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Scholars have done a lot of research on urban settlement, but it is difficult to give consideration to the temporal and spatial attributes of settlement at the same time in its display and analysis. Most of them focused on the analysis of regional settlement, single point settlement curve and settlement rate map at a certain time, but few combined time and space for collaborative analysis. Therefore, in this paper, 32 scenes Sentinel-1B SAR data are used to obtain settlement data of Beijing via PS-InSAR method. Secondly, combined with the temporal and spatial attributes of settlement results, the subsidence law revealed by using spatio-temporal cube slicing and attribute filtering. Finally, subsidence development trend and the detection of abnormal subsidence are explored by emerging hot spots (ESH) analysis. The experimental results show that the settlement funnel center in Beijing is mainly concentrated near the junction of Chaoyang district and Tongzhou district. The settlement range tends to expand. There are several local continuous subsidence areas in the settlement oscillating area. Spatio-temporal analysis makes the development trend of urban settlement more intuitive. Emerging hotspot analysis combined with Getis-Ord Gi* statistics and Mann-Kendall trend test could more effectively analyze the settlement trend of the study area and detect new potential settlement centers, so that to provide auxiliary decision-making for urban safety early warning and city development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As urban development accelerates and natural disasters occur more frequently, the urgency of developing effective emergency shelter planning strategies intensifies. The shelter location selection method under the traditional multi-criteria decision-making framework suffers from issues such as strong subjectivity and insufficient data support. Artificial intelligence offers a robust data-driven approach for site selection; however, many methods neglect the spatial relationships of site selection targets within geographical space. This paper introduces an emergency shelter site selection model that combines a variational graph autoencoder (VGAE) with a random forest (RF), namely VGAE-RF. In the constructed urban spatial topological graph, based on network geographic information, this model captures both the latent features of geographic unit coupling and integrates explicit and latent features to forecast the likelihood of emergency shelters in the construction area. This study takes Beijing, China, as the experimental area and evaluates the reliability of different model methods using a confusion matrix, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, and Imbalance Index of spatial distribution as evaluation indicators. The experimental results indicate that the proposed VGAE-RF model method, which considers spatial semantic associations, displays the best reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) reflect the pursuit of achieving spatial justice. Both SDG 1.4 and SDG 11.1 reflect a concern for urban services. Life service resources, which are the new concept proposed by the Chinese government, also call for sustainable development path. However, few studies have focused on the realization of spatial justice in life service resources. This paper proposes a two-level, four-step analysis framework composed of quantity, structure, pattern, and coupling coordination to perceive the spatial justice of life service resources. Based on remote sensing technology and geographic information science, this paper acquires and analyses multi-source data including population density, building outlines, point of interests, subway lines, etc. Furthermore, the case study in downtown Beijing found the following: (1) The total life service resources are extensive and varying in type; (2) regional differences are evident and low-level equilibrium and high-level priority development coexist; (3) life service resources are concentrated in contiguous and multi-centre clusters with a greater north–south than east–west difference; (4) the overall level of life service resources is low, specifically for "high in the centre and low in the periphery" and "high in the east and low in the west". Future management should consider narrowing the development gap and formulating industry development plans to improve spatial justice. Finally, the comparison between Beijing and London and more cities in the future needs to consider the urban development stage, population density, and other aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important urban infrastructure, rail transit not only has transportation function, but also has a close connection and harmonious development with the surrounding urban space. Taking Beijing Metro Line 5 as an example, each station of Beijing Metro Line 5 was analyzed by GIS software and Echarts chart based on POI data. The functions of subway site type were divided into main function, secondary function and no signifi cant function, and various types of sites within the main functional characteristics of urban functions were discussed in details. The paper presents a new method for identifying urban functional features, which can be applied to not only other metro stations in Beijing but also the same type of cities. Moreover, it lays a foundation for the research of rail transit subway stations and their related researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of urban development, the annual production of urban construction waste has been increasing yearly, which brings considerable challenges for urban supervision and management, and how to quickly and accurately identify construction waste is of great practical significance. In this paper, we propose a remote sensing image dust cover net construction waste recognition algorithm based on the improved U-network model to realize construction waste target recognition. The algorithm first prepares a dust cover net construction waste identification dataset using Google high-resolution remote sensing imagery as the database. Second, VGG16 is adopted as the backbone network of the U-Net model to improve the feature expression ability of the model. Finally, the Convolution Block Attention Module (CBAM) is embedded into the U-Net network to construct the CBAM-U-Net model to enhance the information extraction accuracy of high-resolution remote sensing images. With the remote sensing image encompassing Daxing District in Beijing as an example, the results show that the proposed algorithm can automatically and efficiently recognize the dust cover net construction waste with 95.51% recognition accuracy and 95.08% Mlou, which puts forward a new idea for the supervision of construction waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, along with the development of the urban public transport system, bus pickpocketing crimes have garnered increasing attention. In this paper, a complete and clear structure including finding patterns based on data, applying criminological theory to explain patterns, and using empirical investigation method to verify theoretical explanation are presented. We found that temperature and season are not clearly correlated with bus pickpocketing. The AQI and PM2.5 indices, however, demonstrated significant correlations with daily bus pickpocketing incidents: the worse the air quality, the more bus pickpocketing occurred. Then two empirical investigations were carried out to verified that crime pattern theory and rational choice theory can be used to explain the impact of air quality on bus pickpocketing crime. Furthermore, we utilized the SVM method to predict daily bus pickpocketing crime risk with an accuracy rate of 81%. The results of this paper can provide early warnings of urban bus pickpocketing and help police reduce crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although urban expansion statistics have been widely carried out, large-scale and rapid monitoring is still worth doing in order to improve the efficiency of statistics, as well as make up for the omissions and deficiencies of construction expansion statistics with multi-year intervals. This paper presents a study of urban expansion in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei plain based on ALOS Global Digital Surface Model "ALOS World 3D-30 m" (AW3D30 DSM), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DSM, and Landsat 7 ETM+ images. Through the evaluation of errors and the elimination of non-building changes, a relatively objective result is derived. The neighborhood block statistics of the construction height expansion reveal that from 2000 to 2009, the largest centralized construction expansion mainly occurred between the Second Ring Road and the Fifth Ring Road of Beijing, followed by Yizhuang, Shunyi, Tianjin Central City, and Langfang. Zonal statistics also show a significant imbalance in the expansion of construction in the counties of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei plain. For example, Chaoyang, Dongcheng, Xicheng, Xuanwu, Chongwen, Nankai, Heping, and Hexi have a larger construction expansion; however, other counties present a relatively slow rate of building expansion. