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Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Much has been written about how digital technologies transformed contemporary festivals, yet the festival participants' perceptions and experiences are less examined. Understanding mediated festivals as events of intertwined mediation processes, this paper explores the perception and practices of mediated festivals in contemporary China. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 Chinese young people to understand their motivations and experiences of festival participation. The paper finds that emerging mediated festivals provide a space for individuals to explore their interests. Further, mediated festivals are perceived as a liberating force for young people through choice-making and self-presentation in convivial and hybrid festival environments. Developing Dayan and Katz's conception of 'media events', we argue that contemporary Chinese mediated festivals can be understood as 'my events' through hybrid and networked self-representations. Our study contributes to understanding the Chinese mediated festivals, emphasizing how networked individuals (re)negotiate the festival production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of China Tourism Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is the most unique region of human-land relations, and its main factor is population. By building a population and space dataset of the QTP at the township level from 1982 to 2017, this paper presents the pattern evolvement and regional distribution characteristics of township-level population in the QTP in detail for the first time. By using Geodetector method to analyze the influencing factors of township-level population change in the QTP, this paper provides scientific foundations for studying the Third Pole, ecological environment protection of the QTP, and human-land relations. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The population spatial distribution is not balanced at the township level, presents the regional differentiation characteristics of 'dense in southeast and sparse in northwest' along the 'Qilian-Jilong Line', and demonstrates the phenomenon of population center of gravity moving to the hinterland of the plateau at an accelerated speed; 2) The township-level population develops in a decentralized trend in general, and the cold- and hot-spot distribution of population has prominent spatial distribution characteristics. The population hot spots are concentrated in the surrounding areas of Xining, Golmud, Hotan and Lijiang; 3) The population of the QTP is increasing, and the inter-annual change of township population has a relatively stable regional regularity; 4) The level of per capita income is the leading factor in the change of township population, and its effect intensity is increasing continuously. The relative effect intensity of urbanization level and location conditions on population change has decreased significantly after 2000. The adaptability of living environment, such as topography and climate, has little influence on population change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authenticity is a significant concept in the heritage field. However, the connotations of authenticity and its relevance to Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) need further consideration. This paper ascertains the function of authenticity in the heritage field and reconceptualises authenticity so as to relate it to ICH. The subjectivities of ICH practitioners, as well as their subjective perspectives and experiences are privileged in this research, in line with the general aims of Critical Heritage Studies. Drawing on the idea of ‘existential authenticity’, which was developed in tourism studies, this paper presents a concept of ‘subjective authenticity’ with which to describe the ability of ICH practitioners to convey the dynamic, subjective and developing ICH values in both intrapersonal and interpersonal embodiments. Using case studies of ICH from Lijiang, China, the idea of subjective authenticity is evidenced and illustrated. Meanwhile, the materialist or ‘objective’ authenticity that exists in the Chinese Authorised Heritage Discourse is critiqued as inappropriate. Theoretically, this paper investigates people’s subjectivities and experiences in the process of ICH value-making, as well as identity-making. The results contribute not only to the establishment of an inclusive concept of authenticity in heritage studies, but also to the theorisation of existential authenticity in tourism studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) emerges as a new topic in the fields of heritage studies and tourism studies, the changeability of ICH in tourism commodification is still under-researched. The tension between protection and commodification of ICH is intensified when ICH is regarded as a heritage to protect and a resource for commodification, such as in the case of China. With a musical ICH element in Lijiang, China as the case, this paper applies a Critical Heritage Studies approach to investigate the values and components of ICH from the perspective of the music players. From both the diachronic and synchronic dimensions, the research shows that the players construct the values of their ICH in a subject, diverse and dynamic process. The less- and the more-commodified forms of performance are not clearly differentiated; rather, they are regarded as equally important to realise players' dynamic and subjective needs. Provided practitioners can engage with their ICH freely, commodification can be seen as an indispensable form of the ICH-making process. This paper aims to reveal the dynamism of ICH, to rethink the commodification of ICH, and to rethink the relationship between the commodification and the making of ICH from a critical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to compare the scenic images of four ancient Chinese cities including Lijiang, Pingyao, Huizhou and Langzhong, so as to provide specific development strategies for the ancient cities. In this paper, the ancient cities’ scenic images are divided into three sub-indexes and eight evaluation dimensions. Based on this, the study first uses Python software to collect tourists’ online comments on the four ancient cities. Then, the social network analysis method is used to build a high-frequency keywords matrix of tourist comments and the R language is used to generate a visual network graph. After this, the entropy weight method is used to determine the weights and values of eight evaluation dimensions. Finally, the tourists’ overall satisfaction indexes of the four ancient cities are calculated accordingly. The results show that (1) the overall satisfaction of Lijiang is the highest, while that of Huizhou is the lowest; (2) from the weight of each evaluation dimension, it can be seen that tourists care more about the national culture