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LEO was the world's first business computer. It was built by J. Lyons & Co., a catering company, to meet its own needs and led the way for several years with its succession of integrated applications. Developments are placed in the context of the technological constraints of the early years of electronic stored-program computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the performance of waste heat recovery from commercial kitchen wastewater in practice. A pilot study of heat recovery from the kitchen at Penrhyn Castle, a tourist attraction in North Wales (UK), is outlined. The pilot heat recovery site was designed and installed, comprising a heat exchanger, recirculation pumps, buffer tank and an extensive temperature/flow monitoring system for performance monitoring of the waste heat recovery system. Continuous monitoring was conducted for a period of 8 months, covering the 2022 tourist season. The recovered heat from the kitchen wastewater preheats the incoming cold freshwater supply and consequently reduces the amount of energy consumed for subsequent water heating. Retrofitting the pilot heat recovery system to the kitchen drains resulted in a heat saving of 240 kWh per month on average, a reduction of 928.8 kg CO2e per year, and a payback period for the investment costs of approximately two years, depending on the cost of energy supply. The presented results illustrate the potential of this form of renewable heat in reducing the carbon footprint of water heating activities in buildings and the hospitality sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to laboratory animal allergens has been a significant cause of IgE-mediated allergic symptoms and occupational asthma (OA). Mice are the predominant species used in medical and scientific facilities. We have previously published a review of our air monitoring data of mouse and rat major allergens (mus m 1 and rat n 1) expressible in ng·m−3 from 2005–2016. We have now reassessed all this largely United Kingdom (UK) air monitoring data from 2005–2022, which include 77% and 47% additional mouse and rat results, respectively. Where possible, we have categorized the results to specific tasks and areas to identify those associated with higher exposures and explored temporal trends in exposure together with an estimation of the annual incidence of OA in 2005 and 2018. A downward shift in mouse results for personal samples was apparent from 2014, with evidence of a decrease in the 90th percentile, but both personal and static rat samples confoundingly showed an apparent increase from 2017. Activities of "cage changing", "cage cleaning", and "cage washing, dirty side" suggested substantial personal exposures in some facilities, while "bedding dumping" and "cage scraping" suggested generally high exposures, albeit modified by any respiratory protective equipment worn. Individually ventilated cages reduce exposure, but filter changing/cleaning can still lead to high exposures. Exposure from experimental and husbandry duties were generally lower, but in some facilities activities where animals are handled outside of cages can cause significant exposures. The reduction in personal exposure to the predominant species is consistent with an estimated 55% decrease in the UK annual incidence rate of OA in 2018 from 2005. The data may help facilities to improve exposure control by identifying higher risk activities, benchmarking their own monitoring data and help further reduce the risk of sensitization and subsequent allergic respiratory ill-health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-medieval fieldwork entries for 2021 follow the structure introduced into the fieldwork section of I PMA i in 2008. Although an effort has been made to create a fair representation of the variety of fieldwork undertaken across Britain and Ireland, this compilation only covers those submissions received; any gaps may represent a lack of submissions rather than an absence of fieldwork carried out in the area. [Extracted from the article]

The energy consumption and its related carbon emission of non-domestic complex buildings in an urban context are complicated due to their wide variety of functions and services. A detailed assessment of the carbon emission of such buildings can contribute to decision making for in-operation building management and schematic designs of future proposals. Concurrently, advances in smart meter data analytics and sensor-enabled operational data streams offer the opportunity to investigate this problem at a finer temporal resolution. This research developed a daily carbon emission benchmarking system of a mixed-use building in a UK university. The research period was set at an annual range from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019 and was segmented by strategic periods in line with the operation schedule of the building. The daily benchmark revealed the fluctuation of the building's energy consumption and associated carbon emissions. Based on this, a digital twin framework was developed to identify the possible time periods when the building is less carbon efficient and potential building characters that can lead to increased carbon emission in the operational stage compared with what originally expected at the design stage. We discuss how these insights can offer actionable knowledge for user groups such as asset managers and architects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has transformed the way we live our lives, and sex has been a significant element of that transformation. Gay male sex in the UK has faced the most significant (re)criminalisation and (re)regulation in living memory with intimacy outside of the heteronormative framework of domestic coupledom at best discouraged and, at worst, made into a criminal offence. This criminalisation provides a temporal praxis in which gay men experience sex in the shadows once more, an echo of a historic legal and cultural regulation of desire. This history also provides a space for experiencing forms of impersonal intimacy and queer desire in a way that is arguably well-suited for viral times, namely the glory hole. These historic partitions and apertures – connecting gay men across legal and cultural boundaries of desire and affirmed through modes of anonymous and promiscuous sex – may once again provide a queer