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between the statistical average building height expansion per unit area (ABHE, by our method) and the actual average completed building floor space per unit area (ACBFS) derived from the Beijing Statistical Yearbook (BSY) is 0.9436, which proves that this method is feasible. With the continuous improvement of DSM data quality in the future, the method proposed in this paper can provide rapid and large-scale statistics to study more urban construction expansion in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micropolitics involved in urbanising land is yet to be well illustrated in urban and development studies. With the case of Dahongmen in Beijing, this paper explores the governing techniques for dealing with land transformation to uncover the nature and conduct of the state in weaving together land and urban questions. Recognising the power of discourses in enacting actions, this paper focuses on two performative moments of the state in reassembling land for the urban process, corresponding to social (re)ordering and economic mechanisms respectively. Both moments are critical since new ideas, concepts, and calculative rationales are invented to reassemble land into the intermediator of the urban process, whereby the state renews its identity and authority. The state, seen from the perspective of performativity, is more like a process (with structural effects) where certain utterances are made and repeated to incorporate multiple actors in land assemblages for the urban political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the pattern of the urban greenhouse gas (GHG) budget and its influencing factors is the basis of promoting urban low-carbon development. This paper takes Beijing and Shenzhen—the capital city and the most rapidly developing city in China, respectively—as case studies, comprehensively accounts their GHG budgets from 2005 to 2020, and investigates and compares the factors affecting their GHG budgets. The total GHG emissions in Beijing were lowest in 2005 (160.3 TgCO2 equivalents) and peaked at 227.7 TgCO2 equivalents in 2019, and then decreased to 209.1 TgCO2 equivalents in 2020. Meanwhile, the total GHG emissions in Shenzhen gradually increased from 36.0 TgCO2 equivalents in 2005 to 121.4 TgCO2 equivalents in 2019, and then decreased to 119.1 TgCO2 equivalents in 2020. The energy activity sector was the greatest contributor to GHG emissions in this period, accounting for 82.5% and 76.0% of the total GHG emissions in Beijing and Shenzhen, respectively. The carbon sink of the ecosystems of these two cities could absorb only small parts of their emissions, and the neutralization rates of sinks ranged from 1.7% to 2.3% in Beijing and from 0.3% to 1.5% in Shenzhen. The enhancement of population, economic product, and consumption increased the greenhouse gas emissions in both cities. A 1% increase in population size, per capita GD (gross domestic product), and residential consumption level would increase total GHG emissions by 0.181%, 0.019%, and 0.030% in Beijing, respectively. The corresponding increases in Shenzhen would be 0.180%, 0.243%, and 0.172%, respectively. The household size had opposite effects on the two cities, i.e., a 1% increase in household size would increase GHG emissions by 0.487% in Shenzhen but reduce them by 2.083% in Beijing. Each 1% increase in secondary industry and energy intensity would reduce GHG emissions by 0.553% and 0.110% in Shenzhen, respectively, which are more significant reductions than those in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban grass-roots library is an important part of the public cultural service system, and also a place to carry out national reading and lifelong learning, which is of great significance to the construction of a learning society. In this paper, the development and evolution of urban grassroots libraries in China are reviewed, and the current situation and usage issues of grassroots libraries in Beijing are analyzed. Moreover, the development strategy of idea stores in London, UK is studied, and characteristics are summarized, and possible references are sought. In the new era, urban grassroots libraries should integrate into communities with multiple functions and play a more sufficient role in public education, learning and training, and other aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In urban development, balancing the ecological services of park green space with residents' daily life and recreational needs, achieving sustainable development is an important issue in urban construction. The satellite cities of megacities have large development potential and are suitable research objects. This paper takes the Daxing District of Beijing as the research target and measures the integrated level of supply and demand by selecting unique evaluation indicators by integrating various dimensions and using the improved coupled coordination model and indicators with an expanded selection range at the smallest administrative unit of Chinese community unit scale innovatively. The study shows that: (1) The spatial heterogeneity between the supply and demand of parkland in 85 community units in Daxing New Town is obvious, the overall performance conforms with "demand exceeds supply", and the supply and demand are generally positively correlated. (2) The correlation degree of the matched supply and demand is analyzed, and it is found that 55 community units show a mismatch between supply and demand and 53 community units have a low level of coordinated development. (3) The superposition analysis shows that the comprehensive level of supply and demand decreases from north to south and from the center to the surrounding area. (4) According to the Daxing New City Park Green Space Coupling Coordination Relationship and Policy Document, we divided the community units in Daxing New Town into six types, and provided differentiated development suggestions. The results of the study can help to guide the sustainable construction of Daxing New City and provide a basis for the future construction of satellite cities in other megacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China's urbanization has transformed from extensive development to "refined operation," urban regeneration is more significant. This paper analyzes changes in research perspectives of urban regeneration in recent years at home and abroad and the innovative concept of inclusive development proposed in the context of globalization, finding that the connotation of urban regeneration in European countries has been gradually enriched in order to promote social integration. Based on this, the paper examines how Paris, the first European city, combined inclusive development and urban regeneration and addressed social integration and equity in urban regeneration by taking accessibility as a key point in solving the most fundamental transportation problems. Based on lessons learned from Paris in developing a barrier-free transportation system, it proposes specific optimization strategies at the micro level in accordance with the status quo of public transportation accessibility in Beijing's urban regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) geological models are currently needed and used independently for urban development. The main difficulty in constructing a 3D geological model of a shallow subsurface is to determine the stratigraphic distribution. Highly variable properties and geometries of geological units beneath lead to difficulty. It is key to find a practicable and efficient way to construct a model in practical work. This study takes Tongzhou District (Beijing) as a case; 476 boreholes (40 newly drilled and 436 existing engineering boreholes) were utilized combined with the cross-section method to construct an integrated 3D geological model. The framework and analyses contributed to the following applications: (1) High-quality information from new boreholes and existing engineering boreholes were used to define stratigraphy and build cross-sections. (2) The resulting geological model (up to 50 m beneath Tongzhou area) shows many details of the shallow subsurface. This includes 10 major layers which were grouped into three cyclothems representing cyclic sequences of clay, interbedded silt, sand, and gravel with variable quantities of lenses. (3) The new model was used as a tool to visualize the depth and geometry variations below ground and to characterize a large variety of properties (for example, the compression modulus analyzed in this paper) that each unit contains, and then to evaluate the underground geological conditions. (4) An analysis of a dynamic monitoring model based on the resulting 3D model indicated that the geological units (sand and silty clay) at depths between 30 m and 40 m, with an average vertical deformation of 0.97 mm, from July 2019 to September 2020, are suitable for underground construction, from the perspective of vertical stability in the study area. Monitoring models that take time into consideration based on a 3D framework will be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, set against the backdrop of expanding urban rail networks and dynamic urban development, focuses on the distribution and evolution of commercial Points of Interests (POIs) within the central urban rail transit areas of Beijing. The study examines data from four different years—2008, 2013, 2017, and 2020—to observe the temporal evolution of commercial entities. It identifies stable explanatory variables affecting the distribution and evolution of commercial POIs, which include rail transit accessibility, characteristics of the working and residential population distribution around stations, and the construction intensity in the vicinity of station areas. Through statistical analysis and model