1,900 results on '"20TH century British history"'
Search Results
102. Divided Loyalties.
- Author
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Lahiri, Shompa
- Subjects
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ETHNOLOGY , *HISTORY of espionage , *GEORGE Cross , *SOUTH Asians ,MIGRATIONS ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article describes the contributions of South Asians to Great Britain's history and culture. Numbers are hard to ascertain but during World War II, they played an important role in fighting for Britain. Women were involved as well, such as Noor Inayat Khan, who received the George Cross for her espionage work.
- Published
- 2007
103. Coming as Liberators.
- Author
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Ulrichsen, Kristian
- Subjects
HISTORY of Iraq ,MIDDLE East history -- 1914-1923 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article reexamines the 1917 British invasion of Iraq and the occupation of Baghdad, Iraq, during World War I. Though they initially claimed to come as liberators, their insistence on remaining and attempting to consolidate their rule in Mesopotamia quickly provoked a resistance by local Muslim tribes.
- Published
- 2007
104. The real UFO project.
- Author
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CLARK, DAVID
- Subjects
MILITARY policy ,20TH century British history ,UNIDENTIFIED flying objects ,ALIEN abduction - Abstract
The article explores British intelligence records that reveal the agenda behind ending the MoD's (UK Ministry of Defence) decision to end its 50 year interest in "unidentified aerial phenomena." Topics discussed include how the reports discuss UFO sightings from 1967 to 2000, a document known as the "Condign Report," which deliberately did not discuss events including alien abductions, and the Roswell incident in New Mexico.
- Published
- 2018
105. Homes in the Country?
- Author
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Adams, Jad
- Subjects
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POOR children , *CHILD care , *CHILDREN & the environment , *WORKHOUSES (Correctional institutions) , *HISTORY , *GOVERNMENT policy ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The author explores the history of "village homes" for children in England, created in the early 1900s to care for the children of the poor. It is explained that they were intended to separate children from their families and environment and break with the tradition of the workhouse. For many years, village homes were seen as a solution to many problems, primarily pauperism. Their role is explored through the 1960s, when they began to be viewed as a strange and old fashioned anomaly.
- Published
- 2006
106. The British Parliamentary Group for World Government.
- Author
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Orr, Lord Boyd
- Subjects
PARLIAMENTARY practice ,INTERNATIONAL organization ,LEGISLATIVE bodies ,BRITISH foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,LEGISLATORS ,CABINET system ,REPRESENTATIVE government ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article describes the work of the British Parliamentary Group for World Government. Since the end of the Second World War, one of the hopeful features in the political scene has been the development of an all-party group of legislators within the British Parliament. The British Group launched in 1951 a World Association of Parliamentarians for World Government which is successfully building up similar groups in the legislatures of many countries. Each year delegations are sent to an International Conference of these Parliamentarians. Indications showed that the movement is developing on a worldwide scale with great rapidity.
- Published
- 1956
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107. A British View of American Security Policy.
- Author
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Hetherington, Alastair
- Subjects
NATIONAL security ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,BRITISH foreign relations ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1945-1989 ,STATE governments & international relations ,INTERNATIONAL security ,ACTIONS & defenses (Law) ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article discusses the reasons why Great Britain is affected by the American loyalty-security policy. The author states that the loyalty-security program of the U.S. resulted in action within Great Britain. He uses as an example the use of British police officers to seek evidence to support the indictment of Owen Lattimore. He asserts that the loyalty-security program has limited British access to Americans and to the U.S. He also argues that the loyalty-security program affects the climate of the Atlantic alliance and the quality of American foreign policy.
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- 1955
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108. Anglo-U.S. Cooperation on Atomic Energy.
