following the Teacher Emergency Packages (kits which enable teachers to begin instructional activities in a war-ravaged context), cases are as follows: (1) Child Soldiers (exploitation of child fighters in Africa); (2) Butterfly Garden (Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, has a garden dedicated to creative play for war-affected children); (3) Children's Participation (illustrates challenges of children's participation in a conflict setting in Sri Lanka); (4) Peace Education (insights from a project in a Kenyan refugee camp); (5) Project DiaCom (in Bosnia, the project allows Serb and Bosniak teachers to enter into a dialogue process); (6) Community Leadership (builds capacity for community in internally displaced people in Azerbaijan); and (7) Human Rights Training (in Peru, a human rights organization conducts workshops that bring together diverse participants to learn about their rights and share experiences). (BT)
- Published
- 2002
19. The Effectiveness of Teacher Resource Centre Strategy. Education Research Paper. Full Report.
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Department for International Development, London (England)., Fairhurst, Genevieve, Gibbs, William, Jain, Pankaj, Khatete, David, Knamiller, Gary, Welford, Geoff, and Wiegand, Patrick
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During 1997-98, a research team from the University of Leeds investigated the effectiveness of teacher resource centers (TRCs) as a strategy for teacher development in developing nations. The study included a literature review and fieldwork in four countries (India, Kenya, Nepal, and Zambia). The study examined the extent to which TRCs helped improve the environment for learning in schools and the quality of teaching and learning in classrooms. It also examined issues surrounding TRCs and how TRCs were affected by those issues. Data collection involved literature reviews and observations and interviews at TRCs and in schools in the four countries. Results indicated that it was very difficult for TRCs to achieve their goal of improving teachers' classroom performance and thus positively impacting teaching and learning, because they were detached from work at schools. Overall, the TRCs and their inservice courses were used very little in all four countries and made little significant contribution to improved teaching and learning in schools. Teachers had to leave their classes to go to TRC activities, so the TRCs actually contributed to teacher absenteeism. Sustainability depended on outside resources, particularly international donors. (Contains 227 references.) (SM)
- Published
- 1999
20. Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education 1994 Conference Papers. Annual Conference (10th, Arlington, Virginia, March 24-26, 1994).
- Author
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Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education. and Steele, Roger E.
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Selected papers are as follows: "Member Perceptions of the Association for International Agricultural & Extension Education" (Eaton et al.); "Historical Review of U.S. Involvement in International Agricultural Education between World War II and Enactment of Title XII" (Thuemmel, Meaders); "Educational Needs of International Graduate Students as Perceived by Graduate Faculty" (Miller, Ng); "Rethinking the Landscape" (Beilin); "Personal Networks and Agricultural Extension" (Armonia); "Extension Staff Development Program" (Trail, Malindi); "Learning Styles of Extension Personnel and the Implications for Designing Inservice Computer Training Programs" (Park, Gamon); "Agricultural Education and Global Sustainability" (Vahoviak, Etling); "Importance of Extension Education in the Post Harvest Activities of Soybean in Nigeria" (Osho); "Perceptions Regarding Agricultural Extension Education in Swaziland" (Dube, Martin); "Philosophy, Mission, and Focus of Agricultural Extension in Africa, Asia, and Latin America" (Mohamed et al.); "Educational Needs for Enhancing Non-Farm Activities and Entrepreneurship" (Singh, Comer); "Assessment of the Use of Contact Farmers in Training and Visit Extension System in Nigeria" (Omotayo, Arokoyo); "Village Extension Workers (VEWs), Agricultural Extension Officers, and Contact Farmers Perceptions of VEW Visits under the Training and Visit (T&V) System" (Radhakrishna, Yoder); "Expert Identification of Inservice Training Needs of Field Agents Working in T&V Systems of Extension" (Alawy, Safrit); "Creating a Stronger Model for International Youth Exchange" (Etling); "Perceptions Held by Secondary School Agricultural Educators in Iowa Regarding Adding a Global Perspective to the Agriculture Curriculum" (Perez-Morales, Miller); "Development of Vocational Agriculture in Swaziland" (Mndebele, Crunkilton); "Extension Serving Women Farmers" (Morrone); "Nonformal Education for Empowerment" (Nti, Etling); "Factors Influencing Rural Women Cassava Processors' Intended Participation in an Agricultural Extension Education Program" (Ojomo, McCaslin); "Cooperative Efforts for Agricultural Extension and Rural Development" (Brewer, Meaders); "Need for U.S. and International Collaborative Rural Leadership Education for the 21st Century" (Dhanakumar et al.); "University's Role in Agricultural Development" (Cristovao, Koehnen); "Educational Needs of International Graduate Students of Extension Education" (Mohamed et al.); "Review and Synthesis of Extension Problems in Africa and Asia" (Ukaga et al.); "Development of Rural Youths through Farmers' Training and Education" (Auta, Akpoko); and "Mobilizing Rural Youths for a Career in Farming" (Arokoyo, Omotayo). (YLB)