building, relatively stable linear regression equations were established, with R 2 values generally maintained above 0.5 (except for 2017). The study advances our understanding of the influence of rail transit on urban commercial spaces and how this influence shifts with temporal and urban developmental changes. It elucidates the correlation between changes in the number of businesses and spatial configuration, offering insights and information for urban planners and policy makers. This research also serves as a model for exploring the interplay between urban rail transit and commercial spaces in other major cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapid urbanization process, climate change has a huge impact on the urban thermal environment, and the urban heat island has attracted widespread attention from society. How to better detect, analyze, and evaluate the urban heat island effect has become a hot issue in current urban environmental research. However, the correlation analysis of heat island factors mostly adopts the conventional least square method, without considering the correlation of and the interaction between spatial elements. At the same time, the single analysis method makes it difficult to analyze environmental problems scientifically, which leads to great bias. Therefore, in this paper, the spatial autoregressive confusion model was used to analyze the satellite data of Beijing, and a preliminary temperature model of Beijing for all seasons was established. The regression results show that the surface temperature of Beijing has a strong spatial autocorrelation, and that the modified normalized difference water index and the normalized differential vegetation index have a strong negative effect on the land surface temperature. The prediction models established in this study can provide accurate and sustainable data support in the urbanization process and aid in the creation of a sustainable and effective urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community is basic unit of healthy urban development. As main space of people's daily life, community carries various functional needs of food, clothing, housing and transportation. Under concept of healthy community development, planning and design of community food system are studied in this paper. A good community food chain plays a positive role in improving people's happiness and quality of life. In this paper, ArcGIS platform is used to build "food map" network system. Taking Bajiao Community in Shijingshan District of Beijing as an example, influence weight, spatial distribution and accessibility of food source are studied, and optimization strategies and development suggestions for food system planning and design are finally put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on the PSR conceptual evaluation model of urban green and low-carbon development competitiveness, this paper evaluates the green and low-carbon development competitiveness of 13 cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei from 2010 to 2019 and reveals their spatial effects and obstacle factors combined with the spatial autocorrelation and obstacle model. The results show the following: (1) In terms of the overall situation, the evaluation index of urban green and low-carbon development competitiveness in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region shows a fluctuating upward trend as a whole from 2010 to 2019. Among them, the comprehensive evaluation indexes of Beijing, Zhangjiakou, and Tianjin are very competitive, while Hengshui, Handan, and Xingtai are relatively weak. (2) In terms of spatial data analysis, the global and local Moran's I of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities from 2010 to 2019 were positive and passed the 1% significant level test. This shows that the comprehensive evaluation index of urban green low-carbon development competitiveness of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities has a positive spatial correlation, and the spatial agglomeration effect is significant. On the whole, it presents a spatial agglomeration pattern of "high in the north, partial jump, and low in the south". (3) In the aspect of obstacle factor analysis, the proportion of the tertiary industry output value in GDP, energy consumption of ten thousand yuan of GDP, the urban green technology innovation level, and industrial soot emission of ten thousand yuan of GDP are the main obstacle factors restricting the improvement of urban green low-carbon development competitiveness in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most concentrated area of human activities, cities consume many natural resources and discharge a large amount of waste into the natural environment, which has a huge environmental impact. Most of the ecological and environmental problems, such as environmental pollution, global climate change, and loss of biodiversity, are related to urban systems. How to coordinate urban development with the urban ecological carrying capacity is related to the destiny of the city itself, and also to whether its surrounding areas can successfully achieve the goal of high environmental quality and sustainable development. At present, the theory and methods of urban ecological carrying capacity research are relatively new, which has caused problems for policy makers in practical applications. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for urban ecological carrying capacity assessment based on the analysis of ecosystem services supply and demand. Combined with multi-source spatial data and spatial model methods, the supply and demand of ecosystem services were spatially quantified. The capital city of China, Beijing, was the case study area for this research. The spatial differentiation of the supply–demand relationship of ecosystem services is formed. The priority areas for ecological carrying capacity improvement at pixel scale and at the administrative level are obtained, respectively. The results show that the first priority area is concentrated in the center of the urban area, accounting for 31.11% of the total area of Beijing. According to the secondary zone and the specific ecosystem service type, the ecological carrying capacity improvement strategy of different zones is proposed. This study provides a new perspective for investigating urban ecological carrying capacity and for identifying the priority areas for ecological carrying capacity improvement, and helps the policy-makers to design tailored policy actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper takes Qing County, Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, a county-level city along the Grand Canal during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as the research object. The study takes the rise and fall of the canal and the change of transportation modes in modern China as the starting point, and focuses on the transportation changes and urban development of canal cities in Beijing and its environs. By analysing the distribution and function of them, as well as the the influence of railways on urban development, the important value of the canal and the railway for the city is distilled. The study aims to reveal the law of urban development along the Grand Canal under the influence of both the canal and the railroad, and the inherent relationship between urban development and the construction of the canal and the railroad, through the historical perspective of the post system derived from the waterway transportation of the canal and the railroad transportation system rising in modern times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use is closely related to the sustainability of ecological development. This paper employed a patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model for the multi-scenario simulation of urban agglomerations. In addition, mathematical analysis methods such as Theil-Sen Median trend analysis, R/S analysis, Getis-Ord Gi* index and unary linear regression were used to study the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of net primary productivity (NPP) for the impact of land use changes on NPP in urban agglomerations from 2000 to 2020 and to forecast the future trend of NPP. The results indicate that urban expansion is obvious in the baseline scenario and in the ecological protection scenario. In the scenario of cropland protection, the urban expansion is consistent with the land use plan of the government for 2035. The NPP in Beijing decreased gradually from northwest to southeast. The hot spot areas are concentrated in the densely forested areas in the mountainous areas of northwest. The cold spot areas are mainly concentrated in the periphery of urban areas and water areas. The NPP will continue to increase in forest and other areas under protection and remain stable in impervious surfaces. The NPP of Beijing showed a strong improvement trend and this trend will continue with the right ecological management and urban planning of the government. The study of land use in urban agglomeration and the development trend of vegetation NPP in the future can help policymakers rationally manage future land use dynamics and maintain the sustainable development of urban regional ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beijing Municipal Administrative Center (Beijing MC) in Tongzhou District has inherited the non-capital core functions of Beijing's central urban area, and its rapid construction and development urgently require a scientific understanding of the pattern of land use