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2. Innovating Teachers' Professional Learning through Digital Technologies. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 237
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France) and Minea-Pic, Andreea
- Abstract
Digital technologies offer immense potential for transforming teacher learning and the delivery of professional development activities throughout teachers' careers. As the COVID-19 pandemic has made face-to-face professional learning challenging or impossible for teachers to attend in many contexts, online professional learning options for teachers have been receiving renewed attention. This paper puts forward research evidence on the effectiveness of various forms of online learning for teachers and adults, and examines prerequisite conditions for enhancing teacher learning through digital technologies. Teachers' engagement in online learning activities, as captured by OECD surveys, remained limited in many OECD countries before the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper provides a basis for investigating how policies can support teachers' engagement in professional learning using digital technologies and help strike a balance between system-level provision of online teacher professional learning opportunities and the facilitation of teacher-led initiatives.
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- 2020
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3. Digital Strategies in Education across OECD Countries: Exploring Education Policies on Digital Technologies. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 226
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France) and van der Vlies, Reyer
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This working paper identifies OECD countries' interests in digital innovation in education by analysing their policy papers on digital education. Many OECD countries have adopted a specific strategy on digital education, or integrated the topic in a generic strategy on digital innovation as such. The ideas that are expressed in the strategies differ greatly; some are work in progress, others contain bold envisions of the future. There is a high awareness among OECD countries of the benefits of digitalisation, and the role of government to support digital innovation in education. This paper covers and documents countries' policy focus before the 2020 coronavirus crisis.
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- 2020
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4. Why Do Countries Participate in International Large-Scale Assessments? The Case of PISA. Policy Research Working Paper 7447
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World Bank and Lockheed, Marlaine E.
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The number of countries that regularly participate in international large-scale assessments has increased sharply over the past 15 years, with the share of countries participating in the Programme for International Student Assessment growing from one-fifth of countries in 2000 to over one-third of countries in 2015. What accounts for this increase? This paper explores the evidence for three broad explanations: globalization of assessments, increasing technical capacity for conducting assessments, and increased demand for the microeconomic and macroeconomic data from these assessments. Data were compiled from more than 200 countries for this analysis, for six time periods between 2000 and 2015, yielding more than 1,200 observations. The data cover each country's participation in each of six cycles of PISA as it relates to the country's level of economic development, region, prior experience with assessment, and OECD membership. The results indicate that the odds of participation in PISA are markedly higher for OECD member countries, countries in the Europe and Central Asia region, high- and upper-middle-income countries, and countries with previous national and international assessment experience; the paper also finds that regional assessment experience is unrelated to PISA participation.
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- 2015
5. A Tool to Capture Learning Experiences during COVID-19: The PISA Global Crises Questionnaire Module. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 232
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Bertling, Jonas, Rojas, Nathaniel, Alegre, Jan, and Faherty, Katie
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The global spread of COVID-19 has led to unprecedented disruptions in schooling around the world that have animated increased interest among policymakers, educators, researchers and the general public in knowing about how education systems have responded to the pandemic and how students' learning experiences have changed. The PISA Global Crises Module was developed to address this need. 62 student questionnaire items (grouped into 11 questions) and 68 school questionnaire items (grouped into 14 questions) were developed following a process that involved input from leading questionnaire development experts, PISA National Centres, as well as small-scale cognitive interview studies in three countries. While all countries were affected by the pandemic in some way, the module seeks to illuminate differential effects on student learning and well-being, and the degree of interruption or changes to education across different education systems. Governing bodies, organisations and researchers can use the instruments and the descriptions of the underlying constructs for adaptation and broader implementation.
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- 2020
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6. Attendance in Early Childhood Education and Care Programmes and Academic Proficiencies at Age 15. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 214
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Balladares, Jaime, and Kankaraš, Miloš
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Early years are a critical period for skill development. In this sense, the Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) programmes have an important role in promoting children's learning during this period. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of ECEC programmes by analysing the relationship between students' ECEC attendance and their later academic proficiency using PISA 2015 data. PISA results show that across the OECD countries, students who had attended ECEC tend to have higher scores in academic proficiencies at the age of 15. However, these differences in academic proficiencies between those who attended ECEC versus those who did not attend are almost nil when students' socio-economic status (SES) is considered. This relationship reflects differential access to learning opportunities for children from deprived contexts. Furthermore, results show that entering ECEC programmes earlier than the typical time is associated with lower proficiencies at the age of 15. Therefore, earlier entry to ECEC is not necessarily beneficial. Learning benefits of ECEC provision vary considerably across PISA countries illustrating the importance of a country-specific policy context and the quality of their ECEC provision. The analyses of several quality indicators point out that the improved quality of ECEC programmes is associated with higher academic skills at later stages. These results highlight that mere attendance to ECEC programmes is not enough to ensure better academic performance. The quality of the educational provision, especially concerning those students from disadvantaged backgrounds, should be ensured.
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- 2020
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7. Technology and Education: Computers, Software, and the Internet. NBER Working Paper No. 22237
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National Bureau of Economic Research, Bulman, George, and Fairlie, Robert W.
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A substantial amount of money is spent on technology by schools, families and policymakers with the hope of improving educational outcomes. This paper explores the theoretical and empirical literature on the impacts of technology on educational outcomes. The literature focuses on two primary contexts in which technology may be used for educational purposes: i) classroom use in schools, and ii) home use by students. Theoretically, ICT investment and CAI use by schools and the use of computers at home have ambiguous implications for educational achievement: expenditures devoted to technology necessarily offset inputs that may be more or less efficient, and time allocated to using technology may displace traditional classroom instruction and educational activities at home. However, much of the evidence in the schooling literature is based on interventions that provide supplemental funding for technology or additional class time, and thus favor finding positive effects. Nonetheless, studies of ICT and CAI in schools produce mixed evidence with a pattern of null results. Notable exceptions to this pattern occur in studies of developing countries and CAI interventions that target math rather than language. In the context of home use, early studies based on multivariate and instrumental variables approaches tend to find large positive (and in a few cases negative) effects while recent studies based on randomized control experiments tend to find small or null effects. Early research focused on developed countries while more recently several experiments have been conducted in developing countries.
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- 2016
8. Learning First: A Research Agenda for Improving Learning in Low-Income Countries. Center for Universal Education. Working Paper 7
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Brookings Institution, Wagner, Daniel A., Murphy, Katie M., and De Korne, Haley
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Parents, educators, government ministers and policymakers in all contexts and countries around the world are concerned with learning and how to improve it. There are many reasons for this, but none is more important than the fact that learning is at the heart of success at the individual, community and global levels. Learning First is the title of this report, with the strong implication that learning should be the foremost goal of education policies worldwide. The present review seeks not only to explain why this is the case but also focuses on what education stakeholders need to know--that is, what research is needed--in order to improve learning in the decades to come, particularly among those children most in need. This question is addressed in the following six sections: (1) Learning Goals and Research; (2) Learning Definitions and Contexts; (3) Global Change and the Contexts of Learning; (4) Five Domains of Research on Learning; (5) Learning: A Proposed Research Agenda; and (6) Conclusions: Learning to Make a Difference. Appended are: (1) Boundary Constraints: Methodological Considerations for Cross-Cultural Research on Learning; (2) Research Proposal Sketches Based on three learning stories; and (3) Abbreviations used. (Contains 16 figures, 3 tables, and 199 endnotes.)
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- 2012
9. PAPER'S CLOSING CHAPTER.
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PACHNER, JOANNA
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INDUSTRYWIDE conditions ,PAPER industry ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,PRINTING paper - Abstract
The article focuses on the decline of the paper industry in the 21st century. There was a significant decrease in printing-paper consumption since the peak in paper demand in North America in 2000. The key challenges facing the sector are boosting the environmental and usability credentials of paper and finding new applications for the pulp. But the consumption decline in the west is not reflected in Asia and South America.