- Author
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Thomson, George
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1953-1961 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,NUCLEAR research ,NUCLEAR energy ,NUCLEAR warfare ,ATOMIC bomb ,NUCLEAR weapons ,WORLD War II ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article reports on the cooperative exchange between the U.S. and Great Britain to develop nuclear energy during the Second World War. The discoveries in Britain by Ernest Rutherford and others have realized that the possibility of nuclear energy is due to a great extent. It is less widely known how close was the cooperation between the two countries in the early stages of the wartime development, however, the collaboration certainly led to the atomic bomb and opened the way for other and more peaceful applications of nuclear energy.
- Published
- 1953
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109. The revival and decline of rank and file movements in Britain during the 1930s.
- Author
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McIlroy, John
- Subjects
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LABOR movement , *LABOR unions , *HISTORY of labor unions , *BUREAUCRACY , *COMMUNISTS , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The economic and political crisis of 1931 provoked the reappearance of rank and file movements in Britain. This article examines the unofficial organisations that developed in building, engineering, passenger transport and the railways – as well as more ephemeral bodies. It critically synthesises the existing historiography and replenishes it with new material from the Russian archives. The progress of rank and filism to 1939 is surveyed and the largely forgotten project of a new Communist-led rank and file organisation, a Trade Union Militant League, which would supersede the National Minority Movement, is recuperated. The article stresses the role of Comintern policy in harnessing and moulding grass-roots rebellion. It validates that strand in the literature which argues that Moscow’s subsequent turn to the popular front and aspirations to alliances with labour movement leaders predominated over, and legitimated, indigenous influences, enhanced existing adaptation to trade unionism, and encouraged subordination of oppositional movements to activity in official structures. By 1939, the Communists had abandoned the idea of a national rank and file movement they had pursued since 1923. Little survived of the revolutionary enterprise launched in 1931. Rank and filism endured only as a handful of sectional, party-sponsored, trade union ginger groups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2016
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110. Historical child sexual abuse in England and Wales: the role of historians.
- Author
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Bingham, Adrian, Delap, Lucy, Jackson, Louise, and Settle, Louise
- Subjects
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CHILD sexual abuse , *EDUCATION policy , *BRITISH education system , *TEACHERS , *GOVERNMENT regulation , *CHILDREN , *GOVERNMENT policy , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY ,BRITISH historians ,WELSH history ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article reflects on methodological and ethical issues that have shaped a collaborative project which aims to chart social, legal and political responses to child sexual abuse in England and Wales across the twentieth century. The etymological problem of searching for child sexual abuse in the historical archive is discussed, given that the term itself is a relatively recent one. Acknowledging that research tools will always be partial, it then focuses on the gaps and silences in the archive, most problematically in relation to the voices and experiences of victims and survivors themselves. Finally it discusses ethical issues relating to the naming or anonymising of those accused and convicted (as well as victims and survivors) in the writing up of research findings. The discussion focuses on two key periods – the 1920s and 1950s – and on education policy, including regulatory procedures for teachers in state and fee-paying schools. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2016
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111. Where Was Canada? The Canadian Military Contribution to the British Commonwealth Second World War Campaign in North Africa.
- Author
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STEWART, ANDREW
- Subjects
WORLD War II campaigns in North Africa ,20TH century Canadian military history ,WORLD War II ,20TH century British military history ,BRITISH foreign relations ,CANADA-Great Britain relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The campaign fought by predominantly British Commonwealth forces in North Africa during the Second World War, in many respects, represented a final example of imperial solidarity and unity. Whilst the United States participated during the final stages prior to the surrender of Axis forces in May 1943, it was Britain and its Empire that provided most of the resources and manpower and contested most of the battles. Canada, however, played only a relatively minor part and this paper seeks to examine the associated decision-making process that took place in London and Ottawa and discuss the tensions that arose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