evolution in the region. This paper analyzes the pattern of land use evolution in Tongzhou District over the past 40 years, from 1980 to 2020. According to the historical evolutionary characteristics of land use and urban development planning goals, combined with the driving factors of cultural tourism development, the Future Land-use Simulation (FLUS) model is used to simulate the spatial distribution of land use in Beijing MC (Tongzhou District) in 2035 under three scenarios of urbanization acceleration, deceleration and sustainable development. The results show three major trends. (1) Beijing MC (Tongzhou District) is dominated by urban development and construction. During the high-speed urbanization stage from 1980 to 2010, the urban expansion pattern of "along the Sixth Ring Road and along the Grand Canal" was formed. During the low-speed urbanization stage from 2010 to 2020, the land distribution was stable, and Tongzhou District formed a pattern of urban-rural differentiation and land intensification from northwest to southeast. As a typical area of Tongzhou District's urbanization, Beijing MC has the same characteristics of the temporal and spatial evolution as Tongzhou as a whole. (2) By 2035, there are significant differences in land use among the three scenarios with respect to the magnitude of change and spatial distribution. The area and distribution of ecological land under the urban sustainable development scenario are optimal, which is conducive to the realization of sustainable urban development. In analyzing the degree of conformity with the three Beijing MC zoning plans, the prediction simulation under the sustainable development scenario is highly consistent with the land use of the "Beijing Municipal Administrative Center Regulatory Detailed Planning (Block Level) (2016–2035)" (hereinafter referred to as "Planning") issued by the municipal government. However, there are certain deviations between the simulation predictions in the cultural tourism function area and the livable living scenery area and the corresponding "Planning" expectations. During the urban construction process, the internal ecological land area still needs to be increased. (3) Tongzhou District may lack a close connection between the urban and rural areas in the southeast. Potential risks such as the imbalance in the development of northern and southern townships require further attention in the development process. The prediction and simulation results of the model can provide certain data and methodological support for the construction of a harmonious and livable city in Beijing MC (Tongzhou District). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper about the high-quality development level of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is of vital importance to promote high-quality development of China. An evaluation index system that can comprehensively describe the high-quality development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is designed in this paper. There are 27 indexes selected to evaluate the high-quality development of the cities in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province from three dimensions: target level, standard level and index level. By applying the SOM (Self-Organizing Map) algorithm to cluster analysis of high-quality development levels. The results of the study showed that there are variations in high-quality development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster. Beijing has the highest quality development level, followed by Tianjin and Hebei, and a significant gap exists between Beijing and Hebei in terms of the level of quality development. In addition, the high-quality development level of cities in Hebei Province are not balanced. Therefore, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster should break down administrative barriers, making overall plans and promoting coordinated development among regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the background of the international dialogue and action agendas regarding climate change and the protection of biodiversity, China has embarked during the past years on a new urbanisation approach, gradually advancing from an era of high-speed sprawl to one of more high-quality, green and low-carbon city development. Several national policies and strategies have been put in place, which are consequently rolled out at the sub-national level in provinces and cities. Energy efficiency in urban areas, nature-based solutions and new green ecological site developments are particularly important planning priorities fuelling the national government's ambition to transform cities to be more liveable and sustainable. Further priorities are digitalisation and smart city approaches, as well as responding to COVID-19 implications in the sense of 'green recovery'. This paper summarises the low-carbon development policy framework in China and provides three case studies of selected projects from the capital city, Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the continuous development of urbanization in China, the country's growing population brings great challenges to urban development. By mastering the refined population spatial distribution in administrative units, the quantity and agglomeration of population distribution can be estimated and visualized. It will provide a basis for a more rational urban planning. This paper takes Beijing as the research area and uses a new Luojia1–01 nighttime light image with high resolution, land use type data, Points of Interest (POI) data, and other data to construct the population spatial index system, establishing the index weight based on the principal component analysis. The comprehensive weight value of population distribution in the study area was then used to calculate the street population distribution of Beijing in 2018. Then the population spatial distribution was visualize using GIS technology. After accuracy assessments by comparing the result with the WorldPop data, the accuracy has reached 0.74. The proposed method was validated as a qualified method to generate population spatial maps. By contrast of local areas, Luojia 1–01 data is more suitable for population distribution estimation than the NPP/VIIRS (Net Primary Productivity/Visible infrared Imaging Radiometer) nighttime light data. More geospatial big data and mathematical models can be combined to create more accurate population maps in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The MSW generation is related to social index, economic index and population index. • The Grey Relational Analysis method can improve the prediction performance accuracy. • The GRA-LSTM model precisely and accurately predict the MSW generation in Beijing. • Advice for urban development are proposed from the MSW source and the MSW disposal. Achieving accurate prediction of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation is essential for the sustainable development of the city. This paper selects Beijing as the research object, building a neural network model based on Grey Relational Analysis and Long and Short-Term Memory (GRA-LSTM), and choosing 14 influencing factors of MSW generation as the input indicators, to realize the effective prediction of MSW generation. Then this study obtains the landfill area in Beijing by using the aforementioned prediction results and the calculation formula of the landfill. Firstly, the GRA method is used to sort the influencing factors of the MSW generation for obtain the key influencing indexes. Secondly, the LSTM model is used to learn features of the key influencing indexes. Finally, the area of Beijing landfill is estimated by the calculation formula of landfill area. The results show that, first of all, the MAPE value of the GRA-LSTM combined model established in this paper is 7.3, and the prediction performance of this model is better than the other seven structural methods. Secondly, the area demand for landfills in Beijing shows an upward trend. At last, this paper put forward relevant suggestions to achieve sustainable urban development and deal with the increase in the MSW generation and the demand for landfills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate the accessibility of multimode transport facilities to suburban tourist attractions, under the background of detailed needs of tour transportation planning and urban development. Accessible, convenient, and sustainable tour transportation network is the prerequisite for tourists entering tourist attractions and completing activities. Based on multisource data and the GIS network analysis method, an accessibility model of suburban tourist attractions at community scale was constructed combining population with average shortest travel distances (ASTD) or the average minimum travel time (AMTT) by auto, public transport, and bike. Taking Beijing as an empirical analysis, the main conclusions are as follows. (1) The spatial distribution of suburban tourist attractions is fan-shaped with tourism resources mainly gathering on the north, west, and south of Beijing. (2) The ASTDs of tourist attractions and communities are 73.11 and 69.40 km, respectively. The average nonlinearity coefficient of ASTD of tourist attractions is divided into three categories including high, medium and low convenience, accounting for 0%, 78.57%, and 21.43%, respectively. (3) The accessibility of suburban tourist attractions has obvious spatial difference under multimode traffic network, showing an attenuation phenomenon of diffusion from the city center