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• Duopoly providers with bounded rationality are proposed from the grid background. • The providers can trade with each other and have different evolutionary structures. • Information asymmetry has different effects on heterogeneous players. • The information asymmetry increases the stability region of the proposed system. • Policy recommendations are given to the management of providers. In the power market, each entity is not completely rational when generate strategy, and the market information held by each entity is not exactly the same. In this paper, duopoly power providers with different selling adjustment structures are simplified from the actual grid background, where one provider can sell part of its power to another at contract price to store the power. Each provider is trying to maximize its profit by adjusting its power selling strategy. The process of evolutionary game with multi-periods bounded rational is established. One provider adjusts its selling strategy through the multi-periods market price and another through its multi-periods marginal profit. The quantity of power sold by each provider will tend to Nash equilibrium and how information asymmetry affects the stability of Nash equilibrium is analyzed through comparing dynamic power selling with and without information asymmetry. Information asymmetry has a great impact on one provider but not another. The numerical simulations also show that the information asymmetry will increase the stability region of the system. Different adjustment suggestions are proposed for different providers when information asymmetry occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two general bipartite network evolving models for energy supply-demand network with local-world are proposed. The node weight distribution, the "shifting coefficient" and the scaling exponent of two different kinds of nodes are presented by the mean-field theory. The numerical results of the node weight distribution and the edge weight distribution are also investigated. The production's shifted power law (SPL) distribution of coal enterprises and the installed capacity's distribution of power plants in the US are obtained from the empirical analysis. Numerical simulations and empirical results are given to verify the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The four-dimensional energy supply-demand system is a nonlinear complex system. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the model reference control method in the four-dimensional energy supply-demand system. By establishing the energy supply-demand reference system, controlling the imports in the four-dimensional energy supply-demand system to the ideal state. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The three-dimensional energy resources demand-supply system is established for two regions of China, in which determination of unknown parameters is significant for the real energy resources demand-supply system. In this paper, based on Shanghai’s energy statistic data (1999–2005), the parameters of the energy resources demand-supply system can be identified by using the neural network method, and an energy resources demand-supply system reflecting the real energy resources demand-supply relationship in Shanghai is obtained. The dynamical behavior of this system is also analyzed. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation indicate that the obtained energy resources demand-supply system has the capacity of self-regulation and demonstrates a steady state. Finally, to ensure the steady development of the energy resources demand-supply system, corresponding measures are proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on the comparison theorem for the stability of impulsive control system, adaptive–impulsive synchronization in drive–response networks of continuous systems with time-delay and non-time-delay is investigated. And the continuous control input, the simple updated laws and a linear impulsive controller are proposed. Moreover, two numerical examples are presented to verify the effectiveness and correctness of the theorem, using the energy resource system and Lü''s system as the nodes of the networks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper analyses the dynamic behavior of an energy resources system with parametric perturbations. By adding the small sinusoidal perturbations to the three-dimensional energy resource system established for two regions of China, the autonomous system becomes the non-autonomous system which has richer dynamical behaviors. Periodic, chaotic and hyperchaos behaviors are discovered in the system by means of Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams. A new energy resources hyperchaos attractor is obtained, which has not yet been reported in present literature. Furthermore, effective non-autonomous feedback controllers are designed for stabilizing hyperchaos to unstable periodic orbits and quasi-periodic orbits. Numerical simulations are presented to show these results. This study will be instructive for the energy resource demand-supply in some regions of China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A demand response of evaluation model is established. • Interactive real-time pricing mechanism based on an evaluation model is introduced. • The optimal operation scheme of appliances is optimized. Electricity price mechanism is an important means to implement demand response, especially in the home energy management system. A reasonable pricing mechanism therefore can stimulate the enthusiasm of residential users and as well balance power supply and demand effectively. From the perspective of residential users, this paper establishes a residential user evaluation system based on an evaluation model by selecting indicators related to user characteristics and electricity consumption data, and as well proposes a new interactive real-time pricing mechanism. A constrained multi-objective optimization model is then constructed, and the optimal