- Published
- 1994
21. Edinburgh Working Papers in Applied Linguistics, Number 2.
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Edinburgh Univ. (Scotland). and Lynch, Tony
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A yearly cross-section of current work in Edinburgh University's Department of Applied Linguistics is offered with the aim of eliciting reactions and criticism. Papers in this compilation are: "Discursive Aspects of Metafiction: A Neo-Oral Aura?"; "The Reaction of Learners to Tape-Based Listening Comprehension Materials in French, Spanish and Italian 'Community Classes'"; "Interlanguage Lexis: An Investigation of Verb Choice"; "An Investigation of a Timetabled Self-Access Session in a General English Programme"; "Is It Or Is It Not Interlanguage? A Head-On Confrontation with Non-Native English"; "Conditionals and the Expression of Regret and Relief: Towards a Fragment for a Communicative Grammar"; "Arguments For and Against Free Variation"; "Bibliographic Presentation";"Crosslinguistic Influence in a Bilingual Classroom: the Example of Maltese and English"; "Assessing the Readability of Medical Journal Articles: An Analysis of Teacher Judgments"; and "Literary Discourse and Irony: Secret Communion and the Pact of Reciprocity." (JL)
- Published
- 1991
22. Coordination of Information Systems and Services in Namibia. Papers of the Seminar (Windhoek, Namibia, February 25-March 5, 1993).
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German Foundation for International Development, Bonn (West Germany), Education, Science and Documentation Div., Namibia Univ., Windhoek., Ministry of Education and Culture, Windhoek (Namibia)., and Totemeyer, A.-J
- Abstract
This document contains the following papers presented at a seminar in which information workers from Namibia and neighboring countries elaborated on future information services in Namibia: "Welcome" (A. de Klerk); "Right to Information and Citizenship" (N. Angula); "Namibia: Information Policy Issues and the State of Information Services" (A. Totemeyer); "University of Namibia: A Key Player in Generating Scientific Information and Training of Information Specialists" (P. Katjavivi); "Role of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in Serving the Information Needs of the Broader Community" (H. Hamutenya); "Coordination of Information Systems and Services in Botswana" (A. Thapisa); "Coordination of Information Systems and Services in Zambia" (H. Mwacalimba); "Archives' Contribution to the Coordination of Information Systems and Services in Kenya" (M. Musembi); "Arrangements for the Coordination of Information Systems and Services in Malawi" (R. Mabomba); "Zimbabwe: An Overview on the Coordination of Information Services" (D. Pakkiri); "Library Services of the Ministry of Education and Culture" (A. Marais); "Role of the Namibian National Archives and Coordination with Private Archives in Namibia" (B. Lau, W. Hillebrecht); "University Library: Problems, Prospects and Coordination with Other Training Institution Libraries" (K. Avafia); "Bibliographic Control in Namibia" (J. Loubser); "History and Establishment of the Namibian Information Workers Association" (M. Viljoen); "Role of the Namibian Information Workers Association and Cooperation with Other Local and International Organizations" (V. Jacobs); "From a Public Library Service to a Community Library Service and Coordination with NGO Community Projects" (E. de Kock); "Special Libraries of Government and Prospects for Cooperation with Libraries from Para-Statal and Private Information Centres" (R. Morgenstern); "School Library Services in Namibia" (T. Klynsmith); "Development of a Teachers' Resource Centre Network in Namibia and Coordination with School Libraries" (R. Douglas); "Training of Library and Information Personnel at the University of Namibia" (V. Jacobs); "Training of Resource Teachers/School Librarians at Teacher Training Colleges in Namibia" (G. Reimers); "Findings and Recommendations of the University of Namibia, Department of Information Studies" (A. Totemeyer);"Role of the Office of the Prime Minister via its Directorate of Data Systems and Services" (N. Hamutenya); "Policy Statement and Recommendations by Participants"; and "Closing Speech" (V. Ankama). (SLD)
- Published
- 1993
23. Education and Training for the Informal Sector, Volume 2: Country Case Studies. Occasional Papers on Education, Serial No. 11.