to suburbs. A total of 98.21% of them can be reached within 2 h by auto, while that number drops to 37.50% by public transport, and 32.14% by bike. The proposed model applicable for the accessibility of suburban tourist attractions provides reference for in-depth description and optimization of the actual traffic accessibility, as well as tourism transportation planning within the city region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe land subsidence could lead to ground collapse, building damage and a series of disasters. Up to now, the land subsidence has occurred in more than 50 cities in China, which seriously affects the life and production safety of local people and restricts the development of cities. While, Beijing is one of the most serious cities. This paper takes the urban area of Beijing as an example. PS-InSAR technology is used to process 40 scenes of Terra SAR images from 2010 to 2015, and the high-coherence points are selected by fusing the two algorithms of coherence coefficient and amplitude deviation. In order to verify the reliability of the results, the second-level measurement results are compared with the PS-InSAR deformation results, and five leveling points are used to evaluate the accuracy. The results show that: the maximum absolute error between the Leveling results and the InSAR measurement result is 8.87 mm, and the standard error is 3.22 mm, which meets the accuracy requirements. And areas with serious subsidence occur in Changping District, Haidian District, Daxing District, and Chaoyang District; there is no obvious subsidence trend in the central and eastern parts of Dongcheng, Xicheng and Fengtai District, and the surface is relatively stable. The subsidence in Tongzhou and Shunyi District is serious relatively, the subsidence in these two areas is -6 mm/a~-67 mm/a and -11 mm/a~-22 mm/a respectively. Finally, the spatial relationship between fault zones and land subsidence was preliminarily discussed. The results show that, the subsidence of the south of Changping was so serious than others while the Nankou-Sunhe fault zone crossed with Babaoshan and Huangzhuang-Gaoliying fault zone through this area respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the capital and one of the metropolises in China, Beijing has met with a number of serious so-called "urban diseases" in the process of rapid urbanization such as blind expansion of urban areas, explosion of population and the increase of urban heat island effect. To treat these "urban diseases" and make the metropolis develop healthful and sustainable in Beijing in the future, the spatial characteristics of metropolis developments in Beijing are explored in this paper. The urban built-up areas in Beijing are extracted using the DMSP-OLS nighttime light data from 1992 to 2013. The characteristics of the urban developments of Beijing are studied, including spatial and temporal scales of urban developments, urban barycenter of Beijing and its transfer trajectory, variations of urban spatial forms and the differences of urban internal developments. The results have shown that the built-up areas had been increasing and circling extending from the central urban areas to the outer spaces in the last 21 years. The built-up area had expanded by 878km2 in 1992–2013, and the built-up area in 2013 had expanded to three times comparing to that of 1992. The expanding area of the built-up area in the northeast is the largest. The expansion of the urban had mainly occurred in 1996–2007, and the expanded area had accounted for 92% of the total research period. During the whole research period, the urban barycenter of Beijing had moved 5000.71 meters towards Northeast 28° of its original place from Dongcheng District to Chaoyang District. The development level of each municipal district had been increasing year by year, and the development differences among the municipal districts had been gradually reduced; the spatial forms of Beijing had been alternately changed between extensive and intensive expansion. The results of this study can help to plan urban land use and people migration of Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our existing knowledge of the links between urban growth and commuting patterns are dominated by cases from developed countries. This paper examines the impact of urban growth on workers' commutes using the case of Beijing, which is undergoing rapid economic and spatial restructuring. The results of an analysis of household survey data show that clustered and compact urban development in planned sub-centres is likely to reduce suburban workers' need for a long-distance commute to the city centre when the workers' socio-economic characteristics, the level of transport accessibility and household preferences for residential location are taken into account. Workers employed in the manufacturing sector tend to have shorter commutes and travel within the planned suburban sub-centres. This reveals that the decentralization of employment in the manufacturing sector provides more opportunities to enhance the spatial matches between household residential and job location choices. Household preferences for residential location have an effect on commuting patterns, and high-income workers are likely to accept longer commutes in order to fulfil their residential preferences. Dramatic urban restructuring, in conjunction with changes in lifestyle, is creating new commuting patterns in the rapidly growing cities of China. Resumen El estado actual del conocimiento sobre los vínculos entre el crecimiento urbanístico y los patrones de desplazamiento al trabajo está dominado por ejemplos de países desarrollados. Este artículo examina el impacto del crecimiento urbano en los desplazamientos al trabajo en una ciudad como Pekín, la cual está siendo objeto de una rápida reestructuración económica y espacial. Los resultados del análisis de datos de un muestreo de hogares mostró que es probable que un desarrollo urbano compacto y agrupado en torno a sub-centros planificados a propósito de este modo reduzca la necesidad de largos desplazamientos al trabajo hasta el centro de la ciudad, si se tienen en cuenta las características socioeconómicas de los trabajadores, la facilidad de acceso a transporte y las preferencias de cada hogar en cuanto a la zona residencial. Los trabajadores empleados en el sector manufacturero tienden a realizar desplazamientos más cortos y a viajar dentro de los sub-centros suburbanos planificados. Esto revela que la descentralización del empleo en el sector manufacturero proporciona más oportunidades de mejorar la correspondencia espacial entre la elección de la zona residencial y la del puesto de trabajo. Las preferencias familiares en cuanto a la zona residencial tienen un efecto en los patrones de desplazamiento al trabajo, siendo más probable que los empleados con ingresos más altos estén dispuestos a realizar desplazamientos más largos a cambio de satisfacer sus preferencias residenciales. Una dramática reestructuración urbana, junto con cambios en el estilo de vida, está creando nuevos patrones de desplazamiento al trabajo en las ciudades chinas de rápido crecimiento. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural formation and development of urban agglomerations is a process in which core cities continue to unite their neighboring cities to enhance sustainability for their own sustainable development. The upgrade mechanism of sustainable development urban agglomeration is a nonlinear composite upgrade curve that is a function of time, increasing with the number of cities. In this paper, the sustainable upgrade function curve, upgrade rate, and upgrade speed of urban agglomerations were solved using a geometrical derivation, and the index system for measuring the upgrade capability of sustainable development of urban agglomerations was established. The dynamic change in economic sustainable upgrade capability, social sustainable upgrade capability, environmental sustainable upgrade capability, and comprehensive sustainable upgrade capability of a Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2015 was measured by technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution and a grey correlation method, and a comprehensive, intercity unite strength model and a unite threshold calculation method for urban agglomerations were established. The research shows that the economic sustainable upgrade capability, social sustainable upgrade capability, environmental sustainable upgrade capability, and comprehensive sustainable upgrade capability of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration all show a wave-like rising trend. The average annual upgrade speeds during 2000–2015 are, respectively, 2.4%. 