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- 2011
10. Johan Vilhelm Snellman's-Finnish Philosopher, Writer, Diplomat-Statement 'Science Centers for All'
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Aydin, Abdullah
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"Go to temples of science and ideas of Europe. Imitate the Tugendbund, 'the Union of Virtue', of which thousands of German youth are the members. Always keep the rule of 'Fit soul is in fit body' in mind" (Petrov, 2013, p. 72). This study aimed to show the similarities, in terms of expression, emphasis, and implication, in the about/mission/vision/goals/objectives of various science centers from around the world and in the basic themes derived from Snellman's statement above, namely, Science for all, Science Centers for all, and Human welfare that he made as a challenge to not only his people but to everyone. Document and content analyses were applied in the study. Within the scope of these analyses, this study investigated the about/mission/vision/goals/objectives sections of websites of science centers from around the world (Asia, Europe, Global, Latin America/The Caribbean, North America, Africa). From this investigation, similar basic themes, derived from Snellman's statement challenging his people/everyone to adopt this devotion to science, were found in the areas of i) expression in ASTC, CIMUSET/CSTM, CASC and SAASTEC; ii) emphasis in ECSITE, ASDC, ASCN and NSCF; and iii) implication in ASPAC, ASTEN, NCSM, ABCMC and Red-POP. These basic themes, as found in the about/mission/vision/goals/objectives of science centers, can, in effect, be narrowed down to the one theme of "cultural institutions will be a big part of human life" (Madsen 2017, p. 68) science centers in the global village (Touraine, 2016, p. 121) of the future.
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- 2019
11. Higher Education as a Field of Study: An Analysis of 495 Academic Programs, Research Centers, and Institutes across 48 Countries Worldwide
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Chan, Roy Y.
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The field of higher education studies has expanded dramatically in recent years. Notably, research centers/institutes and academic programs devoted to the field of higher education (tertiary education) has increased worldwide to now include peer-reviewed journals, books, reports and publications. Utilizing secondary data from 277 higher education programs, 217 research centers/institutes, and 280 journals and publications from "Higher Education: A Worldwide Inventory of Research Centers, Academic Programs, and Journals and Publications" (2014), this paper examines the policy actors and scholars engaged in higher education studies across 48 countries. The finding of this study suggests that people living the world's wealthiest countries occupies a position of significant privilege and power with regards to access to higher education research, analysis, and trained human capital. As higher education research centers, programs, and journals around the world expand their understanding of their place in a wider global network of similar entities, supporting one another and particularly under-resourced colleagues around the world deserves increasing attention. [For the complete Volume 17 proceedings, see ED596826.]
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- 2019
12. Proceedings of the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS) International Conferences on e-Society (ES 2022, 20th) and Mobile Learning (ML 2022, 18th) (Virtual, March 12-14, 2022)
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International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS), Piet Kommers, Inmaculada Arnedillo Sánchez, and Pedro Isaías
- Abstract
These proceedings contain the papers of the 20th International Conference on e-Society (ES 2022) and 18th International Conference on Mobile Learning (ML 2022), organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society, held virtually during 12-14 March 2022. Due to the unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, this year the conferences were hosted virtually. The e-Society 2022 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within the Information Society. This conference covers both the technical as well as the non-technical aspects of the Information Society. The Mobile Learning 2022 Conference seeks to provide a forum for the presentation and discussion of mobile learning research which illustrate developments in the field. These events received 152 submissions from more than 28 countries. In addition to the papers' presentations, the conference also included one keynote presentation by Professor Pedro Isaias (Information Systems & Technology Management School, The University of New South Wales, Australia) and a Special Talk by Wilson Ramon Hernandez Parraci (Ph.D. Student, Northern Illinois University, USA). [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]
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- 2022
13. A Systematic Review of Media Multitasking in Educational Contexts: Trends, Gaps, and Antecedents
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Yujie Zhou and Liping Deng
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With the ubiquitous presence of media devices, media multitasking has become prevalent in an educational context. Several authors have synthesized the literature on this topic, but no systematic review has been carried out so far. The present study fills this gap by examining the academic papers in the past decade to delineate the research trends, gaps, and directions for future research. Following the Standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), we analyzed 88 papers from various aspects including study focus, contexts, participants, and methods. Findings point to the necessity to focus on the reasons behind multitasking, include more K-12 learners, and adopt qualitative methodology. To support future work on the predictors of media multitasking, we propose a conceptual framework that includes nine variables in technology, personal, and environment domains.
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- 2023
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14. Mathematics Anxiety as a Mediator for Gender Differences in 2012 PISA Mathematics Scores
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Cox, Jennifer and Jacobson, Erik
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Although gender differences in mathematics are smaller than they have been in the past, prominent voices still attribute these differences to a variety of fixed individual factors, such as genetic characteristics of men and women. We hold the alternative view that these differences can be ultimately attributed to malleable factors. From this vantage, societies could influence gender differences in mathematics by changing students' experiences in school. In this study, we built on prior work suggesting that mathematics anxiety causes lower mathematics scores. In particular, we found that mathematics anxiety entirely explains the gender differences evident in mathematics scores from the 2012 US Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Furthermore, we found that gender moderates the mediating role of mathematics anxiety: math anxiety is more detrimental for male than for female students. Because math anxiety is a malleable individual characteristic, we conclude that gender differences reveal more about gendered societal experiences than they do about innate characteristics of men and women. [For the complete proceedings, see ED629884.]
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- 2020
15. Formalising Informal Learning: Assessment and Accreditation Challenges within Disaggregated Systems
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McGreal, Rory, Conrad, Dianne, Murphy, Angela, Witthaus, Gabi, and Mackintosh, Wayne
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This report shares the findings and lessons learned from an investigation into the economics of disaggregated models for assessing and accrediting informal learners undertaking post secondary education. It presents some key economic and governance challenges for universities to consider in implementing OER assessment and accreditation policies. It also includes discussion of findings from a small-scale survey conducted by two of the authors on perceptions, practices and policies relating to openness in assessment and accreditation in post secondary institutions, with a particular focus on the "OER universitas" (OERu) concept. [This paper was presented at the OpenCourseWare Consortium Global Conference (Ljubljana, Slovenia, April 23-25, 2014).]
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- 2014
16. Effect of Sports Health and Exercise Research on Olympic Game Success: An Analytical and Correlational Survey
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Sahin, Süleyman and Senduran, Fatih
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of countries' development level in sports medicine, exercise and sports performance on their success in Olympic Games. Within this purpose, 1027 papers that were published between 2010 and 2018 in the journal of Sports Medicine, of which impact factor was 7.074 in 2017, were examined in analytical and correlational terms considering the first author and total author numbers. Pearson Correlation was utilized to find out the relationships between the papers from various countries and their success at Olympic Games. Regarding the number of medals won by the countries in the 2016, 2012 and 2008, Olympic Games were found significantly correlated with the number of first author (r = 0.73) and total author (r = 0.74).
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- 2020
17. Application of Blockchain Technology in Higher Education
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Fedorova, Elena P. and Skobleva, Ella I.
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Emergence and development of the blockchain technology, which is able to transform into "a most powerful disruptive innovation", shall definitely concern universities. Moreover, nowadays the blockchain technology meets the challenges that both the system of higher education and the entire society are currently facing. Advantages of the blockchain technology are decentralized open data, absence of forgeries, safe storage of information, and reduction of transaction expenses related to data checkup, control, and verification. This paper provides a critical analysis of application of the blockchain technology considering with its applicability opportunities and restrictions in education; it also aims to identify the consequences of its influence upon the development of education. The article analyzes real cases when this technology was applied, with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as an example. The MIT applied it to protect and validate the certificates that it issued. Another example is the Sony Global Education that forms individual data on its trainees' competencies and productivity; a third one relates to the University of Nicosia, which was the first to use smart contracts and accept cryptocurrency as a form of payment. The paper also considers the elements of the blockchain technology at universities (both in Russia and outside it), which participate in massive open online courses. It determines the scope of application of this technology in the Russian educational system. In addition, this article provides a literature review related to application of the blockchain technology; the review includes works by such renowned researchers as D. Tapscott, B. Bleir, A. Watters, A. Grech, A. Camilleri, M. Swan, A. Zaslavsky, etc. The paper analyzes the obtained findings of the survey that its authors have conducted among experts, professors, and specialists involved in accreditation. Thus, the paper provides an analysis of opportunities and restrictions related to application of the blockchain technology in higher education.