- Author
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Overseas Development Administration, London (England). and Leach, Fiona
- Abstract
This publication is a companion volume to a research report that examined local, national, and international interventions and initiatives aimed at promoting education and training for the informal sector. It provides four case studies on types of initiatives being taken by a wide range of actors in the area of education and training. "Ghana" (Osei Boeh-Ocansey) addresses how the government realizes that employment opportunities in the formal sector of the economy will continue to be limited; therefore, educational reforms are now emphasizing the acquisition of skills that promote self-employment and entrepreneurship. "Kenya" (Henry Oketch) reviews strategies that individuals, the government, and nonprofit organizations are using to improve skills in the informal sector. It identifies nine different types of agencies or processes providing skills for self-employment. "India" (Keith D'Souza, Liza Thomas) focuses on the activities of four nongovernmental organizations working in the field of nonformal education in the state of Gujarat. Their emphasis is on capacity building rather than on employment generation or job skill development. "Chile" (Graciela Messina) compares two training programs for unemployed youth to develop a series of reflections on the role that training for the informal sector ought to play. It concludes that the government is more concerned with employment policies than with training policies. (YLB)
- Published
- 1995
24. The Effect of Changes in Interest Rate Regulation on the Financial Performance of Banks in Kenya
- Author
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Ngaruiya, Jane, Obi, Pat, Mathuva, David, van der Aalst, Wil, Series Editor, Ram, Sudha, Series Editor, Rosemann, Michael, Series Editor, Szyperski, Clemens, Series Editor, Guizzardi, Giancarlo, Series Editor, van Hillegersberg, Jos, editor, Osterrieder, Jörg, editor, Rabhi, Fethi, editor, Abhishta, Abhishta, editor, Marisetty, Vijay, editor, and Huang, Xiaohong, editor
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Accreditation and Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Papers on Higher Education Series.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Bucharest (Romania). European Centre for Higher Education. and Sterian, Paul Enache
- Abstract
This paper offers a broad look at accreditation and quality assurance in higher education and how these issues are addressed around the world. Section 1 is an overview of accreditation and addresses the aims and objectives of accreditation, standards, accreditation bodies, stages of the accreditation process, the quality of that process, the role of government in the accreditation process, some critical points of view concerning the process, and present accreditation trends. Section 2 looks at accreditation and quality assurance through brief national case studies. The nations represented are France, Germany, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United States, China, India, Hong Kong, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, and Australia. This section closes with a section comparing accreditation and quality assurance in various regions. Section 3 takes a closer and more detailed look at the accreditation process in Romania, particularly in light of the recent political and educational changes in this nation and the fairly recent decision to introduce accreditation of institutions of higher education. This examination covers accreditation principles and objectives, standards for initial and subsequent accreditation, application rules, structure of the accreditation committee and its functions, and provisions for financing accreditation. Appendixes contain institutional evaluation standards and a glossary. (Contains 27 references.) (JB)
- Published
- 1992
26. Implementing Educational Policies in Kenya. World Bank Discussion Papers No. 85. Africa Technical Department Series.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC. and Eshiwani, George S.
- Abstract
This paper reviews the evolution of the Kenyan education system since independence from Britain in 1963. At the time of independence, very few resources were devoted to the education of Africans as compared to non-Africans, resulting in critical shortages of trained manpower. Educational segregation and differentiation also reinforced racial and ethnic prejudices. After independence, education was to be a significant tool not only for social justice and rapid development, but also for the promotion of unity and "nationhood." The report outlines the institutional and legal steps that were taken to improve the educational system and traces its development through four 5-year development plans. In the space of 20 years, the system has expanded dramatically and universal free primary education has been achieved, the progression of the system has been restructured, and the curriculum has been significantly revised, placing more emphasis on the technical and vocational skills which remain in high demand. However, educational development in the post-colonial period has been hampered by insufficient resources due to poor economic conditions, a high rate of population growth, teacher shortages, the need to balance native language with foreign language instruction, poor internal efficiency, and continued problems with curriculum relevance. (Author/DB)
- Published
- 1990
27. Cost-Effectiveness of Management Training in the Informal Sector. Discussion Paper No. 101.
- Author
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International Labour Office, Geneva (Switzerland). and Nubler, Irmgard
- Abstract
A research project in the Ivory Coast, Kenya, and Tanzania evaluated the cost effectiveness of management training seminars for women entrepreneurs in the informal sector. Women, a large and growing part of entrepreneurs, had less access to needed resources, skills, and information than men. Reasons for failure to study the cost effectiveness and efficiency of development assistance included lack of clear concepts, methodologies, and standards. Grassroots management training seminars were conducted for businesswomen operating established informal sector businesses. In each country, 40 businesswomen were selected; some were assigned to a control group. A set of indicators was developed to measure benefits. Levels of criteria considered in evaluating outcomes were reaction, learning, behavioral, and result. Impact of the training program was assessed by applying this set of indicators and comparing pre- and postseminar values. Findings indicated that participants appreciated acquisition of management skills, had a more favorable attitude toward learning and the importance of management know-how to improve business, and acquired cognitive skills. Behavioral changes were reflected in the application of acquired skills and knowledge through business expansion by at least one-third of participants in each country. They improved or stabilized their businesses. Benefits to participants exceeded costs in all three countries. (Appendixes include 29 references, a summary of seminar content, and data tables.) (YLB)
- Published
- 1992
28. Higher Education: What Role Can the Commonwealth Play? Background Paper for Discussion at the 19th Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers
- Author
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Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) (United Kingdom) and Kirkland, John
- Abstract
Higher education is increasingly recognised as being critical to social and economic prosperity. It is also a policy area where the Commonwealth could significantly increase its impact. This could be achieved without major cost, by working through activities already in place, and persuading member governments to make stronger use of these brands and mechanisms. This paper focuses on four key areas selected by the the 19th Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (19CCEM) Steering Committee: (1) Costs and access; (2) Links with employment; (3) Securing the next generation of academics; and (4) Student and staff mobility. These were chosen because of their importance, relevance to conference themes, and synergy with existing Commonwealth-related initiatives. In each case, the brief summary of issues is intended to stimulate debate on whether, and how, the Commonwealth could play a greater role. [This paper was prepared for the Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (19CCEM) (19th, Bahamas, Jun 22-26, 2015).]