1.67%, 1.1%, and 1.74%, with the intercity comprehensive unite strength of urban agglomerations maintaining a general increase; but there is a limit to the joint threshold. From 2000 to 2015, as the core city of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, Beijing, to enhance its sustainable upgrade capability, jointly developed with Tianjin, Langfang, and Baoding before 2000, Tangshan in 2002, Cangzhou in 2009, Zhangjiakou and Shijiazhuang in 2012, and Chengde in 2014. By 2015, the comprehensive unite strength between Beijing and four cities (Handan, Qinhuangdao, Hengshui, and Xingtai) was still lower than the unite threshold of 6.14. These four cities are relatively far from Beijing, and offer no substantial contribution to the sustainable upgrade capability of Beijing. Through multiple fittings of the upgrade curve using the long-term sequence index of the comprehensive sustainable upgrade capability of Beijing (the core city of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration) from 2000 to 2015, it was found that the simulated curve of the comprehensive sustainable upgrade function of the agglomeration was very similar to the curve of the comprehensive sustainable upgrade capability, which indicates that the simulation results are satisfactory. The future comprehensive sustainable upgrade capability of the agglomeration can be analyzed and predicted by the comprehensive sustainable upgrade function model. This study provides quantitative decision-supporting evidence for promoting the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration and provides theoretical guidance and algorithms for determining the number of cities joined with the sustainable development of national urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid economic growth since the turn of the 21st century, the fast-degrading environment has emerged as a significant factor limiting the continued development of megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai. It has also placed unprecedented pressure on ecosystem services. Therefore, the present study uses the morphological spatial pattern analysis model and the index of connectivity (IIC) and possible connectivity (PC) indices to analyse changes in the spatial pattern of Beijing and combines the carbon sequestration module and habitat quality module of the InVEST model to evaluate the supporting functions of Beijing's ecosystems from 2000 to 2020, to investigate the characteristics of spatial and temporal changes and the drivers of these changes, and to provide a scientific basis for urban ecosystem management. The results show that between 2000 and 2020, the overall area of green space in Beijing decreased, and the IIC and the index of PC decreased, indicating that the overall spatial connectivity of green space decreased and fragmentation increased. During this period, the carbon stock within the Beijing city area decreased by a total of about 2.94 Tg, and the habitat quality index decreased from 0.71 to 0.67, indicating a trend of degradation. This paper suggests that the expansion of urban and rural land use is a major factor in the decline of ecosystem support services, while the spatial pattern of the landscape also has an impact on habitat quality, which is generally higher in areas with better landscape connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrestrial ecosystems play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, and their carbon sequestration capacity is vital for mitigating the impacts of climate change. Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics significantly alter this capacity. This study scrutinizes the LULC evolution within the Beijing metropolitan region from 1992 to 2022, evaluating its implications for ecosystem carbon storage. It also employs the Patch-Generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model to simulate LULC patterns under four scenarios for 2035: an Uncontrolled Scenario (UCS), a Natural Evolution Scenario (NES), a Strict Control Scenario (SCS), and a Reforestation and Wetland Expansion Scenario (RWES). The InVEST model is concurrently used to assess and forecast ecosystem carbon storage under each scenario. Key insights from the study are as follows: (1) from 1992 to 2022, Beijing's LULC exhibited a phased developmental trajectory, marked by an expansion of urban and forested areas at the expense of agricultural land; (2) concurrently, the region's ecosystem carbon storage displayed a fluctuating trend, peaking initially before declining, with higher storage in the northwest and lower in the central urban zones; (3) by 2035, ecosystem carbon storage is projected to decrease by 1.41 Megatons under the UCS, decrease by 0.097 Megatons under the NES, increase by 1.70 Megatons under the SCS, and increase by 11.97 Megatons under the RWES; and (4) the study underscores the efficacy of policies curtailing construction land expansion in Beijing, advocating for sustained urban growth constraints and intensified afforestation initiatives. This research reveals significant changes in urban land use types and the mechanisms propelling these shifts, offering a scientific basis for comprehending LULC transformations in Beijing and their ramifications for ecosystem carbon storage. It further provides policymakers with substantial insights for the development of strategic environmental and urban planning initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out in the report of the Nineteenth Party Congress that speeding up the reform of ecological civilization system and building ecological civilization are the millennium plan for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation. The ecological problems of mega-cities are related to the sustainable development of economy and society. Because the radiation area of mega-cities is relatively wide, the geographical environment of various city regions is different, and so is the functional orientation, the selection of evaluation criteria and evaluation indicators is particularly important in the evaluation process. Based on the perspective of mega-city functional areas and combining it with the urban development planning of Beijing, this paper discusses the evaluation of ecological civilization in mega-cities, constructs the evaluation index system of ecological civilization index, and uses the coefficient of variation method of objective empowerment method to determine the index weight, and evaluates the ecological civilization of each functional area in Beijing from three aspects: growth quality, ecological protection and air quality. It can be concluded that the index of ecological civilization in Beijing shows an upward trend as a whole, each functional area presents different characteristics, and the implementation of policies has a significant impact on the construction and development of ecological civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2004, two auction mechanisms – listing auctions and tender auctions – have played a dominant role in land lease arrangements for real estate development in Beijing. Listing auctions in land markets are similar to general English auctions, where bidders offer the highest price to win. However, in tender auctions, winners are determined by the bidding price and the bidder’s financial capability and reputation. Based on granted land parcels from 2006 to 2012 in Beijing, this paper attempts to examine the price differences between the two auctions and the role of land auction in urban development and price stabilisation. We find that land policy in Beijing, which aims to stabilise land prices and to provide low-price residences, has been integrated with urban development planning in terms of spatial and density pattern. Land leasing in Beijing is not only a land policy but also a part of the strategy framework of local development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As the space carrier of the construction of ecological civilization, land's green and efficient utilization is an important guarantee for realizing national sustainable development. Based on traditional land evaluation, this paper scientifically defines the green land use, puts land as one of the production factors, and brings energy consumption, environmental pollution, etc. into the input-output system to measure the green land utilization efficiency of the urban construction land of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration from 2006 to 2016. The study shows that the overall efficiency variation of the urban agglomeration is related with the land and environment policies. Efficiency of 2016 is higher than that of 2006, and energy and environment are the principal factors affecting the green land use. The efficiency of each city is positively correlated with its economic development, negatively correlated with the construction land expansion. Efficiency gaps in different cities are expanding. There is positive correlation with overall weak space between cities, and the partial spatial agglomeration phenomenon appears. Therefore, the green land use efficiency could be improved by improving land utilization efficiency, coordinating economic growth of construction land utilization with environmental protection and taking feasible ways to transregional renovation of the stock ecological land utilization, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper establishes a diagnostic model for assessing the rationality of size structure of urban agglomerations (UAs) in China. The model is designed to determine from a three-dimensional index including size distribution index (SDI), size compactness index (SCI), and size efficiency index (SEI). The spatio-temporal pattern of size structure involving the studied 19 UAs and its implications are explored. The results indicate that size structure of China's UAs advanced from a low rationality development stage to a moderate rationality development stage in 1995-2015. Among them, the SDI and SEI were reasonably high, and the SCI was relatively low. Spatially, the high rationality UAs were distributed across eastern China, while the low rationality UAs were located in western China. UAs with positive size structure possessed typically a dual- or multicenter urban structure, while UAs with negative size structure usually presented as a single-center structure. The evolutionary trajectories of rationality