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- 2020
18. Sterilisations at delivery or after childbirth: Addressing continuing abuses in the consent process.
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Rowlands, Sam and Wale, Jeffrey
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BIOETHICS ,CHILDBIRTH ,DECISION making ,DELIVERY (Obstetrics) ,ETHNIC groups ,HIV-positive persons ,HUMAN rights ,INFORMED consent (Medical law) ,MALPRACTICE ,MANAGEMENT ,MEDICAL care use ,MINORITIES ,STERILIZATION (Birth control) ,WOMEN ,PATIENT autonomy - Abstract
Non-consensual sterilisation is not only a historic abuse. Cases of unethical treatment of women around the time of a pregnancy continue in the Twenty-First Century in five continents. Sterilisation is being carried out by some healthcare professionals at the time of delivery, or soon afterwards, without valid consent. A range of contemporary examples of such practices is given. Respecting women's autonomy should be the touchstone of the consent process. Avoidance of force, duress, deception and manipulation should go without saying. Ethnic minority communities and women living with HIV, in particular, are being targeted for this kind of abuse. Attempts have been made in various countries and by international professional organisations to introduce clinical guidelines to steer health professionals away from this malpractice. Survivors have sought justice in domestic and international courts. This paper critically assesses the evidence on the practical, ethical and legal issues around the handling of consent for these procedures. Suggestions are made about possible regulatory responses that address abuse, whilst maintaining access for those individuals who freely elect to undergo these procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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19. Response of Educational Institutions to COVID-19 Pandemic: An Inter-Country Comparison
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Babbar, Mansi and Gupta, Tushita
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The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic has revolutionized the education system and forced fundamental changes in the teaching-learning process. The present study aims to explore various modes of education used by educational institutions across the world and provide a holistic understanding of different measures taken by governments and universities to endure the crippling crisis. The radical shift to digital pedagogy followed by online assessments and examinations brought new experiences to both educators and learners. This paper elucidates the extraordinary challenges encountered by various stakeholders in making the required shift to digital learning and the substantial attempts made by educational institutions to minimize learning losses. The paper also presents various opportunities induced by the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights the need to develop appropriate mechanisms to deal with such an unforeseen crisis in future. To this effect, some recommendations have been made that may enable educational institutions to eliminate adversities and maintain academic integrity in tempestuous times.
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- 2022
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20. Benchmarking the Trinidad and Tobago Education System Using International Performance and Contextual Data
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De Lisle, Jerome, Lee-Piggott, Rinnelle, Smith, Peter, Mohammed, Rhoda Misty, Collingwood-Boafo, Ria, and Maharaj, Shalini
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This study outlines a comprehensive benchmarking strategy used for comparing policies, processes and strategies across national borders. Comparative benchmarking can empower nation states in the global South to review education systems, discover hidden sources of inequity, and establish comparative benchmarks for system reform. The utility of the benchmarking system is illustrated for the student assessment system. Both competitive and process/functional benchmarking were used to identify targets. The balanced assessment systems of high performing countries paid significant attention to classroom formative assessment even when examinations were central. This compares with the binding historical legacy of public examinations in the Anglophone Caribbean.
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- 2017
21. Understanding and learning from the diversification of cannabis supply laws.
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Kilmer, Beau and Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo
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CANNABIS (Genus) ,DRUG control ,COMPARATIVE law ,MARIJUANA legalization ,DRUG laws ,MEDICAL marijuana laws ,DRUG supply & demand ,GOVERNMENT policy ,LEGISLATION ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,SELF-evaluation ,EVALUATION of human services programs - Abstract
Background and aims Prohibitions on producing, distributing and selling cannabis are loosening in various jurisdictions around the world. This paper describes the diversification of cannabis supply laws and discusses the challenges to and opportunities for learning from these changes. Methods We document changes in cannabis supply laws that de jure legalized cannabis production for medical and/or non-medical purposes (excluding industrial hemp) in Australasia, Europe, North America and South America. We also highlight challenges to evaluating these legal changes based on our experiences studying cannabis laws and policies in the United States. Findings As of August 2016, two countries have passed laws to legalize large-scale cannabis production for non-medical purposes at the national (Uruguay) or subnational level (four US states). At least nine other countries legally allow (or will soon allow) cannabis to be supplied for medicinal purposes. Most of the changes in cannabis supply laws have occurred since 2010. The data available in most countries are inadequate for rigorously evaluating the changes in cannabis supply laws. Conclusion The evidence base for assessing changes in cannabis supply laws remains weak. Efforts should focus upon collecting information about quantities consumed and market transactions as well as validating self-report surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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22. Considering the State and Status of Internationalization in Western Higher Education Kinesiology
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Culp, Brian, Lorusso, Jenna, and Viczko, Melody
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While internationalization is among the top strategic priorities of universities and colleges globally, research into the expanse of internationalization in the kinesiology discipline is not well researched. Given this gap, critical consideration of the state and status of the phenomenon is needed. Knowing more about what is being done in the name of internationalization within kinesiology and reflecting on how those actions and outcomes are aligned, or not, with key theoretical guidance is necessary in order to plan for improvement accordingly. For these reasons, this paper first provides a primer on internationalization in higher education, including how the phenomenon has come to be defined as well as key contemporary critiques associated with it. In particular, we highlight Beck's (2012) theoretical concept of 'eduscape' to critically consider the influences of globalization on internationalization within higher education kinesiology as well as Khoo, Taylor, and Andreotti's (2016) principles of intelligibility, dissent, and solidarity to consider the ways kinesiology scholars engage critically with internationalization processes. Presented next is a review of the kinesiology literature that is explicitly focused on internationalization. Then, the results of a pilot survey into the views of National Association for Kinesiology in Higher Education (NAKHE) members and other Western kinesiology scholars on internationalization is reported next. The paper concludes with recommendations as to how NAKHE and the broader community of Western kinesiology scholars might best navigate internationalization moving forward. We recommend the complexity-informed and principle-driven approach of inclusive leadership as a means of pursuing cognitive justice in the 21st century.
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- 2021
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23. Indicators for a Broad and Bold Education Agenda: Addressing 'Measurability' Concerns for Post-2015 Education Targets
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Open Society Foundations (OSF)
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This paper and the four commissioned works on which it is based are guided by the important question: How can we start valuing practices and outcomes of teaching and learning that are difficult to reduce to numbers? As the process of developing indicators for the Post-2015 education targets unfolds, some of the targets are at risk of being dropped on account of being 'un-measurable.' However, excluding more holistic but harder to assess educational targets will inevitably remove vital focus from some of the most important aspects of high quality education provision. Three education targets, developed by the Education for All Steering Committee (EFA-SC) and the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development of the U.N. General Assembly (OWG), are the thematic foci of this paper: (1) Relevant Learning Outcomes; (2) Knowledge, Values, Skills, and Attitudes to Establish Sustainable and Peaceful Societies; and (3) Teachers and Safe, Inclusive, and Effective Learning Environments. These three targets are at risk of being excluded from the final formulation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in response to practical concerns about the number of targets being excessive as well as concerns that targets such as these "rely too much on vague, qualitative language rather than hard, measurable, time-bound, quantitative targets." This report also highlights some of the main ideas put forward by the authors of the four commissioned papers. The annex to this document briefly describes the commissioned papers and presents the indicators proposed by the authors. [For the commissioned papers, see "Capturing Quality, Equity & Sustainability: An Actionable Vision with Powerful Indicators for a Broad and Bold Education Agenda Post-2015" (ED610009), "Goals and Indicators for Education and Development: Consolidating the Architectures" (ED609905), "Indicators for a Broad and Bold Post-2015 Agenda: A Comprehensive Approach to Educational Development" (ED609982), and "Indicators for All? Monitoring Quality and Equity for a Broad and Bold Post-2015 Global Education Agenda" (ED609988).]