112. Managing the world: conceptions of imperial rule between republicanism and technocracy.
- Author
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Hausteiner, Eva Marlene
- Subjects
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IMPERIALISM , *TWENTIETH century , *LIBERALISM ,19TH century imperialism ,20TH century British history ,19TH century British history - Abstract
The article examines a technocratic vision of empire arising in Britain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and its implications for the theorization of empires, the legitimation of large-scale political orders, and their spatial imagination. The role of the Roman model for the British in the decades after 1870 as a resource of policy advice, legitimation, and identity-building serves as a case study for analyzing the role of historical precedence for imperial elites. This analysis opens the perspective onto a notion of empire that significantly differs from the one discussed in recent debates on liberalism and empire: British political actors and observers delineate a concept of empire that is not universalist, but heterogeneous, hierarchical, and technocratic. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
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113. Fighting for social democracy: R.H. Tawney and educational reconstruction in the Second World War.
- Author
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Ku, Hsiao-Yuh
- Subjects
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EDUCATIONAL change , *SOCIAL democracy , *BRITISH education system , *EDUCATION policy , *SECONDARY education , *EDUCATION costs , *GOVERNMENT aid to education , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY ,20TH century British history - Abstract
R.H. Tawney (1880–1962), a leading English economic historian and prominent socialist, was vigorously involved in educational reconstruction during the Second World War. For Tawney, the war was a war for social democracy. His ideals of social democracy formed a basis for his case for Public (independent) School reform and free secondary education for all. Despite this, the connection between Tawney’s ideals and his perspectives on educational issues has not been addressed fully by historians and thus there has been a lack of a proper explanation for his often criticised sympathy for the public schools and his indifference towards the multilateral school. Hence, this paper aims to re-examine the link between them in greater depth. It concludes that, according to Tawney’s ideals of social democracy, the abolition of the public schools was not necessary for the establishment of a democratic educational system. Moreover, Tawney did not launch an attack on the tripartite system proposed by the Norwood Report of 1943 since it was not against his ideal of equality as long as different secondary schools were equal in quality and status. Equality, he believed, must be advanced through the raising of the school leaving age to 16 and the abolition of fees in all secondary schools. Thus, he laid more emphasis on the school leaving age and tuition fees than on the multilateral school. In brief, on various issues pertaining to secondary education, Tawney’s opinions and actions were deeply grounded in his distinctive ideals of social democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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114. Breaking Ranks: C. P. Snow and the Crisis of Mid-Century Liberalism, 1930–1980.
- Author
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Ortolano, Guy
- Subjects
- *
HISTORY of liberalism , *PHYSICISTS , *CULTURE , *TWENTIETH century ,20TH century British history - Abstract
C. P. Snow's identification of ‘two cultures’, as the literary critic F. R. Leavis pointed out in 1962, represents not an insight but a cliché, one that invites the repetition of further clichés about the origins of a divided culture, the need to bridge cultures, the emergence of a third culture, or the reality of one culture. Yet this recurrent feature of ‘two cultures’ talk does not nullify the concept's value as an object of study, if these discussions are treated as revealing points of entry into foreign historical contexts. This article adopts this approach, unearthing the liberal position that Snow developed as a novelist and critic from the 1930s, that he advanced in the form of a disciplinary lament inThe Two Cultures(Snow, C.P. 1959.The two cultures and the scientific revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.), and that — to his distress — increasingly came under radical critique from the mid-1960s. Ultimately, the technocratic liberalism that Snow associated with science at mid-century came to be closer to American neo-conservatism by 1980. By tracking the fortunes of the ideological position that structuredThe Two Cultures, rather than lifting that text out of its moment in an attempt to engage its arguments today, this article testifies to the abiding value of contextual analysis at a moment when intellectual historians are increasingly inclined to question and even displace it. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
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115. British Diplomacy, Propaganda, and War Strategy and the Hungarian-Romanian Dispute over Transylvania in 1939–40.
