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Accumulating evidence indicates that higher levels of salt intake are associated with higher blood pressure levels. The aim of our analysis was to test the hypothesis that the effect of urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) is mediated through estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and arterial stiffness and also to test the direction of the relationship between eGFR and arterial stiffness, in both hypertensive and normotensive patients. We assessed the potential for connection between UNaV and SBP and mediators (eGFR and pulse wave velocity [PWV]) of this relationship using structural equation models of data from 1599 adults ≥18 years of age and without chronic kidney disease who participated in the Third Epidemiologic Study concerning the Prevalence of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk in Romania (SEPHAR III). In hypertensive patients, the indirect effect, mediated through PWV, of UNaV on SBP was 23.9% and 27.7% of the total effect of UNaV on SBP, while in normotensive patients the contribution of PWV to the total effect of UNaV on SBP was slightly lower (15.9% and 18.3% of the total effect of UNaV on SBP). Taken together, our findings support the conclusion that UNaV influences SBP, both directly and indirectly, through the effect on PWV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study aims to analyse the past and future trend in HT's prevalence, awarness, treatment and control in adult Romanian population using statistical models based on the results of the three national-representative surveys. Methodology: using the data from the three national-representative surveys: SEPHAR I, II and III conducted between 2005 and 2016, by means of Simple exponential smoothing and Brown linear smoothing analysis using IBM SPSS 20.0 software we evaluated the past in future trend (up to year 2020) of hypertension's prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in our adult population. Main fi ndings: The evolution of HT's prevalence is characterized by significant oscillations in the analysed period (2005-2016) and in 2020, is estimated to be 44%. Awareness of hypertension followed a steady trend of growth from 2005 to 2016. If in 2005 the percentage of hypertensive aware of their condition was 44.3%, in 2016 their percentage reached 80.9%, being expected to increase up to 96.2% in 2020. The percentage of treated hypertensives increased to 59.2% in 2012 and 75.2% in 2016, and is expected to reach 91.2% in 2020 unless there are major events at the level of risk factor changes. In 2005, BP control rate was 19.9%, percentage which rose to 30.8% in 2016 and is expected to increase up to 36.6% by year 2020. Conclusions: Based on the results of our study, in Romania, hypertension's prevalence has increased in the last 11 years and will continue on an upward trend, if no preventive strategies at population level will be implemented in the near future. Although being on a positive trend for HT's awareness, treatment and control, hypertension management will remain suboptimal in Romania in the future, if all the influencing conditions remain, on average, similar to previous years, leading to a continuous up-ward trend in cardiovascular mortality in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the current rural environment from Romania, showing the soft relationship that exists between two forms of tourism: rural tourism and agro tourism. The purpose and objectives of this paper is to develop priorities for sustainable rural tourism development effectively, based on rural tourism activities, and to outline some guidelines and principles in revitalizing rural environment in Romania. The research objectives are: to identify features in the rural areas, the close relationship between sustainable rural tourism - agro tourism. To achieve these objectives we propose: to give some general aspects above rural environment, to explain the link between rural tourism and agro tourism, and finally to give some principles among sustainable development in tourism, specifically rural tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We describe the clinical characteristics, treatments and in-hospital case-fatality rates in an unselected population of patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction. Methods: From January 2000 to June 2007, we tracked consecutive patients who were admitted to 7 tertiary referral and 21 county hospitals in Romania for medical treatment of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. These patients were enrolled in the Romanian Registry for STsegment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. For this prospective study, we collected data on demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, various aspects of treatment for myocardial infarction, and in-hospital death. Results: The 9186 patients in the study group had a mean age of 63.8 years. The median time from onset of symptoms to thrombolysis was 230 (interquartile range 120-510) minutes. Of the 9186 patients, 4986 (54.3%) had hypertension, 1974 (21.5%) had diabetes mellitus, 3545 (38.6%) had lipid disorders and 4653 (50.7%) were smokers. The in-hospital mortality rate was 12.7% (1170 deaths). The study group consisted of 2893 women and 6293 men. The women were older than the men and had higher rates of hypertension and diabetes mellitus but were less likely to be smokers. A smaller proportion of women than men presented within 2 hours after onset of symptoms (23.1% v. 34.4%, p < 0.001). Smaller proportions of women received thrombolytics (40.8% v. 53.5%, p < 0.001), anticoagulants (93.4% v. 95.2%; p = 0.001), antiplatelet agents (88.3% v. 91.2%, p < 0.001) and primary percutaneous coronary interventions (1.5% v. 2.2%, p = 0.030). The risk of in-hospital death was greater for women, even after adjustment for confounders (odds ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval 1.13-1.56; p < 0.001). Interpretation: The rates of reperfusion therapy for patients with acute myocardial infarction were low, and in-hospital case-fatality rates were high in this study. Excess in-hospital mortality was more pronounced among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives - To estimate the prevalence of high normal blood pressure (HNBP) and to find if subjects with HNBP have more often other cardiovascular risk factors. Methods - A representative sample of 1970 Romanian adults was enrolled in SEPHAR III survey. Blood pressure measurements were performed according to current guidelines and all subjects were evaluated by a 71-item survey questionnaire together with extensive evaluation for target organ damage. Results - Prevalence of HNBP was 11% [45.1% high blood pressure (HBP), 43.9% normal blood pressure (NBP)]. Values of weight, waist circumference, body mass index, total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin - HbA1c, uric acid, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate estimate by CKD-EPI Equation, albumin/creatinine ratio, intimae-media thickness, rates of arterial stiffness and diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular mass, interventricular septum and posterior left ventricle wall thickness, left atrial volume and dilatation were significantly highest in HNBP subjects than in NBP. Conclusions - Subjects with HNBP represent ~11% of the population and most of thems had an elevated cardiovascular risk. It's essential to educate the general public and health care providers to be aware of these individuals and of steps that should be taken to treat modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]