and historical culture; (3) from tourists’ satisfaction index on each evaluation dimension of the four ancient cities, we can find that the four ancient cities has their own advantages and disadvantages in tourism development. (4) local tourism-related institutions should strengthen their advantages and improve their deficiencies so as to enhance tourists’ overall image of the ancient city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses urban entrepreneurialism in relation to the commodification of urban heritage in the context of China. The case study is Lijiang Old Town in Yunnan province. It is found that there are three markets through which profit is extracted from urban heritage: the tourist market, the real estate market and the capital market. These markets, ranging from simple to complex, reflect the Lijiang local government’s innovative efforts to deepen the commodification of urban heritage and enhance local competitiveness. By discussing how profit is distributed, I argue that Lijiang’s local government and its ruling elites have benefited more from tourist revenues than any other groups. An analysis of Lijiang’s demographical displacement demonstrates that urban heritage is implicated in the complicated choices made by ordinary individuals in the face of political control and capital accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dongba manuscripts are a unique primitive pictographic writing system that originated among the Naxi people of Lijiang, China, boasting over a thousand years of history. The uniqueness of the Dongba manuscripts stems from their pronounced pictorial and ideographic characteristics. However, the digital preservation and inheritance of Dongba manu manuscripts face multiple challenges, including extracting its rich semantic information, recognizing individual characters, retrieving Dongba manuscripts, and automatically interpreting the meanings of Dongba manuscripts. Developing efficient Dongba character detection technology has become a key research focus, wherein establishing a standardized Dongba detection dataset is crucial for training and evaluating techniques. In this study, we have created a comprehensive Dongba manuscripts detection dataset covering various commonly used Dongba characters and vocabularies. Additionally, we propose a model named STEF. Firstly, the Swin Transformer extracts the complex structures and diverse shapes of Dongba manuscripts' features. Then, by introducing a Feature Pyramid Enhancement Module, features of different sizes are cascaded to preserve multi-scale information. Subsequently, all features are fused in a FUSION module, resulting in features of various Dongba manuscript styles. Each pixel's binarisation threshold is dynamically adjusted through a differentiable binarisation operation, accurately distinguishing between foreground Dongba manuscripts and background. Lastly, deformable convolution is introduced, allowing the model to dynamically adjust the convolution kernel's size and shape based on the Dongba manuscripts' size, thereby better capturing the detailed information of Dongba characters of different sizes. Experimental results show that STEF achieves a recall rate of 88.88%, a precision rate of 88.65%, and an F-measure of 88.76%, outperforming other text detection algorithms. Visualization experiments demonstrate that STEF performs well in detecting Dongba manuscripts of various sizes, shapes, and styles, especially in blurred handwriting and complex backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gene flow is crucial for enhancing economic traits of livestock. In China, breeders have used hybridization strategies for decades to improve livestock performance. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of a native Chinese Lijiang pig (LJP) breed. By integrating previously published data, we explored the genetic structure and introgression of genetic components from commercial European pigs (EP) into the LJP, and examined the impact of this introgression on phenotypic traits. Results: Our analysis revealed significant introgression of EP breeds into the LJP and other domestic pig breeds in China. Using a haplotype-based approach, we quantified introgression levels and compared EP to LJP and other Chinese domestic pigs. The results show that EP introgression is widely prevalent in Chinese domestic pigs, although there are significant differences between breeds. We propose that LJP could potentially act as a mediator for the transmission of EP haplotypes. We also examined the correlation between EP introgression and the number of thoracic vertebrae in LJP and identified VRTN and STUM as candidate genes for this trait. Conclusions: Our study provides evidence of introgressed European haplotypes in the LJP breed and describes the potential role of EP introgression on phenotypic changes of this indigenous breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many traditional ethnic cultural items are being endangered in China. Using the Dongba dance culture of the Naxi people as a case study, this paper seeks to analyze and interpret the endangerment of culture from an educational perspective, based on an analysis of the interaction between the cultural transmission mechanism of Dongba dance and the formal schooling of the Naxi people in Lijiang, China. By describing and comparing the traditional and current forms of Dongba dance transmission, the paper shows how the institution of formal education competes with older modes of cultural transmission, resulting in the endangerment of Dongba dance as a living cultural relic. So, in order to truly realize and improve the function of education in transmitting cultural heritage and to guarantee educational equity, we should prioritize sophisticated ethnic minority cultural items in the assessment and selection phases of education, grant them institutional cultural capital, and put greater effort into developing an appropriate school-based curriculum so that ethnic minority culture may be transmitted and inherited via formal schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lijiang City has undergone rapid economic development, and it is important to evaluate factors that will contribute to future development and how to make that development more sustainable. In this paper, we used ecological footprint (EF) and ecological carrying capacity (ECC) to assess economic development in Lijiang City from 1995 to 2007. The results show that there was a sharp increase in EF and a minor decrease in ECC. The large increase in EF might be caused by rapid economic development, which consumed energy and other resources but did not cause serious observable damage to ECC. In the final analysis, this is because the tourism industry plays a prominent role in economic growth in Lijiang City, and is far more important than the two sectors that have a more severe environmental impact: agriculture and general industry. The