of size structure of UAs can be summarized as four different stages. Our findings suggest that, in addition to consolidating the status of national-level UAs, the development of regional-level UAs should be promoted. Also, the fostering focus and direction should be oriented toward an UA with dual- or multicenter spatial structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the urbanization in Beijing is developing fast, and its accompanying rapid accumulation pattern of urban infrastructure stock is undoubtedly of great significance to the realization of Beijing's infrastructure construction and urbanization coordinated development. This paper analyzes the time series of changes in 8 types of infrastructure stock and 10 types of infrastructure materials in Beijing through the stock accounting model. The decoupling relationship between the level of urbanization in Beijing and the infrastructure stock is analyzed through the decoupling model. Its purpose is to achieve social and economic development while achieving the optimal scale of infrastructure stock construction, thereby promoting the progress of Beijing's new urban development. The results show that: (1) Beijing's infrastructure stock was on an upward trend from 1949 to 2018. In 2018, the total infrastructure stock expanded to 1,384 times that of 1949, reaching 3,342.036 million tons. It has experienced a process of slow growth from 1949 to 1975, rapid growth from 1976 to 2008, and steady growth from 2009 to 2018. (2) From 1949 to 2018, in terms of building types, Beijing has the largest housing stocks, followed by the road stocks, the pipeline stocks and the track stocks. In terms of material types, gravel, cement, bricks, and steel account for about 99% of the infrastructure material stock in Beijing. (3) The state has reached weak decoupling between the level of urbanization in Beijing and the stock of roads and track, and is moving from "weak decoupling" to finally achieving "strong decoupling", while the state between the level of urbanization and housing stocks and pipeline stocks has not yet reached decoupling. The state between the level of urbanization and the stock of various infrastructure materials has not yet reached a state of decoupling, and most of them are extended decoupling, which puts great pressure on Beijing's resources and environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of metropolitan area gives urban rail transit a new historical mission, and the construction of regional express line is the development direction of urban rail transit in the future. The demand of vehicle operation and maintenance of regional express line is different from that of subway and intercity railway, and the relevant standards and specifications of regional express line construction are lack of practical engineering verification. Based on the analysis of the general situation of Daxing Airport Line Project, the main technical parameters of key vehicle equipment, the status of routine maintenance and repair of vehicles, and the collected data of wheel-set from online detection equipment, this paper optimizes the vehicle maintenance standards of Daxing Airport Line, presents vehicle maintenance and maintenance standards, which takes train technical inspection, monthly inspection as routine maintenance and scheduled repair, and un-wheeling repair (A, B) and overhaul as regular overhaul, and analyzes the economic benefits under the new vehicle maintenance standards, with reference to the requirements of vehicle suppliers, the technical level of domestic vehicle components and the industry's experiences in maintenance. The implementation of the new standards can effectively control the construction scale of vehicle base, reduce the cost of vehicle operation and maintenance, and improve vehicle utilization rate, thus providing a theoretical basis for the construction of regional express vehicle base of urban rail transit and the network resource sharing in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of urban containment policies is increasingly attracting attention in environment management. Rapid urban growth and the coexistence of decentralisation and marketisation challenge containment strategies that are implemented to control urban sprawl. This challenge is likely to be greater in a transformation country than in developed countries. This paper evaluates the performance of containment strategies in Beijing. The analysis shows that, to a large extent, containment strategies perform well; however, the decreased compactness of the fringes of the inter-suburban areas, caused by dispersed and illegal development, suggest that municipal containment strategies are being challenged by new trends towards local autonomy. Two similar dilemmas to those faced by developed countries are confronting those involved in the implementation of containment strategies in the current transformation process in Beijing: first, the municipal environmental goal might not be achieved by all local jurisdictions when local economic motivations are involved; and second, macro-scale containment policies are unlikely to control an urban sprawl fuelled by the growing power of market forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanisation and serious environmental problems have led people worldwide to realise the significance of urban planning and management towards a sustainable environment. Beijing was used as a case study to develop a framework and strategies for sustainable development using ecological principles. At the regional level, Beijing-Tianjin agglomeration and Hebei Province are considered together. At the Beijing administrative level, some important measures are put forward for revision of the Beijing Urban Master Plan. At the Beijing plain level, the future spatial structure of Beijing city and the relationship between settlements, green space and transportation are considered, and three basic development patterns are proposed. At the inner district level, the ecological corridor system is suggested, based on ecosystem services. At the selected area level, a comprehensive strategy and key measures for conservation and renewal of old Beijing city core are provided. Once strategies for Beijing urban development are implemented step-by-step, a vision for future development can be achieved. This paper provides considerations for improvement of urban planning and management in China and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Beijing has increasingly been re-integrated with the world since the 1980s, thereby entering into closer, but more complex relationships with the global system. To understand the implications for urban planning, it is important to appreciate that Beijing is handling these global-local relationships amid delicate 'local' relationships with the Chinese state, in ways that are obviously different from those of the West. The objective of this paper is to throw light on how new global and local forces have infl uenced planning in Beijing, fi rst by understanding the nature of urban government in Beijing and then by examining master plans for the city. From a Foucauldian perspective, it tries to describe state practices, including urban planning, of the Chinese governmentality. It focuses on the effectiveness of government during this new era, taking into account non-state practices, including those adopted from the outside world. It argues that the state needs to invent new toolkits and conceive urban problems differently to cope with these new forces. The paper illustrates this argument by investigating the formulation of the two master plans for Beijing, the 1954 and 2005 Plans, and documents how the latter has been updated to incorporate these new global and local forces. It concludes that there is no uni-directional interaction between global and local. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the characteristics of urban spatial development in Beijing and identifies the extent to which these characteristics can be attributed to the emerging land market in Beijing as well as the impact of land policy reform. Based on the observations of land use rights granted from 1993 to the first half of 2000 in the built-up area of Beijing, empirical analyses illustrate that both land prices and land development density decrease with distance to the city core. It further provides evidence that the slope of the land rent curve also depends on land use types. This leads to the conclusion that the land market influences land development decisions and urban form. Finally, it shows that the slope of the land rent curve and the elasticity of land-capital substitution change over time. The former declines, as expected. This is because Beijing's massive investments in transport have reduced transport costs, which in turn has shifted the land rent curve. The latter rises, implying the price effect on land development density. Both changes--in land rent function and the elasticity of land-capital substitution--point to the maturing of the Beijing land market. It should be mentioned that there are enormous land developments outside the land market (land development on administratively allocated land). These developments can significantly distort urban land use patterns portrayed through this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malthusian population theory states that, when population growth exceeds the growth of the means of production, socioeconomic development will be hindered. This paper analyzes this issue from the perspective of uncoordinated