- Published
- 2015
29. The Role of Curriculum in Fostering National Cohesion and Integration: Opportunities and Challenges. IBE Working Papers on Curriculum Issues No. 11
- Author
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International Bureau of Education (IBE) (Switzerland) and Njeng'ere, David
- Abstract
Curriculum planning emphasizes that education should serve to enable society to achieve its needs and aspirations. One such need in Kenya, which has remained largely elusive, is national cohesion and integration. Research has revealed that education contributes to the development of social capital by increasing individual propensity to trust and be tolerant. Learning as a social activity has a strong influence on the development of shared norms and the value placed on tolerance and understanding within a community. This paper discusses the relationship between education and cohesion. It explores the contemporary conceptualization and practice with respect to the place of national cohesion and integration in the school curriculum. The paper argues that the gap between the intended, implemented and achieved curriculum is too wide, and this especially undermines the affective domain, which is the mainstay of providing learners with opportunities to practice cohesion and integration. The paper further discusses the extent to which the current school curriculum is designed to foster national cohesion and integration, and evaluates achievement of this intention suggesting that the school policies and context do not empower learners with attitudes that facilitate cohesion. Finally, the paper explores the opportunities and challenges that exist within the school curriculum to foster national cohesion and integration. A bibliography is included.
- Published
- 2014
30. Online Digital Workshop: An Opportunity for Digital Learning in Kenya
- Author
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Lejarreta, Iratxe, Padilla-Zea, Natalia, Corbi, Alberto, Filipe, Joaquim, Editorial Board Member, Ghosh, Ashish, Editorial Board Member, Prates, Raquel Oliveira, Editorial Board Member, Zhou, Lizhu, Editorial Board Member, Casalino, Gabriella, editor, Cimitile, Marta, editor, Ducange, Pietro, editor, Padilla Zea, Natalia, editor, Pecori, Riccardo, editor, Picerno, Pietro, editor, and Raviolo, Paolo, editor
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Subsidies and Levies as Policy Instruments to Encourage Employer-Provided Training. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 80
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Muller, Normann, and Behringer, Friederike
- Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the available information concerning selected policy instruments intended to promote employer-provided training, including the stated rationale and objectives, the target groups and operational design as well as a at a summary of the evaluative evidence regarding their operation. The analysis focuses on policy instruments providing financial assistance or incentives, specifically, subsidies (including tax incentives and grants) and levy schemes that devote a least some share of their resources to continuing training. Training leave regulations are considered only to the extent that they can be treated as a form of subsidy or a levy scheme, depending on the main financing mechanism involved. Instruments that focus solely on improving the quality of training or enhancing transparency in the training market are not addressed. In addition to offering a description of different instruments, the paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses (or risks and opportunities, respectively) of different types of instrument or particular elements of instrument design. It also specifies principles of successful instrument design that have been put forth in the literature and concludes with some remarks regarding the choice of policies. Training funds in combination with levy schemes in OECD and non-OECD countries are appended. Individual sections contain endnotes. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The High Return to Private Schooling in a Low-Income Country. Africa Growth Initiative. Working Paper 5
- Author
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Brookings Institution, Bold, Tessa, Kimenyi, Mwangi, Mwabu, Germano, and Sandefur, Justin
- Abstract
Existing studies from the United States, Latin America and Asia provide scant evidence that private schools dramatically improve academic performance relative to public schools. Using data from Kenya--a poor country with weak public institutions--we find a large effect of private schooling on test scores, equivalent to one full standard deviation. This finding is robust to endogenous sorting of more able pupils into private schools. The magnitude of the effect dwarfs the impact of any rigorously tested intervention to raise performance within public schools. Furthermore, nearly two-thirds of private schools operate at lower cost than the median government school. Data on test scores, household survey and school administrative are appended. (Contains 1 figure, 2 tables, and 3 endnotes.)
- Published
- 2013
33. Why Did Abolishing Fees Not Increase Public School Enrollment in Kenya? Africa Growth Initiative. Working Paper 4
- Author
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Brookings Institution, Bold, Tessa, Kimenyi, Mwangi S., Mwabu, Germano, and Sandefur, Justin
- Abstract
A large empirical literature has shown that user fees significantly deter public service utilization in developing countries. While most of these results reflect partial equilibrium analysis, we find that the nationwide abolition of public school fees in Kenya in 2003 led to no increase in net public enrollment rates, but rather a dramatic shift toward private schooling. Results suggest this divergence between partial- and general-equilibrium effects is partially explained by social interactions: The entry of poorer pupils into free education contributed to the exit of their more affluent peers. (Contains 2 figures, 4 tables, and 7 endnotes.)