economic development of Lijiang City depends mainly on comprehensive development of tourism; cultural resources and ethnic cultures are the critical drivers of tourism development in the city. Vigorously developing integrated tourism, combined with addressing concerns over sustainability and protective development of ethnic cultures, is the best approach to sustainable development of Lijiang City. To assure the success of this approach, we proposed a number of strategic measures, such as payment for both ecological and cultural services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability assessment is an essential requirement for constructing sustainable cities. In this paper, we develop a comprehensive method to assess the sustainability level of development of cities (SLDC) in China, and use data from the China City Statistical Yearbook to calculate assessment indicators for Lijiang City between 2003 and 2008. Ten indicators covering residents' welfare, urbanisation and environment were selected. The results showed that Lijiang's SLDC experienced a ‘slow decline’ stage followed by a ‘rapid improvement’ stage, and the sustainability of Lijiang's development has been steadily enhanced during the second phase. This assessment indicator system could readily be applied to assess the SLDC of other Chinese cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the understanding of temporal and spatial behaviour of tourists is important for enhancing sustainable management of tourism. In recent years, with the emergence of photo-sharing Internet communities, many photographers have posted their photographs on the Internet and made them freely accessible. Generally attached to these shared photos is information about where and when the photos were taken, providing clues to establish the temporal and spatial distribution of the photographers. In this paper, we described a photography-based approach to analyse Chinese tourists' temporal–spatial behaviour identified from 1308 photos taken in the Old Town of Lijiang. We estimated tourists' temporal variation, length of stay, daily average number of tourists, individual movement traces and tourist hotspots. The results suggest that the photo-based methods have obvious advantages. We believe that this wealth of publicly available data sources with spatio-temporal information will provide a new perspective in analysing tourist flow distribution and tourist hotspots and will be helpful to plan tourism resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gaze places host and tourist in an “authority field” which is unfavorable to the development of harmonious interpersonal relationships and cultural interactions for both sides. Mutual, equal and just host–guest relationships should be established through dialogue, which will improve tourists’ understanding and experiences, awaken the hosts’ cultural consciousness and establish a new type of cultural interaction. The paper is based on analysis of the work and life experience of Joseph Rock in southwest China during 1922–1949. It uses content analysis to examine more than one thousand photos which contain visual representations of his gaze. The changing values of tourism to the ego and culture were revealed through a change in emphasis from “I–It” to “I–You” relationships as Rock turned from gaze to dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of China Tourism Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Groundwater is critical to human survival, however, it has constantly been overexploited around the world. Despite hydrological causes and the effects of global climate change, groundwater governance has an essential role to play in causing or preventing such overexploitation. This paper presented a case of groundwater governance in Lijiang, renowned for its natural beauty and exotic cultures, located in northwest Yunnan, China. Since being designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in the 1990s, Lijiang has experienced dramatic tourism development, which eventually escalated its groundwater crisis. This paper applied the diagnostic approach of social-ecological systems to analyse the institutionalised governance process in the case of Lijiang and substantiated the effectiveness of the Social-Ecological Systems (SES) approach in explaining groundwater management issues. Two significant findings were drawn in the case of Lijiang. First, institutional arrangements may play an essential role in resource management, but their analysis is lacking between macro modelling of planetary boundaries of the Earth and micro surveys of individual and community behaviour. The SES framework offered a useful tool to fill this gap. Second, the designation of Lijiang's Outstanding Universal Values as a world heritage site ironically damaged its local cultural intimacy, which nurtured generations of collective action for Naxi people, escalating the tragedy of its groundwater commons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scientific approach to urban planning is required to ensure environmental protection and ecological sustainability. This paper presents a range of urban land-use scenarios and their implications for urban development and economic demand in the Old Town of Lijiang. Using geographic information system (GIS) and questionnaire analysis, three future urban planning scenarios were created based on data and storylines for the Lijiang region. In all scenarios, urban growth arises from population increase due to tourism and economic change. However, the spatial patterns differ due to varying assumptions about urban development processes or purposes. The modelling results are successfully illustrated in the scope of possible land-use scenarios for the future and provide useful input for starting discussions on future urban development planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid growth in land use has caused problems such as waste of natural resources, geological disasters and damage to heritage through the social, economic and environmental impacts of urban sprawl. In this paper, a new model and index system of urban ecological risk assessment (ERA) based on geographic information system (GIS) was built. To identify and classify urban ecological risk factors, three crucial parameters are described: land use features, spatial distance between receptors and risk sources and developed area. World Cultural Heritage conservation areas serve as key receptors, while expansion of land use for construction results in massive urbanisation as a risk source. To analyse the relationships between the receptors and risk sources, a spatial interaction model (SIM), spatial analysis with GIS and geostatistical methods were used. The results show that urban sprawl land threatens Lijiang's land-use patterns. The Lashihai wetland and Wenbi reservoir are at highest risk, while Jade Dragon Snow Mountain is only slightly affected. This research provides further