- Published
- 2015
24. Goals and Indicators for Education and Development: Consolidating the Architectures
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Open Society Foundations (OSF) and Lewin, Keith M.
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The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments related to the development of indicators of educational progress in the context of the Post 2015 deliberations to generate a new international architecture for educational investment through to 2030. There have been a plethora of suggestions and several parallel consultation processes since 2012 to revise and replace the goals for education and development agreed at the World Education Forum in Dakar (UNESCO, 2000) and enshrined in the Millennium Development Goals (United Nations, 2000). This process is now converging on the two frameworks that are the subject of this analysis. Specifically, there are now seven goals that the Education for All Steering Committee has developed which were consolidated in the May 2014 Muscat Agreement (UNESCO, 2014); and the ten goals produced by the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development of the U.N. General Assembly (UN General Assembly, 2014). These goal statements overlap and are largely consistent with each other but contain some significant differences. This paper reconciles the differences and develops sets of possible indicators building on the work of the Indicators Technical Advisory Group (TAG-EFA, 2014) and the UN Statistical Commission (UNSC, 2014). The paper is organized in six parts. Part 1 analyses the strengths and weaknesses of the existing goals and targets for education and development to frame subsequent discussion in the context of the evolution of Education for All since 1990. Part 2 offers a necessary clarification of the relationship between goals and objectives, and targets and indicators. Part 3 reviews and discusses the process of developing indicators that are fit for purpose. Part 4 highlights characteristics of different types of indicator. Part 5 develops a list of preferred goal statements from the Muscat Agreement and OWG goals, links these to a discussion of existing and proposed indicators, and consolidates promising indicators that could be used to assess progress. The last part of the paper collects together forward looking conclusions that profile key issues that will shape how new indicators are devised to monitor the sustainable development goals for education.
- Published
- 2015
25. Proceedings of the CIAE Pre-Conference (61st, Las Vegas, Nevada, November 4-6, 2012)
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American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE), Commission for International Adult Education (CIAE)
- Abstract
The Commission on International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) provides a forum for the discussion of international issues related to adult education in general, as well as adult education in various countries around the globe. The following purposes summarize the work of the Commission: (1) To develop linkages with adult education associations in other countries; (2) To encourage exchanges between AAACE and associations from other countries; (3) To invite conference participation and presentations by interested adult educators around the world; and (4) To discuss how adult educators from AAACE and other nations may cooperate on projects of mutual interest and benefit to those served. The Commission holds its annual meeting in conjunction with the AAACE conference. The following papers are presented at the 2012 CIAE Pre-Conference: (1) Religious Rites and Celebrations As Frameworks for Lifelong Learning in Traditional Africa (Mejai B.M. Avoseh); (2) A Confucian Model for Scholarly Development (Elizabeth Anne Erichsen and Qi Sun); (3) The Use of Learning the Contract Within a University Setting in an Italian University (Monica Fedeli, Ettore Felisatti, and Mario Giampaolo); (4) The Cross-Culture Readiness Exposure Scale (CRES) (Emmanuel Jean Francois); (5) International History and Philosophy of Andragogy: Abbreviated for 2012 with Newer Perspective and Insights (John A. Henschke); (6) Exploring Cross-Cultural Learning Styles Differences of African and American Adult Learners (Alex Kumi-Yeboah and Waynne James); (7) An Educational Preparatory Program for Active Aging: Preliminary Results Based on Proactive Coping Theory (Ya-Hui Lee, Hui-Chuan Wei, Yu Fen Hsiao, Liang-Yi Chang, and Chen-Yi Yu); (8) Global Work Competencies and the Identification and Selection of Candidates for Expatriate Assignments (Arthur Ray McCrory); (9) Adult Education/Learning in South Africa: Promises and Challenges (Matata Johannes Mokoele); (10) Cross-Cultural Use of Surveys and Instruments in International Research: Lessons Learned From A Study in Turkey and the United States (Claudette M. Peterson, Anita Welch, Mustafa Cakir, and Chris M. Ray); (11) English Only? English-Only Policies, Multilingual Education and its Ramifications on Global Workforce Productivity (Orlando A. Pizana and Alex Kumi-Yeboah); (12) Reflections On A Research Experience at an International Treasure: The Alexander N. Charters Library of Resources for Educators of Adults (Lori Risley); (13) Bridging Adult Education Between East and West: Critical Reflection and Examination of Western Perspectives on Eastern Reality (Qi Sun and Elizabeth Anne Erichsen); (14) The Challenges and Prospects of Adult Education Programmes in Nigerian Universities (Nneka A. Umezulike); (15) The Perceived Impact of Women for Women International (WFWI) Non-formal Learning Programmes for Rural Women in Nigeria (Loretta C. Ukwuaba and Nneka A. Umezulike); (16) Perceptions of Needed Attitudinal Competencies Compared by Geographical Region (Helena Wallenberg-Lerner and Waynne B. James); (17) Identifying Intercultural Sensitivity Competencies Through Focus Group Research (Melanie L. Wicinski and Arthur Ray McCrory); and (18) Measuring Intercultural Sensitivity at the Army Medical Department Center and School: The IRB Process--Challenges and Lessons Learned (Roberta E. Worsham and Melanie L. Wicinski). Individual papers contain figures, tables, references and footnotes.
- Published
- 2012
26. How Many Countries Are There in the World?
- Author
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Finchum, George A.
- Abstract
Because of conflicting interpretations among the most widely used sources, the question of how many countries there are in the world does not have an easy answer. This paper, however, seeks to produce a justifiable, definitive answer (at least for as long as changing political tides allow). By moving from continent to continent, listing generally recognized countries, addressing those land areas whose statuses are controversial, and explaining whether or not inclusion is warranted, the determination is made that as of October 1989 there were 170 countries in the world. Maps and tables used for this study are available. (DB)
- Published
- 1989
27. Educational Initiatives for Older Learners
- Author
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Swindell, Rick
- Abstract
A rapidly ageing population has given rise to many innovative later life learning programs that engage older adults in the kinds of activities that are associated with successful ageing. Experts of all kinds retire and retired expert volunteers would seem to be the best people to run learning programs for other retirees. One of the best known approaches to later life learning is the low cost, widely accessible, University of the Third Age (U3A) model in which retired volunteers provide all the teaching/learning activities as well as the necessary administration expertise. Several leaders in late life adult education in different countries were contacted by email to contribute brief descriptions of U3A-like organisations within their regions. This paper contains summary details of: Lifelong Learning Institutes, Osher Institutes and Elderhostel in North America; and various U3A approaches in Australasia, China, Europe, South Africa, South America and a number of countries in Asia. The five elements of the Successful Aging model are related to these learning approaches leading to a proposition that many of them can be argued to be successful ageing organisations. The world first virtual U3A, U3A Online, which utilises volunteer teachers, administrators and other skilled volunteers from different countries, is also described. The paper concludes by noting that the Internet has opened up a low cost medium for research collaboration by U3As everywhere and calls for an international network of U3A researchers who carry out constituency research studies which would benefit the wider ageing population, nationally and internationally. The following is appended: U3A Online. (Contains 1 figure and 1 footnote.) [This paper has been adapted from a paper presented in January 2009 for the launch of the Hong Kong Elder Academy at the Hong Kong Institute of Education.]