- Author
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Becker, Andras
- Subjects
BRITISH foreign relations ,PROPAGANDA ,WORLD War II ,HISTORY of Transylvania, Romania ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article concerns British official policy and political propaganda disseminated in the first year of World War II towards Hungary and Romania. The story is told in the broad framework of the relationship between foreign propaganda, foreign policy implementation, and war strategy. As these embody short-term strategic aims and long-term political objectives, the analysis throws light upon the often differing requirements of British diplomacy, war strategy, and post-war plans. This context is discussed through the prism of the British evaluation of the minority and territorial dispute in Transylvania between Budapest and Bucharest. Such a perspective has been of little concern in the historiography, although it provides a means for putting into question certain basic assumptions underpinning existing models in the history of British policy towards the region. Although these countries lay on the periphery of British war strategy, London aimed at expanding its political influence there during and after the war. For one, the analysis of this dichotomy tells us about the paradoxes, dynamics, and interplays of short- and long-term political, economic, and strategic interests; for another, it answers the question, whether any broad patterns could be reached about British Central and South-East European policy, or did actions distinctively differ towards individual countries? Regarding this last question, it is offered here that, precisely because these countries lay outside of primary imperial interest, standard diplomatic and strategic procedures were subverted, criteria were less carefully calculated, and historical reflexes and prejudices governed British viewpoints and actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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116. Palestinian Collaboration with the British: The Peace Bands and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–9.
- Author
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Hughes, Matthew
- Subjects
- *
JEWISH-Arab relations -- History -- 1917-1948 , *PACIFICATION (Military science) ,ARAB rebellion, Palestine, 1936-1939 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,BRITISH politics & government, 1936-1945 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article examines an aspect of British counter-insurgency in Palestine in the 1930s during the Arab revolt there against British colonial rule and Jewish settlement: the pro-British, anti-rebel Palestinian militia ‘peace bands’, associated with the Palestinian Nashashibi family and raised with British and Jewish military and financial assistance, and with support from the British Consul in Damascus, Gilbert MacKereth. Using Hebrew, Arabic and untapped local British regimental sources, it details how the British helped to raise the peace bands and the bands’ subsequent activities in the field; it assesses the impact of the bands on the course of the Arab revolt; and it sets out the views of the British Army towards those willing to work with them. In doing this, it extends the recent thesis of Hillel Cohen on Palestinian collaboration with Zionists to include the British and it augments the useful but dated work of Yehoshua Porath and Yuval Arnon-Ohanna on the subject. Such a study is significant for our understanding of British methods of imperial pacification, especially the British Army’s manipulation during colonial unrest of ‘turned’ insurgents as a ‘loyalist’ force against rebels, an early form of ‘pseudo’ warfare. The collaboration by Palestinians resonates with broader histories of imperial and neo-imperial rule, it extends military histories on colonial pacification methods, and it provides rich, new texture on why colonial subjects resisted and collaborated with the emergency state, using the Palestinians as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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117. Education and Voting Conservative: Evidence from a Major Schooling Reform in Great Britain.
- Author
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Marshall, John
- Subjects
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SECONDARY education , *VOTING , *EDUCATIONAL change , *EDUCATION & politics , *ELECTIONS , *HISTORY , *TWENTY-first century , *TWENTIETH century ,20TH century British history ,BRITISH history ,BRITISH politics & government - Abstract
High school education is central to adolescent socialization and has important downstream consequences for adult life. However, scholars examining schooling's political effects have struggled to reconcile education's correlation with both more liberal social attitudes and greater income. To disentangle this relationship, I exploit a major school leaving age reform in Great Britain that caused almost half the population to remain at high school for at least an additional year. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, I find that each additional year of late high school increases the probability of voting Conservative in later life by 12 percentage points. A similar relationship holds when pooling all cohorts, suggesting that high school education is a key determinant of voting behavior and that the reform could have significantly altered electoral outcomes. I provide evidence suggesting that, by increasing an individual's income, education increases support for right-wing economic policies and, ultimately, the Conservative Party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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118. Einführung: Die 1970er Jahre in Westeuropa - un dialogue manque.