way to experience intimacy as impersonal. This article explores this potential and situates the glory hole as a cultural and legal site of this tension between the intimate and the impersonal, as well as considering how it is being recast as commercial artefact and performance space during these viral times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual symbols like uniforms, emblems and ceremonies became central in inventing British military culture among West African forces reflecting orientalist and ornamentalist interpretations of empire. While uniforms fostered military identity, the versions devised for West African soldiers reproduced racial stereotypes and military fashion trends. Granting insignia and Colours to West African units transformed them from simplistic paramilitaries to honoured members of the British imperial milieu. Colours served as ritual objects enabling West African forces to recreate pivotal cultural events of the British regimental system. The public presence of uniformed West African soldiers promoted a sense of imperial majesty that reinforced British rule. Travelling to Britain, West African troops participated in parades and exhibitions initially displaying the epic scale of the empire, but eventually these military visitors became symbols of colonial reform. With independence, Britain's former colonies in West Africa retained Western-style military symbols altered to highlight republicanism and modernist aspirations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their time in office, British governments’ styles of political judgement or bias in policymaking often become shorter in term and less intellectually coherent, sometimes in passive or coping ways, sometimes shifting toward imposition. This article offers an explanation, developing the neo-Durkheimian theory of institutional dynamics. Changing judgement style, it argues, is driven by changes in administrations’ informal institutional ordering of social organisation. “Isolation dynamics” are shifts in that ordering towards weakly cohesive but strongly constrained “isolate” forms. Increased isolate ordering is reflected in less cohesive but more constrained judgement style. Novel distinctions within isolate ordering explain key differences among administrations’ trajectories. Using extensive archival data, three British administrations between 1959 and 1974 are compared. The study finds that, among otherwise contrasting administrations, reinforcement or undermining in informal social organisation drove changes in styles of political judgement, as shown in their ways of framing policy problems, risks, time horizons, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Macklin explores the role of music in British fascism's ‘palingenetic’ project for national rebirth. Taking as his starting-point the cultural production and criticism of music emanating from within the British Union of Fascists (BUF), he argues that music played an integral part of the fascist experience, representing far more than mere ‘entertainment’. Macklin examines how the BUF used music to underpin party mobilization strategies, to anchor choreographed set-pieces like meetings and marches, and to reinforce ‘collectives of emotion’ among participants as well as unaligned spectators. Having discussed the integrative mechanisms through which the BUF sought to capitalize on music's emotive appeal, and particularly the ideological content of ‘Fascist songs’, Macklin's article moves to examine the party's reaction to jazz. Not only did it offend British fascism's conservative cultural aesthetic but it served as a cipher for the wider sense of degeneracy British fascists believed had afflicted race and nation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The controversial sack of Yuanmingyuan during the Second Opium War in 1860 brought large quantities of imperial art to Western Europe for the first time. The article looks at this event within the wider context of military collecting throughout the Opium Wars – documented in soldiers’ memoirs, auction house records and museum inventories – to determine men’s tastes and collecting practices during twenty years of operations in China and the impact they had on this extraordinary historical event. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the expanding global tourist trade for fictional places derived from popular narratives that are recreated for the tourist’s pleasure. Through a case study of a Harry Potter tour in the United Kingdom, I explore how the design of fantasy-themed ventures encourage a re-imagining of the landscape where (f)actual and imaginary geographies exist side by side. The locations function as affective, liminal spaces where the tourist anticipates and partakes in the transformation of sights/sites. Narrative and spatial engagement are crucial in producing a sense of embodied experience and an enchanted, and enchanting, reality where the realms of possibility are expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The representation of the car in the countryside was central to selling the benefits of motoring and owning a car in the interwar period. Motor traffic was a key part of the debate and legislation on the countryside, in the context of land for building and food production, and scenery for pleasure and reassurance of what it meant to be English. This essay focuses on the impact of the motor car as it generated a new economy for rural Britain with new services, buildings and roads that changed the landscape and made the countryside more accessible. It shows how the motoring press and advertising campaigns exploited an imagined 'Beautiful Britain' and brought about amodernisation that set in place aspects of the use, values and culture of the British countryside that have remained to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article explores the life and career of economist Oswald Stoll with an emphasis on his approach to finance and his influence on economic policy-making in Great Britain. The author reflects on Stoll's background as a businessman and belief that the level of credit a business receives should depend on demand. Stoll's role in managerial innovations in the entertainment industry is considered. Other topics include government assistance for British films, productive collateral for bank loans, and root causes for involuntary unemployment.