- Published
- 2013
34. Teacher Incentives in Developing Countries: Recent Experimental Evidence from Kenya. Working Paper 2008-09
- Author
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Vanderbilt University, National Center on Performance Incentives, Glewwe, Paul, Ilias, Nauman, and Kremer, Michael
- Abstract
This paper reviews recent evidence on the impact of a teacher incentives program in Kenya. The results are based on a randomized trial, which removes many sources of bias that can arise in analyses of non-experimental data. One hundred schools in a rural area were randomly divided into 50 that participated in a teacher incentives program and 50 that served as controls. Students in the schools that were selected the teacher incentives programs had higher test test scores on exams linked to incentives during the time the program was in place, but test scores did not increase significantly on exams that were not linked to incentives, and test score gains on exams linked to incentives did not persist after the program ended. Teachers in the 50 program schools did conduct more test preparation sessions, and students in those schools were more likely to take exams. Overall, there is little evidence that the teacher incentives program increased student learning. (Contains 4 tables and 11 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2008
35. Special Paper: Expansion of Human Settlement in Kenya's Maasai Mara: What Future for Pastoralism and Wildlife?
- Author
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Lamprey, Richard H. and Reid, Robin S.
- Published
- 2004
36. Out-of-School Youth in Developing Countries: What the Data Do (and Do Not) Tell Us. Policy Study and Issue Paper Series
- Author
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Education Development Center, Inc., Educational Quality Improvement Program 3 (EQUIP3), Fawcett, Caroline, Hartwell, Ash, and Israel, Ron
- Abstract
This report offers the first systematic analysis of out-of-school youth populations. In so doing, it estimates the youth bulge worldwide and measures key characteristics of out-of-school youth for sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. In addition, as examples of how existing data can be used for analysis at the national and subnational levels, the report constructs country statistical profiles for out-of-school youth in Kenya and Ethiopia. These profiles examine indicators related to four sectoral dimensions of out-of-school status: education, employment, livelihood, and health. The analysis pays particular attention to age, gender, and urban versus rural status--all key factors that shape the lives of out-of-school youth. In addition, the study distinguishes patterns between and within countries, challenging the conventional wisdom that youth populations are a monolithic cohort. Understanding the differences as well as the similarities of youth is essential for effective youth policy and programming. This report uses existing data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). This report is divided into five sections. Section 1 is this introduction and summary. Section 2 provides an overview of youth populations worldwide. Section 3 analyzes out-of-school youth populations in 25 SSA countries according to the main education, age, and gender differences among youth in those countries. Section 4 constructs a more detailed profile of youth in specific countries, using Ethiopia and Kenya as examples. It analyzes what is known about the relationship between education, employment, health, and socioeconomic status among youth at national and subnational levels. Section 5 explores the next steps for research on out-of-school youth based on the main findings of the report. Appended are: (1) Methodology; (2) Statistical Data; (3) Regional Profiles of Out-of-School Youth: Benin and Burkina Faso; (4) Country Profiles for Ethiopia and Kenya; and (5) Objectives of Proposed Youth Survey Research Tool. A bibliography is included. (Contains 19 figures and 25 endnotes.)
- Published
- 2010
37. Methods of Investigating Cognitive Development of Children in Rural Kenya: Some Kamba Results. Staff Paper.
- Author
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Nairobi Univ. (Kenya). Bureau of Educational Research. and Fjellman, Janet S.
- Abstract
Very little cognitive development research has been done among African children, and most of the completed studies have relied on "translated" versions of Western test materials that are inappropriate to the African milieu. This paucity of research has had two affects: (1) rural African children have been represented as somewhat less advanced mentally than Western children; and (2) it has kept researchers from discerning whether the patterns of development discovered among Western children are truly universal or merely a product of Western cultural and educational systems. Described are methods developed to study how Kamba children in Kangundo, Machakos (Kenya), acquired adult semantic categories and to investigate the child's learning of certain aspects of logical thinking. Animals were chosen as a semantic domain familiar to Kamba children. The domain's structure was described, using Kikamba-speaking adults as informants who were asked to match "those which are alike" and to give their reasons for the groups they formed. Next, four sorting tests were administered to 30 Akamba children, ages 6, 7, 9, and 12. Some tentative findings were that not surprisingly, children learn more adult dimensions as they get older, and the younger child's sorting ability far exceeded his ability to verbalize the reasons, particularly with very familiar animals. (NQ)
- Published
- 1969
38. Technical and Vocational Training in Kenya and the Harambee Institutes of Technology. Discussion Paper No. 169.
- Author
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Nairobi Univ. (Kenya). Inst. for Development Studies. and Godfrey, E. M.