and more comprehensive technical support for identifying potential ecological risk and guaranteeing ecological security in zoning and achieving sustainable development of Lijiang City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are facing considerable challenges resulting from imminent climate change impacts. Urban planning to minimise adverse impacts of climate change at the city level can establish a climate-resilient city. Mitigation strategies to reduce CO2 emissions would lead to a climate-friendly city. Integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation into sustainable city planning should not be merely added as a single level of sustainable city planning, but requires a wide range of multi-level cooperation. Lijiang City has experienced climatic change during the last half century, and its CO2 emissions have increased faster than the GDP growth. Nearby glaciers on Yulong Snow Mountain have been retreating and losing mass since the early twentieth century. In this paper, we identify economic sectors that are vulnerable to climate change, including tourism, agriculture and water supply, and propose mitigation and adaptation strategies to cope with climate change in this tourism city. As energy use is the largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, renewable energy has enormous CO2 reduction potential. Land use practices, a sectoral approach and public participation are all considered adaptive in climate planning. The proposals outlined are valuable as they provide an understanding of how to implement integrated climate planning and integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation into sustainable city planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrity of the living space of villages with rich historical settings and traditional culture is increasingly challenged by modern economic development. Sustainable development of such villages will be impractical unless their space is protected. In this paper, the living space for Yuhu Village, an important tourist attraction in Lijiang City, is introduced and analysed on the basis of in situ observations, and principles and strategies for living space protection are proposed based on the historical background and current status. Although Yuhu Village is an excellent place for the local people to live and for tourists to visit, traditional land use, rural scenery, native species and Naxi culture need to be protected, and improvements are needed in water systems, roads and agriculture. Such an integrated effort will help to create a balance between heritage protection and economic development and lead to the creation of a harmonious modern society with intact historical remnants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of Lijiang City, many empty spaces have been exploited and the built-up land is becoming increasingly crowded. This has caused degradation of the urban environment. In this paper, we analyse the fractal dimension of built-up land in Lijiang City in an attempt to improve environmental quality. TM image data acquired in 2000 and 2006 were used to derive land-use data through a back-propagation neural network realized using Matlab software. Urban form was quantified with the box-counting method. The fractal dimension of built-up land increased from 1.73 in 2000 to 1.84 in 2006, meaning that the respective amounts of built-up land and green space have become disproportionate over time. To obtain a better balance between green areas and built-up land, the area–radius relationship method and the Smeed model were used to find the optimum range, within which increasing green areas will bring greater ecological benefits. This range was within a 2000-m radius of the entrance to the Old Town of Lijiang. Increasing green areas in this range is recommended to increase ecological benefits to the whole city, and the emphasis of planning studies in Lijiang City in future should be on the rational layout of built-up land within this range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World cultural and natural heritage sites are an important part of the wealth of humankind, but their protection is threatened by rapid urbanisation. In this paper, we assessed urbanisation-related pressures on the Old Town of Lijiang, using an integrated method based on the analytic network process (ANP). In addition to the data from the governmental census, we also employed satellite images, ecosystem services and sewage treatment data. The results of quantitative assessment of 16 indicators demonstrated that the pressure on the Old Town of Lijiang from 1978 to 2009 has increased with urbanisation and economic development, with the highest pressure occurring in 2009 and the lowest in 1978. The pressure more than doubled between 2000 and 2009, and there was an exponential relationship between urbanisation rate and pressure, suggesting that a small increase in urbanisation rate can trigger a large increase in urbanisation-related pressure. It was found that increases in population and tourism are the most crucial of the pressure indicators. The findings have significant implications for promoting the protection of the Old Town of Lijiang and other world heritage sites under similar pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid economic development has led to urban sprawl and threatens river systems. In this paper, we used geographic information system (GIS) techniques to examine the effects of urbanisation on the water resources of the Yanggong River watershed in Lijiang City, and analysed the temporal changes in river systems and their impacts on watershed ecosystem functions. The total length of the river systems in the Yanggong River watershed decreased from 786.9 km in 1995 to 674.2 km in 2009 and is predicted to continue to decrease by 35.5 km in the next 11 years according to various data sources. The decrease in river system density started in the Old Town of Lijiang and gradually spread to the surrounding areas. Our analysis shows that urbanisation is failing to take into account the impacts on river systems and their functions, which could cause a reduction in the size of the river systems and degradation of watershed ecosystem functions in the Yanggong River watershed of Lijiang City. It is suggested that protecting the natural river network and making full use of the advantages of the distinctive terrain in the Yanggong River watershed could contribute to the sustainability of urban development in Lijiang City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The commodification of culture has received much attention in social and cultural geography. Based on empirical research in Lijiang, a World Heritage site in China, this paper contributes to an understanding of commodification through a focus on selling ethnic music to tourists. Drawing upon a theoretical framework of tourism commodification and the cultural politics of music, I argue that the commodification of music is embedded in a temporal process in which culture, economy, and politics synthesize to shape place making and identity building. This paper presents three major findings: (1) commodification sustains discourses of identity building and cultural revival that in turn serve to justify the pursuit of profit; (2) commodification is variegated over time and across space; and (3) commodification provides the conditions for local musicians to increase their capacity to produce local narratives of music. By demonstrating the commodification of ethnic music and the cultural politics of musical space in Lijiang, this paper calls for an interconnection of economy, culture, and politics in understanding the materiality of music. