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Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were fabricated by depositing a regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) active layer using a dip-coating method. The field-effect mobility in OFETs depends on chain orientation and crystallinity and is related to direction and withdrawal speed with respect to the source/drain orientation. In this paper, how to control the structural and transport properties of P3HT films by coating parallel and perpendicular to the dipping direction is demonstrated. X-ray diffraction curves taken in the perpendicular direction exhibit a higher degree of crystalline ordering and edge-on conformation compared with those in the parallel direction; this finding correlates with the directional anisotropy of the OFET mobility. Both structural anisotropy and transport properties are enhanced upon thermal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work the role of the thermal treatment on the reorganization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with a π-conjugated dithiol ligand, namely 9,9-didodecyl-2,7-bis-thiofluorene, is studied by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction technique. For a detailed investigation of the structural changes and reorganization occurring in the AuNPs network and of the monitoring of complex interactions between nanoparticles, the line profiles are analyzed in out-of-plane and in-plane directions. The obtained data support the idea of the formation of a uniform network of nanoparticles that after annealing are extended from hexagonal to cubic arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-ray and electron diffraction analyses were carried out under various geometries to investigate the role of alkyl side chain length on the structural properties of regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene) (RR-P3AT) thin films by sequentially increasing the alkyl side chain length from n-pentyl till n-octyl. P3AT thin films with different thicknesses were drop cast at room temperature (RT) and low temperature (−30 °C) for the structural analysis. A thorough X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopic, field effect transistor and photoluminescence (PL) investigations revealed the following: (i) texturing of RT cast P3AT thin films along the out-of-plane direction on decreasing the alkyl side chain length, (ii) poor π–π stacking of P3AT crystallites on increasing the alkyl side chain length, which results from the increased steric hindrance between the grafted alkyl side chains, (iii) such poor π–π stacking of P3ATs on increasing the alkyl side chain length eventually found to hinder the mobility of charge carriers, and (iv) evolution of well defined vibronic side bands in the PL spectra of −30 °C cast films confirm the formation of highly crystalline films as compared to the RT cast ones. Highly edge-on oriented and uniform thin films can be fabricated by optimizing the cast temperature and concentration of the solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the impact of tensile strains on the structural properties of thin films composed of PffBT4T-2OD π-conjugated polymer and PC71BM fullerenes coated on a stretchable substrate, based on a novel approach using in situ studies of flexible organic thin films. In situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) measurements were carried out to probe the ordering of polymers and to measure the strain of the polymer chains under uniaxial tensile tests. A maximum 10% tensile stretching was applied (i.e., beyond the relaxation threshold). Interestingly we found different behaviors upon stretching the polymer: fullerene blends with the modified polymer; fullerene blends with the 1,8-Diiodooctane (DIO) additive. Overall, the strain in the system was almost twice as low in the presence of additive. The inclusion of additive was found to help in stabilizing the system and, in particular, the π–π packing of the donor polymer chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]