- Abstract
The paper is one of a series dealing with different aspects of the fund-raising campaign, which began in mid-1971, for the establishment throughout Kenya of a large number of institutes of technology on a self-help basis. By March 1973, 17 such institutes had been proposed. In the absence of coordination each institute's planning committee is trying to draw up its own plan for curriculum, syllabus, enrollment, etc. It is an aim of this paper to bring together information which will be useful to this task and, it is hoped, will contribute to the public debate about the role that these institutes might play in Kenya's technical and vocational training system. The paper concentrates, therefore, on such fairly narrow, economic questions as sources of staff and students, employment prospects, and cost and financing. It starts with an analysis of the existing system of training and of plans for its expansion, based partly on a survey carried out by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning in 1971 and on a followup to that survey in 1972. The plans of the proposed harambee institutes are then reviewed and, in conclusion, some observations about their prospects are made. (Author/NH)
- Published
- 1973
39. Assessing the Impact of Development Projects on Women: A.I.D. Program Evaluation Discussion Paper no. 8, May 1980
- Author
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Dixon, Ruth B., author and Dixon, Ruth B., author
- Published
- 1980
40. The Impact of Female Schooling on Fertility and Contraceptive Use: A Study of Fourteen Sub-Saharan Countries. Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper No. 110.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC. and Ainsworth, Martha
- Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between female schooling and two behaviors--cumulative fertility and contraceptive use--in 14 Sub-Saharan African countries where Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have been conducted since the mid-1980s. Using multivariate regression analysis, the paper compares the effect of schooling across countries, in urban and rural areas, and across different cohorts of women. The results show a negative correlation between female schooling and fertility in virtually all of the countries. Female primary schooling has a negative relation with fertility in about half of the countries and no relation in the other half. Secondary schooling is universally associated with lower fertility, and the strength of the effect increases with the years of schooling. Among ever-married women, husband's schooling has no significant relation with fertility in one-third of the countries and, when both women's and men's schooling matter, women's schooling exerts a much larger negative effect on fertility than men's schooling. Even low levels of female schooling are found to have a positive relationship with contraceptive use, but higher levels of schooling have a greater effort. Botswana, Kenya and Zimbabwe were found to have the highest levels of female schooling, lowest child mortality rates and the most vigorous family planning programs. (JE)
- Published
- 1995
41. University Students and the Employment Market--A Profile of Present Graduates from University College, Nairobi. Staff Paper No. 74.
- Author
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University Coll., Nairobi (Kenya). and Rastad, Svein-Erik
- Abstract
There are various assumptions underlying the University Tracer Project at the University College, Nairobi, Africa: (1) that there is a relationship between subjects studied in university and the employment sought and found; (2) that this relationship will increase as competition for jobs increases; (3) that this relationship is sufficiently flexible to allow for career guidance; and (4) that the experience of earlier graduates will provide a meaningful source of information for the guidance of later graduates. The interview questionnaire, which was administered to all Kenyan third year students at University College, Nairobi in mid-April 1970, had three basic objectives: (1) to learn something about the student approach to the employment market; (2) to learn something about the reasons guiding the students' choice of subjects in university; (3) to familiarize the graduating students with the objective of career guidance and thereby enlist their support and cooperation later. This paper is a brief review of the questionnaire. Statistical tables display the results in the following areas: total number of students by discipline, year of birth by discipline, home province by discipline, religion, sex, father's occupation, mother's education, postgraduate qualification desired, how job was found, status of job. (Author/RC)
- Published
- 1970
42. Reaching Out: The Role of Audio Cassette Communication in Rural Development. Occasional Paper 19.
- Author
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Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre, Singapore., Adhikarya, Ronny, and Colle, Royal D.
- Abstract
This report describes the state-of-the-art of audio cassette technology (ACT) and reports findings from field tests, case studies, and pilot projects in several countries which demonstrate the potential of audio cassettes as a medium for communicating with rural people. Specific guidance is also offered on how a project can use cassettes as a communication or teaching tool. The changing concept of development is discussed as well as major communication problems in rural development. The problems of rural development and communication are illustrated by the case study of a migrant farmer project in a remote rural area in Pematang Panggang (South Sumatra, Indonesia). Experience is also reported on the use of audio technology with agricultural extension workers in Bangladesh. Additional topics include the characteristics of cassettes that make them so powerful, the content and format used in ACT systems, and distribution systems. Findings from evaluations of the ACT system are summarized, as well as policy implications and research needs. Appendices include a chart of selected rural development cassette projects; a description of cassette projects and simple audio cassette recording equipment, and profiles of the following projects: Assistance to Rural Broadcasting, Afghanistan; Radio Mensaje, Ecuador; the Kipsigis Homesteads Cattle-Dip Management Program, Kenya; and the Pila Project, Guatemala. Sixty-nine references are listed. (LMM)
- Published
- 1983
43. The Economics of Vocational Training: Past Evidence and Future Considerations. World Bank Staff Working Papers Number 713.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC. and Metcalf, David H.