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines the role of schooling in constructing identity of Naxi secondary students in Lijiang, southwest China. The study shows that the school assigns an identity of the Chinese nation to Naxi students, while it also plays a role in forming their ethnic identity. The school curriculum, teachers' teaching, and interactions among students influence the identity construction of Naxi students. A qualitative method was designed to collect data for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2021 Yangbi Ms 6.4 earthquake in Yunnan, China, occurred in an area where the Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic observations are particularly intensive. Based on a detailed retrospective analysis of the GPS observations of about 133 stations distributed in the proximately 400 km × 400 km region that contains the area affected by the earthquake., we obtain a high-resolution GPS velocity field and strain rate field and then derive the present-day slip rates of major faults in the region with the commonly used half-space elastic dislocation model and constraints from the GPS velocity field. Furthermore, by calculating the seismic moment accumulation and release and deficit rates in the main fault segments and combining with the distribution characteristics of small earthquakes, we evaluate the regional seismic risk. The results show that (1) there was a localized prominent strain accumulation rate around the seismogenic area of the impending Yangbi Ms 6.4 earthquake, although this was not the only area with a prominent strain rate in the whole region. (2) The seismogenic area of the earthquake was just located where the strain direction was deflected, which, together with the localized outstanding maximum shear strain and dilatation rates, provides us with important hints to determine the potential areas of future strong earthquakes. (3) Of all the seismogenic fault segments with relatively high potentials, judged using the elapsed time of historical earthquakes and effective strain accumulation rate, the middle section of the Weixi–Qiaohou fault has a higher earthquake risk than the southern section, the Midu–Binchuan section of the Chenghai fault has a higher risk than the Yongsheng section and the Jianchuan section of the Jianchuan–Qiaohou–Lijiang–Xiaojinhe fault has a higher risk than the Lijiang section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 2 January 2022, an earthquake of Ms 5.5 occurred in Ninglang County, Lijiang City, the earthquake-prone area of northwestern Yunnan. Whether this earthquake caused significant deformation and thermal anomalies and whether there is a relationship between them needs further investigation. Currently, multi-source remote sensing technology has become a powerful tool for long-time-series monitoring of earthquakes and active ruptures which mainly focuses on single crustal deformation and thermal anomaly. This study aims to reveal the crustal deformation and thermal anomaly characteristics of the Ninglang earthquake by using both Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Robust Satellite Techniques (RST). First, Sentinel-1A satellite SAR data were selected to obtain the coseismic deformation field based on Differential InSAR (D-InSAR), and the Small Baseline Set InSAR (SBAS-InSAR) technique was exploited to invert the pre- and post-earthquake displacement sequences. Then, RST was used to extract the thermal anomalies before and after the earthquake by using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Land Surface Temperature (MODIS LST). The results indicate that the seismic crustal deformation is dominated by subsidence, with 23 thermal anomalies before and after the earthquake. It is speculated that the Yongning Fault in the deformation area is the main seismogenic fault of the Ninglang earthquake, which is dominated by positive fault dip-slip motion. Meanwhile, the seismic fault system composed of NE- and NW-oriented faults is an important factor in the formation of thermal anomalies, which are accompanied by changes in stress at different stages before and after the earthquake. Moreover, the crustal deformation and seismic thermal anomalies are correlated in time and space, and the active rupture activities in the region produce deformation accompanied by changes in thermal radiation. This study provides clues from remote sensing observations for analyzing the Ninglang earthquake and provides a reference for the joint application of InSAR and RST for earthquake monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UNESCO 2011 Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) states community participation is a pivotal tool for integrating heritage practices into sustainable urban development. While community participation is significant but limited in China, various participatory methods have been developed, tested and evaluated worldwide. For example, inspired by HUL, the Ballarat Imagine in Australia has successfully used public engagement in the development of a community vision for local conservation and development. This paper aims to contextualise community participation in China, by testing and adapting a community participatory method, the (Ballarat) Imagine. Imagine was tested in the Old Town of Lijiang as an academic scoping exercise, to critically examine its viability and potential for contextualisation to the Chinese context. During the fieldwork, three workshops were organised with residents in Dayan, Shuhe and Baisha, which are the three housing clusters constituting the World Heritage property. In the workshops, residents responded to three sets of questions focussing on their feelings about local historic urban landscape as well as their ideas about future public engagement in local heritage management. This paper discusses the contextualised approach of community participation tailored to the management of the Old Town of Lijiang, and also China as a whole, seeking to find a balance between top-down and bottom-up processes. This academic exercise confirmed that the community participatory method, the Imagine, can be further adapted to the Chinese context. Further research could