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The annual quantities of nitrate-N (-N) and total N (TN) leached from mole and pipe drained dairy pastures on a Pallic soil, were reduced by an average of 52% and 42% (p < .05), respectively, by standing cows off pasture to ruminate and rest after grazing (Duration-controlled grazing, DC), compared to the standard grazing management (SG) of leaving cows at pasture between milkings. For the SG treatment, measured -N leached was 13, 8 and 21 kg N ha−1 and total N leached was 18, 13 and 26 kg N ha−1 in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. Annual surface runoff contained <1 kg -N ha−1 y−1 and <3 kg TN ha−1 y−1. The deposition of urine in the autumn period had the greatest influence on the quantity of leached in winter drainage. DC grazing is a practical method to reduce N leaching from grazed dairy pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the design of wood-based, enhanced-denitrification bioreactors to treat nitrate in agricultural drainage, the consideration of the highly variable flow rates and nitrate concentrations inherent to many drainage systems is important. For optimized mitigation of these nitrate loads, it may be best to contain drainage water prior to treatment in order to facilitate longer, more constant retention times rather than to allow cycles of flushing and dry periods in the denitrification bioreactor. Simulated containment prior to bioreactor treatment compared to passing drainage directly through a bioreactor was investigated with the use of six pilot-scale denitrification bioreactors constructed with plywood and filled with Pinus radiata woodchips at Massey University No. 4 Dairy Farm (Palmerston North, New Zealand). Initial bromide tracer tests were followed with a series of five simulated drainage events each at successively declining inflow nitrate concentrations. During each drainage event, three pilot bioreactors received a simulated hydrograph lasting 1.5 days (Non-Containment treatment) and three pilot bioreactors received the same total drainage volume treated over 4 days at a constant flow rate (i.e. constant retention time; Containment treatment). Results showed significantly different total mass removal efficiencies of 14.0% vs. 36.9% and significantly different removal rates of 2.1gNm−3 day−1 vs. 6.7gNm−3 day−1 for the Non-Containment and Containment treatments, respectively, which indicated that treating drainage at constant retention times provided more optimized nitrate removal. While this work was done to evaluate treatment under New Zealand drainage conditions, it also provides valuable information for optimizing agricultural drainage denitrification bioreactor performance in general. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sheep farmers can increase production levels as a means to improve economic outcomes. However, this intensification can potentially result in more nitrogen (N) leaching which is at odds with the increasing pressure on farmers to reduce the quantity of N lost into the environment. Therefore, there is increasing interest in the use of alternative forages, such as Italian ryegrass and plantain, which could potentially allow farmers to increase production while decreasing N leaching. This study quantified and compared the quantity of N leaching under sheep grazing four different forages: perennial ryegrass/white clover (RGWC), Italian ryegrass/WC (IRWC), plantain/WC (PWC) and a winter brassica. Five replicates of each forage were established on plots of 800 m2 (40 m x 20 m). Each plot had an independent mole-pipe drain system with tipping-bucket monitoring equipment at the end of the pipe drain. Drainage volume and N concentrations (nitrate-N: NO 3 ⁻-N; ammonium-N; total-N) in drainage water were measured to estimate N losses. The forages were grazed according to the best management practice for each forage type over a two-and-a-half-year period (Year 1: July-December 2019; Year 2: January-December 2020; and Year 3: January-December 2021). In the first two years of this study, NO 3 ⁻-N leaching losses under IRWC and PWC were very small (ranging from 0.4 to 0.5 kg N/ha), and they were not different (P > 0.05) from those under RGWC. However, in Year 3, the leaching losses under IRWC and PWC treatments were greater (P < 0.05) than those under RGWC. This increased leaching was probably due to the need to re-establish these pastures. As part of renewing these swards, the IRWC and PWC plots were fallow during the key late summer-autumn period. In contrast, NO 3 ⁻-N leaching losses under brassica forages (3.5–6.4 kg N/ha) were greater (P < 0.05) than under RGWC (0.5–1.5 kg N/ha). Overall, the leaching losses measured under sheep grazing the forages were much smaller than those commonly reported by dairy studies. [Display omitted] • In recent years, there has been significant concern regarding the leaching of nutrients from grazing systems. • This study quantified the amount of nitrogen leaching lost in drainage water from sheep grazing four different forages. • Mole-and-pipe drainage systems were used to monitor drainage volume and collect samples. • Overall, leaching losses under sheep grazing forages were small. • Modern sheep grazing systems may offer mitigation options for dairying areas with high NO 3 - leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]