- Abstract
A partial survey of the literature on the economics of vocational training reveals three important lessons on how evaluations may be undertaken using data on pay, inputs, and outputs. The first lesson is that social, corporate, and private returns to vocational training in developing countries appear to be high enough to justify expanding training activity. However, training in industrial institutes and vocational secondary schools is less cost-effective than more formal firm-based training, at least in Kenya, India, and Israel. Also, Latin American data indicate that school and formal institutional vocational training may be substituted for one another. The second lesson is that in some sectors a more labor-intensive method of production is economically more effective than current methods. This may, in turn, imply the need for more--not less--skilled labor and vocational training. Further, given technology and output, unskilled and skilled labor appear to be substitutes, rather than complements, in the production process. The third lesson is that sophisticated function analyses are plagued by statistical and measurement problems. If they are not resolved, estimation techniques are unlikely to be able to pick up any relationship between trained labor and output among firms. However, there are alternatives. Many input and output measures such as performance rating and downtime are available for more modest evaluations. Training can be evaluated using earnings data or output and input data. In all cases, there are technical problems including sample size, control groups, the use of longitudinal data, and difficulties caused by labor mobility. A simpler before/after plant level study of changes in inputs or output associated with training may offer the most tractable evaluation. (112 references.) (Author/CML)
- Published
- 1985
44. Decolonizing Western Science Education and Knowledge in Early Childhood: Rethinking Natural Hazards and Disasters Framework through Indigenous 'Ecology of Knowledges' in Kenya
- Author
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Anny Bertoli, John Teria Ng'asike, Stefania Amici, Andrew Madjar, and Marek Tesar
- Abstract
This article presents the epistemological complexity inherent in the roll out of an international project on Disaster and Risk Reduction, and consequently about science education in the Indigenous context of Turkana County in Kenya. After an introduction that explains the current state of Disaster and Risk Reduction, the paper focuses on the 'Paper Volcanoes Laboratory' program and toolkit for children and teachers, which aims to spread awareness about natural hazards among children. The paper argues that the geographical, social and educational context where the project is carried out is critical to consider, and decolonial studies provide a conceptual and theoretical framework for this project. This allows to recognize reproduction of infantilization of Indigenous people and children through Western knowledge and science if implemented without consideration for local contexts, and demonstrates how Western educational projects have been a tool of discrimination and colonization. However, at the same time, it opens up the possibility for a dialogue and an encounter between the different epistemologies present in a project that was conceptualized within the Western context, but is to be carried out in Turkana County in Kenya.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Selected Readings in Drama and Theatre Education: The IDEA '95 Papers (2nd, Brisbane, Australia, July 1995). NADIE Research Monograph Series, 3.
- Author
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National Association for Drama in Education, Brisbane (Australia)., Taylor, Philip, Hoepper, Christine, Taylor, Philip, Hoepper, Christine, and National Association for Drama in Education, Brisbane (Australia).
- Abstract
Documenting some of the myriad of voices assembled in Brisbane, Australia in July 1995 for the Second World Congress of the International Drama/Theatre and Education Association, the essays in this book address the central question of the Congress: What can be the role of drama/theatre and education in a rapidly changing world entering a new millennium? In Part 1, the writers share an interest in past and present contexts. Part 2 explores what theatre shares in common with other artistic forms. Part 3 examines the implications of dramatic artistry for the pedagogue. Part 4 unlocks the challenging world of criticism and aesthetics, and proposes frameworks through which educators can discuss and analyze dramatic artistry in education. Papers in the book are: (1) "Healing Power of Theatre" (Dubravka Knezevic); (2) "The Future in Black and White: Aboriginality in Recent Australian Drama" (Katharine Brisbane); (3) "Narrative Performance in a Changing World: The Case of the Storytellers in Kenya" (Ezekiel Alembi); (4) "DRAMA/Drama and Cultural Values" (Gavin Bolton); (5) "Reflections of Practice: Playbuilding with Young People in the Post-Modern Cultural Arena" (Morag Morrison and Madonna Stinson); (6) "The Seminal Politics of Arts Education" (Peter Abbs); (7) "Negotiated Movement: Rebel" (Jane Griffin); (8) "Artistic Education and Cultural Distribution" (Roger Deldime); (9) "Art, Drama and Music: Performances Based on Minimal Actions" (Beatriz Cabral); (10) "Drama and Education: Innovating Curricular Experience in Mendoza, Argentina" (Ester Trozzo de Servera); (11)"The Rude Charms of Drama" (John O'Toole); (12) "From Script to Impromptu: Learning a Second Language through Process Drama" (Shin-Mei Kao); (13) "Multimedia Drama in Cross-Cultural Classroom Education" (Lennart Wiechel); (14) "The Power of the Imagination" (Helen Zigmond); (15) "Discovering Right Actions: Forging Ethical Understandings through Dialogic Interactions" (Brian Edmiston); (16) "Pedagogical Psychodrama" (Sheila D. Maluf); (17) "How to Relate To Knowledge in the Context of Partnership" (Christian Pratoussy); (18) "Revisioning Identity: Drama in the Electronic Age" (Alistair Martin-Smith and Belarie Hyman Zatsman); (19) "Performance Analysis: A Strategy for Understanding Traditional and Contemporary Forms of Performance" (Jacqueline Martin); (20) "Framing the Drama: An Approach to the Aesthetics of Educational Theatre" (Anthony Jackson); (21) "Making Sense of Appearances" (Michel Melin); (22) "Intruders in the Convex Glass: A Consideration of the Way in Which We Find Meaning in Plays" (Andy Kempe); and (23) "Survive" (Henry Paul). (RS)
- Published
- 1995
46. Dilemmas of Development: The Village Polytechnic Movement as a Shadow System of Education in Kenya. Discussion Paper No. 156.