test it in other cities, to better face the challenges of rapid urbanisation. • Chinese community participation differs from alike international approaches. • In the Chinese context, a balanced methodology of top-down and bottom-up approaches is needed. • Local governments are expected to play a leading role in urban heritage practices. • Residents need to be involved in the whole plan-making process rather than just informed. • Local elites and community-based organisations are key to negotiate with local political leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better face the challenges of rapid urbanisation, it is recommended urban heritage management is carried out through community participation. In the Chinese context of state centralisation, however, inclusive participatory governance for urban heritage has remained limited, and effective ways of engaging residents in decision-making have yet to be explored adequately. This paper aims to explore community participation within Chinese urban heritage management, taking the Old Town of Lijiang as a case study. During fieldwork, in-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with both native and migrant residents as well as administrators. Based on a community participation assessment framework, the interview guide was developed and then built on four aspects: community participation in decision-making; the competence of participants; the right to social justice and confidence of participants; and community empowerment and equity. This paper reveals the current state of participatory practices in the Old Town of Lijiang and, specifically, discusses the roles of residents, elites and community-based organisations in decision-making concerning urban heritage management, in the contexts of state-centralisation. Chinese urban heritage management needs to raise public awareness and willingness as well as give residents more responsibilities and power to face the challenges of rapid urbanisation, but currently, the degree of participation is still minimal, only between informing and consulting. • Community participation is key for sustainable urban heritage management while it has remained limited in China. • In China, local elites and community-based organisations are critical in negotiation between governments and residents. • The importance of community participation has been well recognised by local government institutions in Lijiang. • In Lijiang, the degree of community participation is still minimal, only between informing and consulting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergency response actions against an impending barrier lake breach flood involve multiple social and engineering approaches, such as evacuating the affected people downstream, lowering the breach opening by excavating a diversion channel, and regulating the downstream hydraulic structures if present. Analytical evaluation of the breach flood under different scenarios of emergency mitigation is crucial for a rational decision when a rescue plan is being made. This study reviews the emergency responses undertaken for the "11.03" Baige barrier lake that occurred in the Jinsha River of China in 2018, which involved the evacuation of 27,500 downstream people in the Shangri-La and Lijiang tourist attraction areas and the engineering measures by excavating a diversion channel and treating the two existing dams. The numerical model for dam breach and flood routing analysis performed by the computer programs DB-IWHR and Hec-Ras allowed quantitative risk assessments for various scenarios of mitigation approaches. The results showed that the excavation of the 15-m-deep diversion channel reduced the peak flood discharge from 39,580 to 31,000 m3/s. The demolition of the Suwalong cofferdam avoided a cascade dam failure that would have created a peak flood of 22,841 m3/s, resulting in a 2.25-m-high additional inundation on an area of 1.13 × 105 m2. The numerical assessment confirms the substantial reduction in the social and economic impact achieved by pre-emptying the Liyuan Hydropower Station, which avoided a sustained 10-h spillway discharge of 12,231 m3/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lunar observation campaign was conducted using a hyper-spectral imaging spectrometer in Lijiang, China from December 2015 to February 2016. The lunar hyper-spectral images in the visible to near-infrared region (VNIR) have been obtained in different lunar phases with absolute scale established by the National Institute of Metrology (NIM), China using the lamp–plate calibration system. At the same time, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) is measured regularly by a lidar and a lunar CE318U for atmospheric characterization to provide nightly atmosphere extinction correction of lunar observations. This paper addressed the complicated data processing procedure in detail from raw images of the spectrometer into the spectral lunar irradiance in different lunar phases. The result of measurement shows that the imaging spectrometer can provide lunar irradiance with uncertainties less than 3.30% except for absorption bands. Except for strong atmosphere absorption region, the mean spectral irradiance difference between the measured irradiance and the ROLO (Robotic Lunar Observatory) model is 8.6 ± 2% over the course of the lunar observation mission. The ROLO model performs more reliable to clarify absolute and relative accuracy of lunar irradiance than that of the MT2009 model in different Sun–Moon–Earth geometry. The spectral ratio analysis of lunar irradiance shows that band-to-band variability in the ROLO model is consistent within 2%, and the consistency of the models in the lunar phase and spectrum is well analyzed and evaluated from phase dependence and phase reddening analysis respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are running a wide field photometric survey under the collaboration between Yunnan Observatories and Hong Kong Astronomical Society with a Centurion 18‐inch telescope at the Lijiang station of Yunnan Observatories, China. Its scientific goals are discovering new transiting exoplanetary systems and other types of variable stars, and studying asteroids of the solar system. The survey was designed to monitor several fixed sky areas through time series photometry with short cadences. Since 2016, numerous observing data have been accumulated and reduced by means of dedicated pipelines to deliver the light curves for tens of thousands objects, which are cross‐matched through the Carlsberg Meridian Catalog 15 or USNO‐B1.0 catalog. Systematic errors and trends that existed in the raw photometric results are simulated through selected reference stars and then removed to improve signal‐to‐noise ratios of the light curves, which is crucial to detect weak signals like exoplanet transits and other variable stars of low amplitudes in brightness variations. The final data products own the photometric