- Published
- 2009
28. Body mass estimation for circum-Pacific Asian people based on somatometric data.
- Author
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Takigawa W
- Subjects
- Asia, Australasia, Female, Humans, Male, North America, Regression Analysis, South America, Body Height, Body Mass Index, Body Weight
- Abstract
Objectives: Multiple regression approaches for estimating body mass by somatometry typically use stature and biiliocristal breadth. However, these measures were obtained largely from Europeans, Africans, and Indo-Mediterraneans, whereas mid-latitude Asians were not broadly reflected. Thus, new estimation formulas for circum-Pacific Asians were devised, and the accuracy was evaluated using raw individual data., Materials and Methods: Targeting Asians in the traditional society or before the 1960s and performing multiple regression analysis (MRA) with body weight as the objective variable, and stature, body breadth, and product of head length/breadth (HLBpr) as explanatory variables. The target population was divided into four climate groups, and the formulas were prepared for each sex or the combined-sexes., Results: The MRA by stature and body breadth indicated significant multiple correlation coefficients (R) in many formulas. R was higher in the combined-sexes. Among the four climate groups, the temperate group showed the highest R. In the East/Southeast Asians, R exceeded 0.8 in the MRA by stature and HLBpr. Substituting the raw data of 19th-century Japanese males, the temperate group formulas presented the least error, and the error in all the formulas using body breadth was <2 kg., Conclusions: As body mass index varies significantly depending on some climatic factors, estimation formulas mixed with various climate groups are not desirable because of the large errors. For the mid-latitude Asians, the temperate group formulas are expected to have a smaller error; however, in the group where the proportion of underweight individuals was originally high, any formula tends to be overestimated., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2021
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29. International Perspective on the Preparation of Educational Administrators.
- Author
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British Columbia Univ., Vancouver. Center for Continuing Education. and Andrews, John H. M.
- Abstract
Attempting to integrate the papers in this series on the preparation of educational administrators, this paper first reviews the conditions and critical issues that were presented in each paper. The author then proposes four models to describe the way school administrators are selected and trained, and applies these models to the countries and regions included in the symposium: Australia, Europe, Great Britain, South America, and North America. The models are distinguished from each other primarily on the basis of the pool from which administrators are selected and by the nature of the training provided. The four models are called the nonprofessional, the noneducational, the generic professional, and the specialist professional. Some possible implications of the models are examined. (Author/JM)
- Published
- 1980
30. International Predictors of Contract Cheating in Higher Education
- Author
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Awdry, R. and Ives, B.
- Abstract
Prevalence of contract cheating and outsourcing through organised methods has received interest in research studies aiming to determine the most suitable strategies to reduce the problem. Few studies have presented an international approach or tested which variables could be correlated with contract cheating. As a result, strategies to reduce contract cheating may be founded on data from other countries, or demographics/situations which may not align to variables most strongly connected to engagement in outsourcing. This paper presents the results of a series of statistical analyses aimed at testing which variables were found to be predictors of students' self-reported formal outsourcing behaviours. The data are derived from an international research study conducted in 22 languages, with higher education students (from Europe, the Americas and Australasia. Analyses found that country and discipline of study as well as the rate at which respondents n = 7806) believed other students to be cheating, were positively correlated to their cheating behaviours. Demographic variables did not show strong statistical significance to predicting contract cheating.
- Published
- 2023
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31. Development of a non‐pharmacologic delirium management bundle in paediatric intensive care units.
- Author
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Stenkjaer, Rikke Louise, Herling, Suzanne Forsyth, Egerod, Ingrid, Weis, Janne, van Dijk, Monique, Kudchadkar, Sapna Ravi, Ramelet, Anne‐Sylvie, and Ista, Erwin
- Subjects
INTENSIVE care units ,CONSENSUS (Social sciences) ,SOCIAL support ,PEDIATRICS ,COGNITION ,SLEEP ,DELIRIUM ,DECISION making ,NURSES ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,PHYSICIANS ,JUDGMENT sampling ,DATA analysis software ,DISEASE management ,DELPHI method ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Background: Non‐pharmacologic interventions might be effective to reduce the incidence of delirium in pediatric intensive care units (PICU). Aim: To explore expert opinions and generate informed consensus decisions regarding the content of a non‐pharmacologic delirium bundle to manage delirium in PICU patients. Study design: A two‐round online Delphi study was conducted from February to April 2021. PICU experts (nurses, physicians, researchers, physical therapists, play specialists, and occupational therapists) located in Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia participated. Results: We developed a questionnaire based on the outcomes of a comprehensive literature search in the domains: 1) cognition support; 2) sleep support; and 3) physical activity support. Under these domains, we listed 11 strategies to promote support with 61 interventions. Participants rated the feasibility of each intervention on a 9‐point Likert scale (ranging from 1 strongly disagree to 9 strongly agree). A disagreement index and panel median were calculated to determine the level of agreement among experts. In the second round, participants reassessed the revised statements and ranked the interventions in each domain in order of importance for age groups: 0–2, 3–5, and 6–18 years of age. During the first Delphi round, 53 of 74 (72%) questionnaires were completed, and in the second round 45 of 74 (61%) were completed. Five of the highest ranked interventions across the age groups were: 1) developing a daily routine, 2) adjusting light exposure according to the time of day, 3) scheduling time for sleep, 4) providing eyeglasses and hearing aids if appropriate, 5) encouraging parental presence. Conclusions: Based on expert consensus, we developed an age‐specific non‐pharmacologic delirium bundle of interventions to manage delirium in PICU patients. Relevance to Clinical Practice: An age‐specific Non‐Pharmacological Delirium bundle is now ready to be tested in the PICU and will hopefully reduce pediatric delirium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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32. State of the science in reconciling top-down and bottom-up approaches for terrestrial CO 2 budget.
- Author
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Kondo M, Patra PK, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Poulter B, Chevallier F, Ciais P, Canadell JG, Bastos A, Lauerwald R, Calle L, Ichii K, Anthoni P, Arneth A, Haverd V, Jain AK, Kato E, Kautz M, Law RM, Lienert S, Lombardozzi D, Maki T, Nakamura T, Peylin P, Rödenbeck C, Zhuravlev R, Saeki T, Tian H, Zhu D, and Ziehn T
- Subjects
- Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Carbon Dioxide, Ecosystem
- Abstract
Robust estimates of CO
2 budget, CO2 exchanged between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere, are necessary to better understand the role of the terrestrial biosphere in mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Over the past decade, this field of research has advanced through understanding of the differences and similarities of two fundamentally different approaches: "top-down" atmospheric inversions and "bottom-up" biosphere models. Since the first studies were undertaken, these approaches have shown an increasing level of agreement, but disagreements in some regions still persist, in part because they do not estimate the same quantity of atmosphere-biosphere CO2 exchange. Here, we conducted a thorough comparison of CO2 budgets at multiple scales and from multiple methods to assess the current state of the science in estimating CO2 budgets. Our set of atmospheric inversions and biosphere models, which were adjusted for a consistent flux definition, showed a high level of agreement for global and hemispheric CO2 budgets in the 2000s. Regionally, improved agreement in CO2 budgets was notable for North America and Southeast Asia. However, large gaps between the two methods remained in East Asia and South America. In other regions, Europe, boreal Asia, Africa, South Asia, and Oceania, it was difficult to determine whether those regions act as a net sink or source because of the large spread in estimates from atmospheric inversions. These results highlight two research directions to improve the robustness of CO2 budgets: (a) to increase representation of processes in biosphere models that could contribute to fill the budget gaps, such as forest regrowth and forest degradation; and (b) to reduce sink-source compensation between regions (dipoles) in atmospheric inversion so that their estimates become more comparable. Advancements on both research areas will increase the level of agreement between the top-down and bottom-up approaches and yield more robust knowledge of regional CO2 budgets., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2020
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33. Early Childhood Music Education Research: An Overview
- Author
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Young, Susan
- Abstract
This article offers a short commentary on the "state of play" in early childhood music education research to accompany the articles published in this special issue. It provides an international overview of recent research trends in this field, with examples drawn from Europe, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, East and South Africa and Australia.