urbanization. We used the data available for 262 cities at the prefecture level and above in China, for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We empirically investigated the relationship between uncoordinated urbanization and urban economic growth. We also examined how this relationship is affected by natural resource constraints. The research results show that there are temporal and spatial differences in the distribution of uncoordinated urbanization in China. From a temporal perspective, from 2000 to 2015, 45.61% of China's 262 cities show under‐urbanization, while 36.45% of cities show over‐urbanization. However, the number of cities with over‐urbanization is growing. From a spatial perspective, the number of cities in the northeastern region with over‐urbanization is declining. Conversely, the number of cities with over‐urbanization in Beijing in the central and southeastern coastal areas is increasing. Empirical research shows that uncoordinated urbanization and urban economic growth have an inverted U‐shaped relationship. Abundant natural resources can make the inverted U‐shaped curve of uncoordinated urbanization and economic growth flatter. The "resource curse" seems to occur only under high levels of uncoordinated urbanization (over‐urbanization). For some cities where there is under‐urbanization, abundant natural resources are conducive to urban economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commencing in the 1990s, market reforms, high rates of urban growth and dissolution of public-subsidized housing created cumulatively a speculative property boom in Beijing. Economic housing was meant to provide affordable housing to low and middle income residents. But with the state earnest in using property market to promote GDP growth, political commitments were weakened and resources allocated went scarce. Non-target middle class “free riders” were also let into economic housing by developers to generate higher profit. The paper investigates the causes of misallocation of economic housing in Beijing. A housing survey was conducted to look into the competing interests in two starkly contrasted economic housing clusters — inner city resettlement and middle-class neighbourhoods. This paper aims to address the importance of balancing the growth-led policy with social equity and redistribution of public resources. An excessive emphasis of the former would deprive the latter of social justice and more equitable distribution. Short-term and longer term solutions are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the irresistible drive of urban growth, the questions as to whether and how agriculture is restructured and repositioned in relation to urban development have received little attention. Based on the method of hypothetical extraction from input-output tables, and on the Beijing case, this paper puts forward an approach to assess the dependence of the agro-economy on urban sectors. The research shows that in Beijing in the period from 1982 to 2007 the relationship between agriculture and the urban economy has gone through three phases. At the start of the economic reform, the relationship was weak, characterised by intensive inputs of agricultural productive materials and policy orders. What followed was a phase of disconnection characterised by fast urban growth and low competitive status of agriculture. The third was a period of increasingly integrated development with technological inputs and upgrading of the management of agriculture. The current strong relationship indicates that agriculture can be tuned to meet the preferences of urban consumers. Key associated urban sectors are screened out to verify this relationship. The approach is valuable for quantifying the structural relationship between agriculture and urban sectors, for further analysing rural-urban economic relationships to support development policy design and programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate change detection of built-up areas (BAs) fosters a comprehensive understanding of urban development. The post-classification comparison (PCC) is a widely-used change detection method by classification and temporal comparison. For classification, image-level labeling is an efficient alternative to pixel-level one for pixel-wise weakly supervised segmentation, which frequently applies pixel-level pseudo labels generated from class activation map (CAM) to train semantic segmentation networks. CAM can be obtained from classification networks trained with image-level labels and can indicate the spatial location of objects. The existing studies are subject to the following issues: 1) They only rely on the single-scale and low-resolution CAM, but ignore the multi-scale property of BAs; 2) Pixel-level pseudo labels usually contain noises (e.g., omissions and false alarms); 3) The temporal correlation between multi-temporal images is less considered in PCC. To address these limitations, this paper proposed a multi-scale weakly supervised learning method, which utilized a large number of single-temporal high-resolution images and image-level labels to detect BA changes. This method consisted of three modules: 1) multi-scale CAM for BA pseudo label generation; 2) adaptive online noise correction for BA detection; and 3) generation of reliable pseudo labels for BA change detection. Based on ZY-3 images (2.5 m), we constructed the first multi-view datasets for both BA detection and change detection. Each ZY-3 image includes a multi-spectral image with red, green, blue, and near-infrared bands and a multi-view image with nadir-, forward-, and backward-views. The BA detection dataset contained 86,166 image-level samples (256 × 256 pixels for each sample), covering 48 major cities in China, while the BA change detection dataset consisted of ZY-3 bi-temporal images at rapidly urbanizing areas (i.e., Beijing and Shanghai). Experiments showed that the proposed method can detect BA changes and suppress pseudo changes effectively, yielding 88.2% F1-score in BA detection and 79.3% for Shanghai and 78.5% for Beijing in change detection. Further analysis demonstrated the proposed method to be advantageous in the following two fronts: 1) the image-level weak labels can achieve pixel-wise BA change detection at low cost; and 2) the multi-scale CAM and temporal correlation are effective in the scenarios with limited labels. Datasets and codes will be accessed at https://github.com/lauraset/MSWS. • A multi-scale weakly supervised method for built-up area change detection. • The first multi-view built-up area detection and change detection datasets. • Multi-scale class activation maps for generating pixel-level pseudo labels. • Adaptive online noise correction for obtaining reliable built-up areas. • Reliable change pseudo labels for training a change detection network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of urban living environments has become a focal point for local governments and citizens. By conducting a thorough analysis of the human settlement environment, the study can not only gain an intuitive insight into the quality of life of residents but also propose forward-thinking and sustainable suggestions for areas of improvement. This study optimizes and analyzes open platform data closely related to residents and assesses the suitability of different areas for living from diverse perspectives and methodologies. This study has chosen Beijing and Xi'an as the primary case studies. The local living environment is categorized into residential, living, recreational environment, transportation convenience, and safety. Our evaluation combines subjective and objective analysis methods and considers hotspot and cold spot analyses. This study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a subjective analysis method and the entropy method for objective analysis. By integrating both methods, it assesses the living environment conditions of Beijing and Xi'an. Furthermore, using GIS software, hotspot analysis is conducted for both cities, identifying areas of high and low quality. Detailed analysis is subsequently carried out for the low-quality clusters. Ultimately, this study, grounded in the theory of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), presents recommendations for sustainable development aimed at representative rural towns and streets. City centers in Beijing and Xi'an have high-quality environments, while the outskirts show declining quality. Xi'an has uneven resource distribution, while Beijing is more balanced, with hotspot analyses indicating specific high- and low-quality cluster locations in both cities. These disparities and characteristics of the low-quality clusters offer insights for future urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies rural land value appreciation and the wealth redistribution effects of China's dual land system, taking Beijing as a case study. We propose a robust method to estimate the land value gap between the land granting price paid by the developer and the rural resident's compensation for the expropriated land. The study shows that the land value gap manifests dramatic variability. While, on average, expropriation charges amount to 15 per cent of the estimated market value of land, this share is under 5 per cent in about a quarter of all rural expropriation cases. The land value gap shows significant and positive correlation with market prices and the intended use for the land, and significant evidence of spatial dependence and heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]