Purpose - To provide a critique of the strategies that the UK Government employed at that time of the closure of the countryside during the foot and mouth disease (FMD) and their subsequent effects upon leisure and tourism providers. The work evaluates the sector's responses to the FMD crisis and considers their significance and influence in relation to the strategies deployed. Possible alternative strategies are presented which both government and industries can consider. Design/methodology/approach - The complete sector of tourism and leisure providers within the market town of Keswick was surveyed twice over a two-year period. The initial survey was undertaken in 2002 and the second survey occurred in 2004. Keswick is situated in the northern sector of the English Lake District National Park, which is situated within the county of Cumbria. This area was seen to be the most affected by the foot and mouth crisis both in terms of severity and duration of infection. In addition to the survey conducted, key personnel from government agencies and voluntary organisations were also interviewed using a semi-structured approach. Additional information was accessed from a FMD discussion web site; Findings - The impact of the foot and mouth crisis devastated the rural tourism and leisure industries. The governmental policy utilized was myopic in its outlook and ineffectual in that it concentrated mainly upon the consequences to, and the needs of, the farming industry. The current proposals acknowledge to some degree that the town's tourism and leisure industry are a valued part of the rural economy, but the authors question if these are effective enough. Originality/value - The originality of the study has enabled the evaluation of the strategies put in place immediately after the FMD crisis. It not only critically appraises proposed policies (i.e. limited closure of the countryside in future) but uniquely proposes a number of alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a catalogue of problems in British farming, attempts are being made to re-localize agriculture for reasons of rural regeneration and sustainable development. It is a move that is both consumer driven and encouraged by government policies and grant schemes. This article examines what the implications for the land use planning system might be from this small revolution in farming and retailing. Research in Somerset using planning history records reveals that in some cases planning permission has proved an obstacle to the establishment and expansion of local food businesses. This is especially so for applications for farm shops and agricultural workers' dwellings. Survey data shows that a significant proportion of local food producers selling through box schemes, farmers' markets and farm gate sales are new entrants to farming. New entrants present particular difficulties for planners and planning committees, because they challenge the conventional conception of what farmers and farm businesses are like, and invoke concerns about abuse of the agricultural dwelling concessions provided by the system. A tension is identified between the interpretation of 'sustainable development' in planning circles and among local food proponents. The neglect of 'food miles' as a consideration in retail planning policy is highlighted as an example of this clash of perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on changes in the public relations for politics in Great Britain as of May 2001. Information on the term used for the public relations of British politics; Origin of the use of public relations techniques; Facts on the development of spin doctoring.

The article focuses on the author's suggestion on how to revive the House of Commons in Great Britain. He emphasizes that television in the House of Commons is opposed since it is feared that TV would give a falsified impression to the television viewers concerning the issues discussed in the House of Commons. It is also stressed that television is opposed because of the fear that it would give television producers so much power. The author likewise mentions that the Members of the House of Commons take the chance to have a brief appearance on the television after leaving the institution. Moreover, he asserts the importance of television in the Parliament.

The article reports that notwithstanding the many investigations into the work of subversives in the departments of the State, researchers have yet to receive a report in which the definitions are laid down. The three leading terms that have been used by politicians, editors, and men in the street are: Connmunist, Socialist, and Radical. In the House and in the country, in speeches that are worth reading today, and in articles in Truth, he denounced the Chamberlain-Rhodes organized conspiracy against the Boers. He demanded that the case should be arbitrated, and proposed that President McKinley should act as arbitrator. He insisted that the Transvaal Government was not responsible, and said the war was an aggressive act of the Colonial Secretary himself. When the House voted ten million pounds at the start of the war, he protested that it would cost the country ten times that much. The House jeered at this prophecy. Indeed, many members thought it was a great joke. When it was over, the cost was no joke, for it amounted to &223000000. But at such times of crisis, members of legislatures have no time to think of the pounds, shillings and pence, nor indeed the dollars and cents. War patriotism is a madness, and there is no remedy for it.