- Published
- 2016
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34. Beyond the Amusement, Puzzlement and Challenges: An Enquiry into International Students' Academic Acculturation
- Author
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Elliot, Dely Lazarte, Reid, Kate, and Baumfield, Vivienne
- Abstract
This paper investigates the phenomenological experiences of academic acculturation of selected non-British post-doctoral academics with a retrospective focus on their experiences as PhD students. The participants came from different disciplines and countries of origin to pursue several years of postgraduate research in different British higher education institutions. The typical, yet distinct, experiences of an exceptional group of early career academics offer invaluable insight into the joys, excitement, puzzlement and challenges that international students often encounter as they embark on studying and living in a foreign country such as the UK. Using Urie Bronfenbrenner's bio-ecological theory of human development, our paper presents a theoretical perspective that can help elucidate and offer a greater understanding of what appear to be complex incidences in international students' experiences. These incidences can, arguably, be crucial to the success or failure of students' sojourns.
- Published
- 2016
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35. Digital Device Use and Scientific Literacy: An Examination Using Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 Data
- Author
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Dong, Fang and Kula, Maria Cornachione
- Abstract
This paper uses data from the OECD's 2015 PISA and an endogenous treatment effects model to investigate the impact of different intensities of digital device use for academic purposes on science learning outcomes. When we do not differentiate the location of device use, we find that greater use can help students improve their science scores in most of the countries. When we consider school and outside-of-school use separately, we find the above positive results are driven by outside-of-school digital device use and that there are more negative results of increased device use at school.
- Published
- 2023
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36. Are You Happy with Your Experience? Determinants of Satisfaction with Virtual Teamwork in International Settings
- Author
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Stoica, Michael, Hickman, Thomas M., Yong, Liu, and Smith, Russell E.
- Abstract
The paper presents the results of an investigation into the virtual teamwork of culturally mixed teams engaged in common projects in international settings. Data was collected from students attending four different universities on four continents (Asia, Europe, North America, and South America). They worked for a semester, in virtual teams, to solve problems for real businesses in Asia and/or Latin America. Each team worked with a specific client that asked them to make recommendations and develop action plans. A model was developed to understand the way satisfaction with teamwork outcome, as dependent variable, is fostered on antecedents such as global identification, collective mind, and team cohesiveness. The analysis, exploratory as structured, was conducted using the partial least squares method provided by SmartPLS. Results show the similarities and differences in behavior for different groups of students coming from different countries and their implications for teaching teams in a multicultural virtual environment.
- Published
- 2023
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37. Transnational Strategies for the Promotion of Physical Activity and Active Aging: The World Health Organization Model of Consensus Building in International Public Health
- Author
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Chodzko-Zajko, Wojtek and Schwingel, Andiara
- Abstract
In this paper we focus our attention on an examination of the four-step process adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its systematic campaign to promote physically active lifestyles by older adults across the 193 WHO member states. The four steps adopted by the WHO include (1) Building Consensus Among Professionals; (2) Educating the Public and Building Consumer Demand; (3) Developing an Active Aging Public Policy Framework; and (4) Refining, Expanding, and Evolving the Model. For each of these steps we describe the processes by which the WHO sought input from a wide variety of sources in each of the six WHO regions (Africa, Americas, South-East Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific). Using this approach they helped to systematically build a transnational consensus with regard to the importance of regular physical activity as a critical component of the prevention of chronic disease and the promotion of high quality of life in the older adult population. The focus of WHO activity has gradually shifted away from advocating for increased physical activity interventions, per se, to a more nuanced approach focusing on articulating the policy requirements for the promotion of active aging across multiple determinants and risk factors. The realization that effective health promotion strategies cannot exist in isolation but rather must be consistent with and reflective of the economic, political, and cultural realities of the societies in which they are to be implemented marks an important advance in the WHO strategy in the area of physical activity promotion. The paper concludes with a brief description of recent WHO efforts to promote Global Age-Friendly Cities and to develop multisectoral strategies to reduce falls in older adult populations. Both of these initiatives underscore the important role that kinesiologists and other health professionals have in the development of, and implementation of, active aging strategies and polices. The goal of this paper is to examine the process by which research findings and other evidence gathered from a variety of sources, countries, and cultures gradually coalesce into a broad transnational consensus with respect to accepted policies and procedures in international public health. To illustrate the complex steps involved in the evolution of transnational consensus with regard to best practices and effective public policy, we will examine the role played by the WHO in building awareness and understanding with respect to the importance of regular physical activity for the promotion of health and quality of life of adults over the age of 50 years. (Contains 3 figures.)
- Published
- 2009
38. La crescita del pentecostalismo.
- Author
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Trombetta, Pino Lucà
- Subjects
PENTECOSTALISM ,SCHOLARS ,CHURCH buildings ,MANNERS & customs ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
The paper reports the first results of a comparative research on Pentecostalism that involves scholars in Europe, Asia, Africa, South and North America. The author focuses on the characters which, in his opinion, are responsible of the success of this religion in various parts of the world: the internal differentiation that allows Pentecostal churches to intercept different tastes of the public, the doctrinal and liturgical innovations, the role of music in the liturgy, as a factor of seduction, identity and loyalty. The author than raises the issue why in Latin American and in Europe Pentecostalism is spreading especially among the popular and impoverished classes and concludes that its development is linked to the opening of the religious market that has enabled these churches to catch that part of the religious demand that for various reasons, the traditional churches were predisposed to accept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
39. From Environmental Education to Education for Sustainable Development in Higher Education: A Systematic Review
- Author
-
Acosta Castellanos, Pedro Mauricio and Queiruga-Dios, Araceli
- Abstract
Purpose: In education concerning environmental issues, there are two predominant currents in the world, environmental education (EE) and education for sustainable development (ESD). ESD is the formal commitment and therefore promoted by the United Nations, to ensure that countries achieve sustainable development. In contrast, EE was the first educational trend with an environmental protection approach. The purpose of this systematic review that seeks to show whether the migration from EE to ESD is being effective and welcomed by researchers and especially by universities is presented. With the above, a global panorama can be provided, where the regions that choose each model can be identified. In the same sense, it was sought to determine which of the two currents is more accepted within engineering education. Design/methodology/approach: The review followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyzes parameters for systematic reviews. In total, 198 papers indexed in Scopus, Science Direct, ERIC and Scielo were analyzed. With the results, the advancement of ESD and the state of the EE by regions in the world were identified. Findings: It was possible to categorize the geographical regions that host either of the two EE or ESD currents. It is important to note that ESD has gained more strength from the decade of ESD proposed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. For its part, EE has greater historical roots in some regions of the planet. In turn, there is evidence of a limited number of publications on the design and revision of study plans in engineering. Originality/value: Through this systematic literature review, the regions of the world that are clinging to EE and those that have taken the path of ESD could be distinguished. Moreover, specific cases in engineering where ESD has been involved were noted.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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40. Association between type 1 diabetes mellitus and reduced bone mineral density in children: a meta-analysis.
- Author
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Zhu, Q., Xu, J., Zhou, M., Lian, X., and Shi, J.