- Author
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Levsen, Von Sonja
- Subjects
20TH century British history ,20TH century French history ,20TH century German history ,HISTORY of historiography ,20TH century history ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
Over the last few years the 1970s have come into the focus of historians in Britain, France and Germany. The recent historiographical debates on the decade largely remain anchored in national contexts however. A comparative analysis of French and British narratives about the 1970s shows the degree to which historical interpretations of the decade remain shaped by contemporary perceptions, political strategies and historiographical traditions. This article argues that we need a real transnational historical dialogue in order to question and deconstruct the implicit assumptions which shape our interpretations of the decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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119. SCIENTISTS, THE PUBLIC, THE STATE, AND THE DEBATE OVER THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR TESTING IN BRITAIN, 1950–1958.
- Author
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LAUCHT, CHRISTOPH
- Subjects
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OPERATION Grapple, Kiribati, 1956-1958 , *NUCLEAR weapons , *PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of nuclear weapons , *NUCLEAR weapons testing , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY , *TESTING ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article uses the debate over environmental and human health effects of nuclear testing to shed light on the ambivalent relationship between scientists, the public, and the state in Britain during the crucial, but often overlooked, period leading up to the first cycle of anti-nuclear weapons mass protests. In this, it examines how members of Britain's main organization of nuclear scientists – the Atomic Scientists’ Association (ASA) – used their expertise in their engagement with both the public and the state to assess these effects of fallout from nuclear testing. What made the ASA stand out from other groups of the atomic scientists’ movement was its ambivalent relationship with the government. This was, by and large, the result of several ASA members’ occupational backgrounds in government employment and the association's self-imposed adherence to an ambiguous principle of scientific ‘objectivity’ in political matters. The ASA's role in the debate over fallout thus exemplifies a basic dilemma that many scientists in Britain and other Western liberal democracies faced between their roles as ‘objective’ and ‘unpolitical’ scientific experts, on the one hand, and socially responsible scientists, on the other, illustrating the ambivalent position of experts and uses of their knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
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120. Learning to Pull the Strings after Suez: Macmillan’s Management of the Eisenhower Administration during the Intervention in Jordan, 1958.
- Author
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Kettle, Louise
- Subjects
ANGLO-American intervention in Jordan, 1958 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,ECONOMIC conditions in Great Britain -- 1945-1964 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This analysis re-instates the importance of the 1958 British intervention in Jordan within the study of Anglo–American relations and the revisionist literature on Suez. It does so by challenging the idea of British subservience to American foreign policy after the 1956 crisis, and it reveals two key lessons learnt by London: that Britain’s economy, power, and influence were in decline and that Britain could no longer intervene in the Middle East without American support. Having learnt these lessons, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan proved to be a shrewd political actor who used the opportunity of the Jordan intervention to turn the policy of the Dwight Eisenhower Administration to British ends, regaining Britain’s maximum power and prestige for the minimum loss of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
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121. ANGLO-CUBAN DIPLOMACY: THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL LINKS WITH BRIT AIN (1945-60).
- Author
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Sánchez, Servando Valdés
- Subjects
- *
DIPLOMACY , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *TRADE missions ,BRITISH foreign relations ,COMMUNIST countries ,CUBAN history -- 1933-1959 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Following the Second World War, after a period when European markets were disrupted and Anglo-Cuban bilateral links had stagnated, Cuban diplomacy engaged in a diplomatic offensive aimed at regaining this market. This article starts by showing how the thinking of the ruling elite of the island was guided by a proactive foreign policy implemented at two interdependent levels: using normal diplomatic channels combined with economic and trade missions. In the second part, the stage immediately following the victory of the revolutionary forces in Cuba will be evaluated, during which time policy making was dominated by commonly held ideas about the importance of commercial and economic links. Finally, the combination of factors that interacted to upset this dynamic will be evaluated: US pressure, British promises to the American government and the growing close relationship between Cuba and the Soviet Bloc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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122. The City and Imperial Propaganda.