precision better than 0.01 magnitude for stars brighter than 13.8 magnitude in the V band. By means of generalized Lomb–Scargle, phase dispersion minimization, and box‐fitting least squares techniques, we have already identified about a thousand of variable stars from the survey, including transiting exoplanet candidates, spotted stars, eclipsing binaries, pulsating stars, and so on. In addition, we have also captured around a thousand of asteroids of the solar system in the survey fields and produced their light curves due to spins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring groundwater storage changes is one of the most important topics in the sustainable management of groundwater resources. The sensitivity of gravity to changes in mass allows one to obtain an estimate of groundwater storage changes through gravity observations. The karst aquifer in the Black Dragon Pool is the main water resource for Lijiang City. As a result of overexploitation of groundwater resources, the groundwater level has declined since 2008, although it started to rise with the implementation of water resource management practices in 2017. In this study, we assess the local groundwater storage changes in a karst aquifer by using a more than 4-year record (2017–2021) of the superconducting gravimeter OSG-066 located at the Lijiang station. Firstly, the records were preprocessed by calibrating the data and removing interferences such as earthquakes, spikes, and steps. The gravity effects of the tides, atmosphere, and polar motion and the linear trend term were then subtracted to obtain the preliminary residual gravity signal. After correcting for the effect of terrestrial water storage and land uplifting, the final residual gravity signal was obtained, which was analyzed by comparison with the groundwater level change. We find that the topographic effect on gravity must be considered due to the complex topography around the Lijiang Basin. We note that the amplitude of residual gravity is dominated by the groundwater level change in the Black Dragon Pool, with a phase lag between the final residual gravity and groundwater level change. The final residual gravity clearly displays characteristics of seasonality and fluctuation, with variable amplitude. From the joint analysis of gravity records and well and model data, we demonstrate that both the residual gravity and groundwater level exhibit a downward trend after 2018. At the same time, however, gravity observation reflects the effectiveness of water resource management practices implemented in 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of fire is of ecological, social and economic importance. The purpose of this study is to examine the spatial distribution of high fire risk using machine learning algorithms and early warning weather in high-risk areas. Take the satellite monitored fire point data in Yunnan Province during 2015–2019 as an example. The spatial distribution law of high-density parts is found using hierarchical density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (HDBSCAN) algorithm, and the correlation degree analysis of high-density fire areas based on clustering and annual mean meteorological factors is carried out using grey correlation analysis (GCA) method. Results illustrates that within five years, fires frequently occurred in the seven regions of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Lijiang City, Pu'er City, and Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture. Among them, the fire in Lijiang had the greatest relationship with precipitation, Pu'er and Xishuangbanna had the greatest correlation with temperature, and Honghe Hani and Wenshan Zhuang were most affected by wind speed. This article acclaims fire prevention in key periods, key areas, key weather and reinforces the protection of transmission lines in the risk area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Over recent decades, urban conservation has become an important strategy to improve urban competitiveness in the global economy. Insufficient attention has been paid to how urban conservation is governed and funded. Drawing on Lijiang Ancient Town, a Chinese World Heritage city, this study examines the power structure and funding systems of urban conservation, how social groups negotiate with the state in this process, and how this framework of governance and funding fits the general patterns of neoliberalism with Chinese characteristics. It argues that the framework turns urban heritage into a growth machine and strengthens the state’s politico-economic power. It also reveals that the entrepreneurial governance strategies are implicated in the interaction between state institutions and social groups. This paper will unravel how different forces can influence the conservation of heritage, and will contribute to an understanding of urban governance in Chinese cities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines the present state of commercial use of historical buildings, details of business categories, and descriptions of items on sale in the shops in the old town of Lijiang, China in order to investigate the problems of cultural-tourism development centered on World Heritage sites. In recent years, the usage of historical buildings built by the Naxis, the indigenous ethnic group of Lijiang, has drastically changed. At present, over 60% of shops are tourist-oriented souvenir shops and restaurants. Furthermore, over 50% of the shopkeepers are temporary residents, with a large majority renting rooms from indigenous owners. These findings suggest that the location of the minority's residence and its culture are rapidly changing as tourism develops. They also imply that a re-evaluation of policy is essential for the development of sustainable tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The work and personal life are not particularly divided for lifestyle entrepreneurs. • Temporal, physical and psychological tactics were used to manage boundaries. • An individual's psychological borders have a decisive effect on work-life balance perception. • Contextual factors of tourism destinations impact on their work-life balance. • It is difficult for them to maintain a work-life balance over the long-term. This study uses border theory to explore how lifestyle hospitality and tourism entrepreneurs manage their work-life balance. This research utilizes in-depth interviews and observations from Dali and Lijiang, China. Three types of findings emerged. First, for lifestyle entrepreneurs, work and personal life are not divided; business is considered a style of living, not work. Second, lifestyle entrepreneurs' boundary management tactics include temporal tactics, physical tactics, and psychological tactics. Third, the factors influencing the work-life balance of lifestyle entrepreneurs include personal factors and the contextual factors related to tourism destinations. This paper contributes to