operation scheme of each appliance is optimized. Numerical simulation and case studies show that, the optimization model can accurately schedule operations of household appliances. Besides, under the action of interactive real-time pricing, the electricity load fluctuation rate and electricity cost are significantly reduced compared with other comparative cases. The results confirm that, interactive real-time pricing aside reducing the cost of energy for users, can also play an active role in reducing peak loads and increase off-peak load, thereby stabilizing the load fluctuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy supply–demand security and climate change has continued to be problematic, making it significant and necessary to investigate embodied energy flow, particularly in a large and fast-growing developing country like China. One of the effective approaches is the energy/emissions embodied in bilateral trade (EEBT) aiming to locate the destination of energy bi-directionally to evaluate how energy flow between producer and consumer sectors. However, in addition to the flow of energy and resources, the topological structure and impact of underlying components from a system science perspective are equally important for policy-making. This study therefore constructs an energy embodied in trade network (EETN) model to track multi-layer primary energy flow by integrating the EEBT approach and complex network analysis. The embodied coal, oil, natural gas, and non-fossil fuels associated with China’s 30 provinces/municipalities are quantified at the provincial level. By the joint analysis of the network-oriented metrics, the EETN model elicits the possibility of understanding the heterogeneity distribution of different types of energy flow and the potential impact of province-specific policy interventions. We explain how resource endowment, economic growth, income inequality, cross-provincial industrial transfer, and infrastructures affect China’s provincial energy embodiments as well as the clustering features. Other findings and policy recommendations are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy trade has been a hot topic in countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), while cooperation and competition are two elementary modes of international trade. This study examines the coopetition relations in terms of renewable energy trade among BRI countries by constructing a two-layer network model for 1996–2018. We examined 65 BRI countries and indicated that the interplay between intrinsic and network dynamics features either cooperation or competition. First, the evolutionary patterns between cooperation network and competition network are different but with a declining gap. Besides, the BRI policy promotes cooperation more effectively than competition. Second, competitiveness and cooperativeness are heterogeneously distributed across countries and influential cooperators are not necessarily top competitors. Notably, BRI has reinforced China's competitive position. Third, the intralayer and interlayer network dissimilarity are integrated to provide insights that numerous countries play dual roles of competitor and collaborator, while cooperation-oriented competition is more conducive. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed so that sustainable renewable energy supply can be attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalized projective synchronization (GPS) between two complex networks with time-varying coupling delay is investigated. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, a nonlinear controller and adaptive updated laws are designed. Feasibility of the proposed scheme is proven in theory. Moreover, two numerical examples are presented, using the energy resource system and Lu's system [Physica A 382 (2007) 672] as the nodes of the networks. GPS between two energy resource complex networks with time-varying coupling delay is achieved. This study can widen the application range of the generalized synchronization methods and will be instructive for the demand-supply of energy resource in some regions of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A virtual real-time electricity price optimization model based on the credit mechanism is established. • Incorporate the balancing cost of electricity and the stability cost of the grid into the cost of electricity production. • A matching degree index is proposed. Intermittence and fluctuation of renewable energy increase the cost of real-time balance of power supply and demand, which will affect the stability of the power grid. How to design the incentive mechanism to increase the flexibility of the distributed energy system and reduce the cost of real-time supply–demand balance is an urgent problem to be solved. In this study, from the perspective of the demand side actively matching the supply side, a virtual real-time electricity price optimization model based on the credit mechanism is proposed. We use the linear decreasing inertia weight particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the user's electricity price and realize the minimization of the total electricity cost. The influence of the virtual real-time electricity price incentive mechanism on the matching degree between the power load curve and the distributed energy output curve is also studied. Moreover, a novel index is put forward to quantitatively measure the matching degree between users' power load curve and distributed energy output curve. Taking a multi-microgrid system in a China's industrial park as the case, we have found the results that the virtual real-time electricity price optimization model can not only reduce users' total power cost by 7.8108%, but also improve the matching degree between the demand side and the supply side by 2.4643%. The new demand response incentive mechanism we have presented in this paper may promote the effective utilization of distributed energy and reduce the impact of renewable energy on power grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]