- Author
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Beaven, Brad and Griffiths, John
- Subjects
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EMPIRE Day , *PATRIOTISM , *IMPERIALISM , *HISTORY of urbanization , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY ,20TH century British history ,20TH century Australian history ,NEW Zealand history -- 20th century - Abstract
This article explores how the meaning of Empire Day in the British World was manipulated and transformed through a range of urban institutions before reaching the public at large. Selecting cities in England and the Antipodean colonies for comparison, we shall challenge the assumption that a hegemonic imperial ideology was streamed uncontested and unaltered to urban populations. Indeed, it is argued here that because of significant differences in urban development in Britain and colonial towns, the meaning of the imperial message was variable. In the British context imperial meaning was directed to cure perceived local crises while, alternatively, within a colonial setting imperial propaganda came secondary to national priorities. The conclusion is that, in the case of Empire Day, the urban setting is decisive to understanding how imperial propaganda was transformed to meet the needs of local or national environments. Key differences in the way civic culture and the provincial press evolved in Britain and her colonies ensured that Lord Meath’s desire that Empire Day would nurture a unifying and homogenous imperial identity proved an elusive aspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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123. Researching language-in-education in diverse, twenty-first century settings.
- Author
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Mariou, Eleni, Bonacina-Pugh, Florence, Martin, Deirdre, and Martin-Jones, Marilyn
- Subjects
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EDUCATION , *LINGUISTIC analysis , *DIVERSITY in education , *LANGUAGE research , *BRITISH education system , *EDUCATION policy , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY of education ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The articles in this special issue present research carried out in diverse linguistic contexts in the United Kingdom. The focus is primarily on Scotland and England, two educational jurisdictions where there is increasing divergence in language-in-education policy and practice. The articles discuss research into different forms of language-in-education provision, so our introduction traces the historical context for the emergence of these forms of provision. We then turn to the authors' reflections on the role of research in garnering knowledge about teaching/learning practices in specific settings, identifying the strengths and/or limits of particular practices and contributing to educational debates. We also compare the research lenses adopted in each study, showing that most studies focus in on the detail of classroom practices and learning processes, while one article takes a wide angle, historical approach and builds an account of shifts in policy discourses. In our concluding section, we argue that, if we are to build a fuller understanding of language-in-education policy and practice in contemporary contexts of diversity, we need research of both types. Language policies need to be seen – not as prescriptions that are ‘fixed’ in texts – but as fluid discursive processes that unfold in different ways, on different scales. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
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124. Homosexuality and the Law: The Construction of Wolfenden Homonormativity in 1950s England.
- Author
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Suffee, Réshad
- Subjects
- *
LAW , *LAW reform , *HOMOSEXUALITY , *PRESS , *GAY conservatism , *HETERONORMATIVITY ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article analyses a television broadcast in England in 1957 in response to the Wolfenden Report (Wolfenden, 1957) into homosexuality and prostitution. Here I argue that those participants in the broadcast who are sympathetic with liberal reforms of the legislation on homosexuality utilize discourses related to normality and the public/private domains to discursively construct the Wolfenden homonormative male. In addition, I also show how, particularly through the trope of homonormativity, both the heterosexual and homosexual audiences are interpellated by the discourses exploited within the broadcast as publics whose subjectivities are reconfigured toward Wolfenden homonormativity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2016
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125. ‘Sentimental Follies’ or ‘Instruments of Tremendous Uplift’? reconsidering women's same-sex relationships in interwar Britain.