- Subjects
ONLINE information services ,GLYCOSYLATED hemoglobin ,META-analysis ,MEDICAL databases ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,TYPE 1 diabetes ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,BONE density ,MEDLINE ,DISEASE complications ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Summary: In this meta-analysis, we analyzed 9 cross-sectional studies for an association between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and bone mineral density (BMD) in children. We found that BMD Z-scores were significantly reduced in children with T1DM. Introduction: Recent cross-sectional studies have examined how T1DM influences bone health in children and adolescents, but the relationship between T1DM and BMD remains unclear due to conflicting reports. Methods: In this meta-analysis, we systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane library, and Web of Science databases (for publications through March 12, 2020), and calculated weight mean difference (WMD) along with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I
2 method. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: Data were analyzed from 9 eligible studies, including a total of 1522 children and adolescents. These data were tested for an association between T1DM and BMD. This analysis found a significant decrease in BMD Z-score in the whole body (pooled WMD, − 0.47, 95% CI, − 0.92 to − 0.02, I2 = 80.2%) and lumbar spine (pooled WMD, − 0.41, 95% CI, − 0.69 to − 0.12, I2 = 80.3%) in children and adolescents with T1DM, which was consistent in published studies from Asia and South America, but inconsistent in the North America and Europe. Importantly, the differences in BMD Z-scores were independent of age, level of glucose control (HbA1c), and prepubertal stage. Sensitivity analyses did not modify these findings. Funnel plot and the Egger test did not reveal significant publication bias. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that T1DM may play a role in decreasing BMD Z-scores in the whole body and lumbar spine in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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41. Higher Education through Open and Distance Learning. World Review of Distance Education and Open Learning, Volume 1. A Commonwealth of Learning Series.
- Author
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Harry, Keith and Harry, Keith
- Abstract
This book reports on the expansion of open and distance learning during the past decade, examining ways in which open and distance learning for higher education has responded to the needs of the new society, and summarizing the lessons of recent practice for policymakers and educators. After an introductory chapter, "Open and Distance Learning for the New Society" (Keith Harry, Hilary Perraton), the six chapters of Part 1 ("Themes") are the following: "The Internationalization of Higher Education" (Denis Blight, Dorothy Davis, Alan Olsen); The Impact of Telecommunications" (Robin Mason); "Professional Reflective Practice and Lifelong Learning" (Patrick Guiton); "Flexible Learning and University Change" (Louise Moran, Brittmarie Myringer); and "The Costs of Distance Education (Thomas Hulsmann). Part 2 ("Regions") contains 15 papers organized by the regions of Africa, America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania: "Cooperation, Competition or Dominance: A Challenge in Southern Africa" (Tony Dodds, Evelyn Nonyongo, Jenny Glennie); "The Open University of Tanzania" (Geoffrey Mmari); "The University of the West Indies" (Ed Brandon); "Distance Education in Latin America: Growth and Maturity" (Fabio Chacon); "University Distance Education in Canada" (Douglas Shale); "The Bangladesh Open University: Mission and Promise" (Greville Rumble); "Distance Education in China" (Xingfu Ding); "The Open University of Hong Kong" (David Murphy, Yvonne Fung); "Developments, Networking and Convergence in India" (Santosh Panda); "Contemporary Distance Education in Taiwan" (Hung-Ju Chung);"Distance Education in Central and Eastern Europe" (Andras Szucs, Janet Jenkins); "Western Europe" (Hans-Peter Baumeister); "The European Commission and Open and Distance Learning" (Corinne Hermant-de-Callatay); "Distance Education in Australia" (Bruce King); and "The South Pacific: Kakai Mei Tahi" (Claire Matthewson, Ruby Va'a). The book concludes with an afterword, "Open Learning and/or Distance Education: Which One for What Purpose?" (John Daniel). Individual papers contain references. (KC)
- Published
- 1999
42. An empirical study of the effects of socioeconomic development on fertility rates.
- Author
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Janowitz, Barbara S. and Janowitz, B S
- Subjects
SOCIOECONOMICS ,REPRODUCTION ,ANALYSIS of variance ,MATHEMATICAL statistics ,FERTILITY ,DEVELOPING countries ,AGE distribution ,AGRICULTURE ,BIRTH rate ,EMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,INFANT mortality ,LIFE expectancy ,RESEARCH methodology ,META-analysis ,OCCUPATIONS ,REGRESSION analysis ,SOCIAL change ,STATISTICS ,TIME ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
Recent studies by Adelman and by Friedlander and Silver, which have investigated whether regression equations derived from cross-section data can be used to predict the impact of socioeconomic development on changing levels of fertility, are reviewed critically. Regression analyses based on data for 57 countries c. 1960 show that fertility (gross reproduction rate) varies cross-sectionally with region as well as with level of development (as measured by per capita income, percent labor force in primary sector, expectation of life, illiteracy rate). Using equations derived from the cross-section study and time-series data for five European countries during the period that their fertility rates fell, it is shown that predictions about past fertility changes are in error. The results suggest caution in the use of cross-section relations to predict the course of fertility in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Determining a global mid-upper arm circumference cut-off to assess underweight in adults (men and non-pregnant women).
- Author
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Tang, Alice M, Chung, Mei, Dong, Kimberly R, Bahwere, Paluku, Bose, Kaushik, Chakraborty, Raja, Charlton, Karen, Das, Priyanka, Ghosh, Mihir, Hossain, Md Iqbal, Nguyen, Phuong, Patsche, Cecilie B, Sultana, Tania, Deitchler, Megan, and Maalouf-Manasseh, Zeina
- Subjects
ARM circumference ,RECEIVER operating characteristic curves ,RANDOM effects model ,ADULTS ,RESEARCH ,META-analysis ,CROSS-sectional method ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,EVALUATION research ,ARM ,LEANNESS ,COMPARATIVE studies ,BODY mass index - Abstract
Objective: To determine if a global mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) cut-off can be established to classify underweight in adults (men and non-pregnant women).Design: We conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) to explore the sensitivity (SENS) and specificity (SPEC) of various MUAC cut-offs for identifying underweight among adults (defined as BMI < 18·5 kg/m2). Measures of diagnostic accuracy were determined every 0·5 cm across MUAC values from 19·0 to 26·5 cm. A bivariate random effects model was used to jointly estimate SENS and SPEC while accounting for heterogeneity between studies. Various subgroup analyses were performed.Setting: Twenty datasets from Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, North America and South America were included.Participants: All eligible participants from the original datasets were included.Results: The total sample size was 13 835. Mean age was 32·6 years and 65 % of participants were female. Mean MUAC was 25·7 cm, and 28 % of all participants had low BMI (<18·5 kg/m2). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the pooled dataset was 0·91 (range across studies 0·61-0·98). Results showed that MUAC cut-offs in the range of ≤23·5 to ≤25·0 cm could serve as an appropriate screening indicator for underweight.Conclusions: MUAC is highly discriminatory in its ability to distinguish adults with BMI above and below 18·5 kg/m2. This IPDMA is the first step towards determining a global MUAC cut-off for adults. Validation studies are needed to determine whether the proposed MUAC cut-off of 24 cm is associated with poor functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
44. specialties.
- Subjects
- *
CHEMICAL industry , *INDUSTRIAL capacity , *SILANE compounds , *SURCHARGES , *LATEX , *PAPER coatings , *PRICE increases , *FUNGICIDES - Abstract
Presents news briefs on the chemical industry as of April 20, 2005. Expansion of the capacity of silanes at General Electric; Implementation of a temporary surcharge on all paper coating latex at BASF; Increase in fungicide prices of Troy in U.S. and Asian regions.
- Published
- 2005
45. Teacher Agency: A Systematic Review of International Literature
- Author
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Cong-Lem, Ngo
- Abstract
Teacher agency (TA) has been increasingly supported as an influential factor for teacher professional learning, school improvement and sustainable educational change. Previous studies, however, feature a variety of discrepancies in their conceptualisation and approaches to examining teacher agency. A systematic review is essential to map the field, refine our understanding of the concept and inform relevant stakeholders of useful insights for policy making and further research. After being screened against a number of inclusion criteria, 104 empirical studies were selected to be included in this review. Thematic analysis was adopted for the data analysis of these papers. Findings indicate an imbalance in geographical, theoretical, methodological and thematic distributions in previous studies. Six major themes were identified from the literature: (1) TA enactment, (2) the role of teacher cognition, (3) influential factors, (4) implementing professional development interventions, (5) TA outcomes and (6) TA change trajectory. TA can be extrapolated in terms of its source, enactment and outcomes. Teachers' capacities, implementation strategies, and contextual factors jointly determine the achievement of their professional agency. A conceptual framework for accounting teacher agency holistically is proposed and implications for relevant stakeholders are discussed.