border theory by indicating how an individual's psychological borders have a decisive effect on work-life balance perception, and how both the tourism and Chinese contexts moderate the psychological borders of work-life balance to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes are a major landslide trigger, and evaluation of the dynamic stability of landslides under seismic action is very important. The Yanyangcun landslide, which is located at route marker K92 of the Xianggelila to Lijiang expressway in Yunnan Province, China, was chosen as a case study. Using the three-dimensional finite difference method and the unbalanced thrust method, three mechanical indices of the sliding zone, including the volume ratio of the elastic or plastic elements, the permanent displacement, and the residual thrusts of the slices, were calculated to evaluate the progressive failure and dynamic stability of the landslide when exposed to different intensities of seismicity. The safety factor of the landslide with reinforcement measures was also assessed. The critical peak seismic acceleration was about 2.29 m/s2, between earthquake intensity of VIII degree and IX degree. The landslide experienced progressive failure by means of shear at the leading edge, tension at the trailing edge, and immobilization of the middle part. The middle part of the sliding zone underwent a "locking effect," which could effectively resist the immobilization of the plastic zones of the leading edge and the trailing edge. With reinforcement measures, the dynamic stability of the landslide under VIII degree and IX degree events satisfied the allowable safety factor of the local specifications. The results provide guidance for disaster prevention and aseismic design for the Yanyangcun landslide, and can also be used as reference information for dynamic stability evaluation of other landslides threatened by earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how lifestyle tourism entrepreneurs manage the shift between their daily roles as entrepreneurs and tourists. Based on data collected through in-depth interviews and observations, the study produces a number of major findings. First, tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs seek to balance their personal life roles as tourists and entrepreneurs. Second, they use role identification and boundary management as strategies to manage their role shifting. Third, role conflicts are inevitable and frequent between the integrated work and life domains. This study contributes to our understanding of the challenges that lifestyle entrepreneurs face in tourism destinations from a micro role-transition perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One key way to understand the influences of tourism on destination communities is through host–guest interactions. Yet most current studies on host–guest interactions focus on their nature and outcomes, and rarely on the microscopic process. This study focuses on one local resident’s home located in Baisha Town, Lijiang, China, and investigates in depth the interaction processes there. By focusing on the intense interactions at the micro level, this study finds that locals and tourists often shifted the roles they played in the interactions between them. Also, the locals seem to be more active in the role shifting. The power of locals arises from their control of local knowledge and their usage of their private houses for business. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In order to establish a highly efficient and sustainable regeneration system, we systematically researched the key factors affecting direct shoot regeneration from Jatropha curcas leaves that were collected from Hainan (HN1-1), Lijiang (LJ3-1), and Yuxi (YX2-12) provinces in China. The L(3) orthogonal test of thidiazuron (TDZ), kinetin (Kn), and gibberellic acid (GA) were studied, and the explant type, growth age, and cultivar of leaves were subsequently investigated. Simultaneously, the combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) promoting shoot bud proliferation, elongation, and root establishment were examined. The results showed that the best medium for shoot bud induction was Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L TDZ, 0.5 mg/L Kn, and 0.5 mg/L GA. TDZ was the key PGR, while Kn and GA played an important role in shoot bud elongation and the number of shoots per leaf disk, respectively. The induced shoot buds proliferated and readily elongated in MS medium with 0.3 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.01 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and established roots in half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L IBA. Using the previously described methods, the third to fifth leaves were found to be the best explant source for shoot bud induction, with a high induction rate, large shoot numbers per disk, excellent proliferation, and consistent rooting. With the use of this regeneration system, the shoot bud induction rate increased from the reported rate of 53.5% to more than 90% using different explants and cultivars, and the shoot number per leaf disk (shoot length ≥ 0.5 cm) increased from 1.6 to 3.5. Thus, this optimized regeneration system will effectively promote the propagation and genetic transformation of J. curcas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes mobility from the coastal region to the city of Lijiang, Yunnan. It presents the idea of home as an entry point to illuminate how a complex matrix of political-economic power can structure the use and interpretation of built heritage. First, the article explains why outside business people move to Lijiang. Second, it sketches out the conditions of mobility to Lijiang and explains the tensions between locals and outsiders. This research explores how the practices of outside businesspeople provoke and shape the politics of built heritage in Lijiang, and links these practices to the broader agendas of heritage ownership, local-outsider tensions and China's ongoing socioeconomic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose two zoning frameworks for regional decision-makers to regulate eco-economic capital in Lijiang, southwest China, using an index system, layer overlay, and GIS spatial analysis. The frameworks include eco-economic zoning and major function-oriented zoning, with an emphasis on ecoeconomic capital and human activities. The two frameworks share common advantages in top-down resource regulation by a certain function and the pursuit of competitiveness, sustainability and welfare fairness. Their differences in development orientation, functional links and scale suitability provide a complementary approach for regional decisionmakers. The frameworks will help to understand complex eco-economic resource patterns and foster appropriate regional regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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