- Author
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Hall, Lesley
- Subjects
- *
FEMALE friendship , *WOMEN , *HUMAN sexuality & history , *LESBIAN relationships ,20TH century British history - Abstract
In 1985 Sheila Jeffreys alleged that the rise of sexological discourse concerning female inversion in the early twentieth century obliged women of the interwar period in the UK to reject female affection for fear of being labelled lesbian. Several historians have demonstrated that sexological ideas gained very little general currency before Radclyffe Hall's novel The Well of Loneliness (1928). Research on specific women suggests that such fears were less prevalent than surmised. An influential discourse invoking tropes of emotional femininity, rather than inversion, was embodied in Clemence Dane's Regiment of Women (1917), presenting female same-sex relationships as mired in morbid emotions and parasitic manipulation. It had significant cultural resonance for well over a decade. A counter-discourse argued that emotionally healthy, reciprocal female friendship might form a sustaining element for women unable to marry. Stress, however, was laid on the need for self-knowledge and psychological understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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126. British Romantic Generalism in the Age of Specialism, 1870-1990.
- Author
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Casper, Stephen T. and Welsh, Rick
- Subjects
GENERAL practitioners ,MEDICAL specialties & specialists ,HISTORY of neurology ,HISTORY of medicine ,SCIENCE ,HISTORY of labor ,VICTORIAN Period, Great Britain, 1837-1901 ,20TH century British history ,HISTORY - Abstract
This essay explores the impact of 'generalism' and 'general practice' on the specialisation of British medicine using the case of neurology in Britain to reveal characteristics of British 'generalist medical culture' from 1870to 1990. It argues that 'generalism' represented a particular epistemological position in Victorian medicine, one that then created a natural bridge between science and medicine over which almost all physicians and scientists were comfortable walking. The legacies of that Victorian 'generalist preference' exerted an enduring impact on the specialisation process as physicians experienced it in the twentieth century and as this case of neurology reveals so clearly. Neurologists and general physicians would still be arguing about the relative merits of a general medical education into the 1980s. By then, however, the emergence of government bodies promoting specialist labour conditions would have rendered the process seemingly inexorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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127. Nursery schools or nursery classes? Choosing and failing to choose between policy alternatives in nursery education in England, 1918–1972.
- Author
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Palmer, Amy
- Subjects
- *
NURSERY schools (Great Britain) , *EDUCATION , *EDUCATION policy , *NURSERY school education (Great Britain) , *HISTORY of government policy , *CHILDREN'S health , *HISTORY , *TWENTIETH century , *GOVERNMENT policy , *POLITICAL attitudes , *HISTORY of education ,20TH century British history ,BRITISH politics & government - Abstract
This article analyses early years education policy in England from 1918 to 1972, applying the theoretical ideas of John Kingdon. Throughout this period, the educational needs of young children were a low political priority, but they did occasionally rise on the agenda. When the issue gained prominence, politicians considered two key policy alternatives for potential investment: the expensive, self-governing nursery school, orientated towards promoting children’s physical health, and the cheaper nursery class, attached to an infant school, perhaps better at easing transition to formal education. After an initial period of damaging indecisiveness, the choice fell first on nursery schools and then on nursery classes. The reason that such fundamental changes in approach were possible was that an underlying lack of political commitment meant policies were only ever partially implemented. This chaotic pattern of development has had a damaging effect on the coherence of early years services offered today. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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128. THE REDRESS OF THE PAST: HISTORICAL PAGEANTS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY ENGLAND.
- Author
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Bartie, Angela, Fleming, Linda, Freeman, Mark, Hulme, Tom, Readman, Paul, and Tupman, Charlotte
- Subjects
PAGEANTS ,20TH century British history ,CITIES & towns ,HISTORY - Abstract
Copyright of International Journal of Research on History Didactics, History Education & History Culture (JHEC) is the property of Wochenschau Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
129. Risky or Relaxing? Exercise during Pregnancy in Britain, c .1930–1960.
- Author
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Macrae, Eilidh H. R.