- Published
- 2021
46. 'It Just Doesn't Taste the Same': International Students' Perceptions of On-Campus Food and Dining
- Author
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Buell, Kathleen J., Briscoe, Kaleb, and Yao, Christina W.
- Abstract
Meeting the food requirements of international students is one of the many responsibilities of campus dining services that can, if fulfilled well, contribute to the success and retention of these students. Colleges and universities are continuing to diversify their enrollment with the recruitment of international students. Because many of these institutions require first-year students to live on campus, most international students live in residence halls and must purchase meal plans at some point during their collegiate career. The findings of this paper illuminate the food-related experiences of international students living on campus in their first year. Food quality, cultural differences, and the impact on future living decisions are discussed. [The discussion questions at the close of this article were developed by Amber Fallucca and Ryan Bronkema.]
- Published
- 2021
47. Inequalities in life expectancy: An analysis of 201 countries, 1950–2015.
- Author
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Liou, Lathan, Joe, William, Kumar, Abhishek, and Subramanian, S.V.
- Subjects
- *
AGE distribution , *LIFE expectancy , *WORLD health - Abstract
With global improvements in life expectancy, one important concern is to understand whether there is reduction in inequalities or greater cross-country convergence in expected length of life at various age thresholds. Insights on convergence patterns can help governments and other stakeholders decide upon health investments across age groups. This paper applies a novel econometric approach to test convergence and identify convergent clubs in life expectancy at various age groups for 201 countries/areas between 1950 and 2015. Life expectancy estimates for 201 countries/areas (1950 and 2015) from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) World Population Prospects (2015 Revision) are used for the analysis. We find global convergence in life expectancy at birth, but do not observe grand convergence for any other age groups. In the case of life expectancy at younger ages, most countries are moving in the same direction, but significant cross-country variations and convergence clubs are noted for older adults and elderly. Most of the better performing countries/areas are from Western Europe, Northern Europe and North America, the average performers are from South America, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Africa, Central Africa, and the Caribbean Islands whereas the poor-performing ones are mainly Western Africa, Southern African and Oceania. In addition, we observe increasing between-country variance in life expectancy for older adults and elderly. The analysis reveals increasing global heterogeneity in the survival experience of older adults and the elderly population which has remained a neglected aspect in the discussions on global life expectancy improvements. Data, research and policy focus on life-expectancy at older ages is therefore critical to accelerate survival gains among older adults and elderly, particularly from the developing world. • Country explains 34% of the variability in life expectancy improvement. • At older ages, there are three life expectancy trajectories a country can be in. • Studying variability is a better metric for capturing life expectancy inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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48. Variation of Human Values and Modernization: Preliminary Results.
- Author
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Korotayev, Andrey, Slinko, Elena, Meshcherina, Kira, and Zinkina, Julia
- Subjects
DEVELOPMENTAL psychobiology ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR supply ,LIFE expectancy ,SELF-perception ,SOCIAL change ,SOCIAL values ,SURVEYS ,TRANSCENDENCE (Philosophy) ,VALUE (Economics) - Abstract
The current article investigates the relation between values and modernization applying some elements of the method proposed by Inglehart and Welzel (the authors of the Human Development Sequence Theory) to the data of Shalom Schwartz. The values survey by Schwartz specifies two main value axes, namely, conservation versus openness to change and self-transcendence versus self-enhancement. Our research has revealed that the correlation between these two value axes differs in its direction when estimated for "macro-Europe" (that includes Europe and former settlement colonies of North and South America and Oceania) and "Afroasia" (that includes Asia and Africa). In "macro-Europe," we deal with a significant positive correlation between openness to change and self-transcendence, whereas in "Afroasia," this correlation is strong, significant, and negative. We investigate the possible impact of modernization on this difference. To do this, we approximate modernization through such indicators as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the proportions of the labor force employed in various sectors of economy. We find that, in both megazones, modernization is accompanied by increasing openness to change values. As for the self-transcendence/self-enhancement axis, we propose two possible explanations of the different dynamics observed in Europe and in "the East" (Asia and North Africa), namely, (a) that Eastern and Western societies find themselves at different modernization stages and (b) that this difference is accounted for by different civilizational patterns. Further analysis suggests that the latter explanation might be more plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Risk of COPD due to indoor air pollution from biomass cooking fuel: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Author
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Pathak, Utkarsha, Gupta, Naresh Chandra, and Suri, Jagdish Chandra
- Subjects
OBSTRUCTIVE lung disease diagnosis ,BIOTIC communities ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,COOKING ,INDOOR air pollution ,LONGITUDINAL method ,OBSTRUCTIVE lung diseases ,META-analysis ,RISK assessment ,SMOKE ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,CROSS-sectional method ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,CASE-control method ,CHRONIC bronchitis ,ODDS ratio ,DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in developing nations. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to determine the association between indoor air pollution and risk of COPD. Database searches were conducted using indoor air pollution, biomass and COPD related terms to identify relevant articles. The eligible studies were case-control, retrospective cohort, cross-sectional studies and conducted in adults that assessed COPD using any diagnostic criteria. A total of 35 studies with 73,122 participants were included. The pooled analysis showed that exposure to indoor air pollution due to solid biomass fuels increased risk of COPD by 2.65 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.13–3.31; n = 73,122) and chronic bronchitis by 2.89 (95% CI 2.18–3.82) times more compared to non-biomass fuels. The risk of COPD was higher in Africa region (odds ratio [OR] 3.19), Asia (OR 2.88), South America (OR 2.15), Europe (OR 2.30) and North America (OR 2.14). The results of our meta-analysis indicated that exposure to indoor air pollution due to biomass smoke is strongly associated with COPD. Abbreviations: CS: cross-sectional; CC: case-control; NR: not reported; ATS: American Thoracic Society; BMRC: British Medical Research Council; GOLD: Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease; IAP: indoor air pollution; BMF: biomass fuel; CB: chronic bronchitis; OR: odds ratio; UCI; upper confidence interval; LCI: lower confidence interval; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Using the mTSES to Evaluate and Optimize mLearning Professional Development
- Author
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Power, Robert, Cristol, Dean, Gimbert, Belinda, Bartoletti, Robin, and Kilgore, Whitney
- Abstract
The impact of targeted professional development activities on teachers' perceptions of self-efficacy with mobile learning remains understudied. Power (2015a) used the Mobile Teacher's Sense of Efficacy Scale (mTSES) survey instrument to measure the effects of a mobile learning themed professional development course on teachers' confidence with and interest in mobile learning. The current study looks at changes in perceptions of self-efficacy amongst participants in another open course about mobile learning called "Instructional Design for Mobile Learning" (ID4ML), which took place from May 4-June 6, 2015 (Power, Bartoletti & Kilgore, 2015). The purpose of this study is to verify the reliability and construct validity of the mTSES instrument developed by Power (2015a, 2015b) and Power, Cristol and Gimbert (2014), and to explore trends in self-efficacy changes amongst a more diversified participant population. This paper reports on the findings from the analysis of data collected using the mTSES tool. The findings provide useful feedback on the impacts of participating in the ID4ML course. They also provide further support for the utility of the mTSES instrument as a measure of perceptions of self-efficacy with mobile learning. These findings point to the potential utility of the mTSES as a tool for both planning and evaluating mLearning professional development training for teachers.
- Published
- 2016
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