- Author
-
Nairobi Univ. (Kenya). Inst. for Development Studies. and Court, David
- Abstract
Despite rising sentiment, the decision to "de-school" society seems premature unless it derives from a comparative empirical assessment of school and nonschool educational programs' relative contributions to national goals. One of many new alternative systems, Kenya's village polytechnics (low-cost primary training centers in rural areas) are widely perceived to be alleviating unemployment and manifesting self-help. The polytechnic is significant as an ideological movement whose essence is an attempt to break away from conventional concepts and to develop types of training rooted in practical local and individual needs, conveying a sense of individual purpose and a capacity for continuing self-instruction. Data are used to illustrate the movement's achievements, problems, and potential in the task of national development--its major problems have derived from the pervasiveness of the ethic of formal schooling; part of the movement's achievement and much of its potential lie in the extent to which the polytechnics have nevertheless exemplified significant new principles of education: flexibility, availability, individualization, and relevance. The data suggest, however, that the alternative system must await modifications in the present social structure linking schooling and wage incentives before it can have extensive impact on educational philosophy and practice in Kenya. (Author/AJ)
- Published
- 1972
47. The Business of Education: A Look at Kenya's Private Education Sector. IFC Discussion Paper Number 32.
- Author
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International Finance Corp., Washington, DC., Karmokolias, Yannis, and Maas, Jacob van Lutsenburg
- Abstract
This case study surveys the educational services provided by the private sector in Kenya, identifies the major issues and discusses a possible role for the World Bank Group, especially IFC (International Finance Corporation). The demand for all types of education at all levels has greatly outpaced the capacity of the public school system. This has allowed "edupreneurs" to provide academic and vocational education, catering to many socioeconomic segments of the population. Although enrollment in private schools has been increasing rapidly, the supply-demand gap continues to grow. Many private schools wish to expand, but face prohibitive constraints, primarily related to scarcity of financial resources and inadequate management skills. Development institutions, including IFC, can help alleviate these constraints, provided that they are ready to comprehensively address the particular issues faced by private educational institutions. Appended are five tables presenting the data. (RJM)
- Published
- 1997
48. Improving the Quality of Basic Education, Volume 5. Country Papers: Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Kenya, Uganda. Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (11th, Barbados, October 29-November 2, 1990).
- Author
-
Commonwealth Secretariat, London (England). and Commonwealth Secretariat, London (England).
- Abstract
Commonwealth Ministries of Education were asked to report on how they are undertaking the improvement of the quality of basic education in their respective countries. The papers in this volume focus on: (1) Brunei Darussalam; (2) Canada; (3) Kenya; and (4) Uganda. Charts and statistical data support each country's report. (EH)
- Published
- 1990
49. Urban Children in Distress: An Introduction to the Issues. Innocenti Occasional Papers. The Urban Child Series, Number 2.
- Author
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United Nations Children's Fund, Florence (Italy). International Child Development Centre. and Blanc, Cristina S.
- Abstract
This publication presents a discussion of the status of poor urban children world-wide and the design of a five-nation study of the condition of distressed urban children. Following an introduction, Section 2 describes the urban child project designed to study and advance the plight of urban children in developing nations. Section 3 outlines the scope of the problem, including urbanization trends, migration, and issues beyond the statistics. Section 4 describes growing up urban and poor, focusing on the deteriorating environment, poverty and ethnic redistribution, the lack of appropriate shelter, child labor in the urban informal sector, lack of access to safe play spaces, and the monotony of poverty stricken communities. Section 5 describes the five studies being carried out in the Philippines, India, Kenya, Brazil, and Italy. The issues covered are childhood, families, coping strategies, communities and neighborhoods, and children in especially difficult circumstances. Also described are the study's comparative assessment of situations, street children, views on working children, and the problem in the context of the larger society. Also mentioned are an assessment of policies and programs, and interventions. Contains 108 references. (JB)
- Published
- 1992
50. Higher Education for Refugees, Returnees and Host Communities: Reflections on the Djibouti Declaration of IGAD and Its Ramifications for Sustainable Development
- Author
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Tsegaye, Kebede Kassa
- Abstract
This paper argues that access to quality education and skills development programs for refugees, returnees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) is not only one of the fundamental human rights that states and non-state actors have obligations to fulfill; it is also an integral part of sustainable development efforts which will have significant contributions to socio-economic transformation in host countries, countries of origin and countries of destinations in the event that refugees become migrant, which is sometimes the case. The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) region, consisting of eight member states, namely, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and Uganda, host more than 13 million forcibly displaced people. This results from protracted and devastating conflicts; drought and famine and other natural or man-made calamities. Within the IGAD region, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan produce 80 to 90% of displacement due to protracted civil wars. However, almost all the member states have refugees, IDPs or migrants sheltered in their territories. Access to higher education among refugees, returnees and IDPs is very low at only 3% compared to 36% globally. The figure for Africa is still dismal, at less than 1%; and the same holds true for the IGAD region. In an effort to address this major challenge facing these population categories, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) convened a high level regional (Ministerial Conference) on refugee education held in Djibouti, 12-14 December 2017. That Conference adopted what is now called the Djibouti declaration and Plan of Action for refugee education in the IGAD region. The major purpose of this paper was is to outline the refugee situations in general and the state of higher education in the region in particular.
- Published
- 2023
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