- Subjects
- *
EXERCISE for pregnant women , *MATERNAL health , *PHYSICAL fitness for women , *SPORTS instruction , *ORAL history , *PREGNANCY , *WOMEN , *TWENTIETH century ,20TH century British history - Abstract
This article investigates the ways in which exercise and movement became an increasingly important aspect of the antenatal experience in mid-twentieth-century Britain. This theme is explored through the experiences of women who attended fitness classes in the mid twentieth century, and the impact which these all-female spaces had upon their physicality and embodiment during pregnancy. It uses oral history testimony to argue that these exercise classes had a hand in the gradual spread of the idea that gentle exercise during pregnancy was safe for mother and baby, and this played a part in encouraging pregnant women to reject the discourses of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries which suggested that the middle-class pregnancy should be primarily sedentary. These all-female fitness classes played a role in developing ideas about the pregnant female body; educating women about their physiology; and encouraging women to safely maintain sporting identities throughout every stage of their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
130. The Right to Manumit and British Relations with Ibn Saud and Persia in the 1920s.
- Author
-
Zdanowski, Jerzy
- Subjects
- *
ANTISLAVERY movements , *IMPERIALISM , *AUTONOMY & independence movements , *HISTORY of enslaved persons , *TWENTIETH century , *HISTORY ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Abolitionism as a humanitarian trend at the height of the colonial period was a great intellectual achievement by the European civilization. But the process of making Asian and African people and the right to manumit slaves exercised by Europeans also was a part of complex colonial policy and combined moral assumptions with political and economic interests. This article aims to show how the right to manumit became an important issue in British Imperial policy. It proves that for the British, with the on-going process of self-determination of people in Arabia and Persia, it became more and more difficult to exercise the right to manumit slaves and that in some cases a humanitarian approach was sacrificed for political interests and for imperial strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
131. EL “IMPERIO INFORMAL" BRITÁNICO EN AMÉRICA LATINA: ¿REALIDAD O FICCIÓN?
- Author
-
Garner, Paul
- Subjects
BRITISH colonies -- 20th century ,20TH century British history ,IMPERIALISM ,BRITISH foreign relations ,MEXICAN foreign relations ,TWENTIETH century ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Copyright of Historia Mexicana is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
132. Decline and Devolution: The Sources of Strategic Military Retrenchment.
- Author
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Haynes, Kyle
- Subjects
- *
DISENGAGEMENT (Military science) , *HISTORY of government decentralization , *MILITARY strategy , *HISTORY , *INTERNATIONAL alliances , *POWER (Social sciences) , *MODERN naval history -- 20th century , *TWENTIETH century , *FRENCH Third Republic ,BRITISH foreign relations ,BRITISH military ,20TH century ,FRENCH foreign relations ,JAPANESE foreign relations ,HISTORY of the Mediterranean Region, 1815-1914 ,REIGN of William II, Germany, 1888-1918 ,20TH century British history ,MEIJI Period, Japan, 1868-1912 - Abstract
This paper offers a theory of military retrenchment by states in relative decline. I argue that a declining state will choose to withdraw foreign military deployments and security commitments when there exists a suitable regional 'successor' to which it can devolve its current responsibilities. The degree of a successor's suitability and the strategic importance of the region to the declining state interact to determine when and how rapidly retrenchment will occur. Importantly, this devolutionary model of retrenchment predicts significant variations in retrenchment patterns across a declining state's multiple regional commitments. It advances the literature by producing nuanced predictions of precisely where, when, and how quickly retrenchment will occur. This paper assesses the theory empirically through an examination of Great Britain's varying regional retrenchment strategies prior to World War I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
133. Dancing in the dark.
- Author
-
Kynaston, David
- Subjects
- *
SELF-expression , *SOCIAL classes , *MARITAL relations , *BABY boom generation , *HISTORIANS , *HISTORY ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article focuses on historians' emotional implications resulting from the unspoken emotional significance in the history of post war Britain. It discusses the identity of social class, and how it was not normal to talk about birth control and conscious expression in marital matters were avoided. It discusses how the present generation of baby boomers could recall their adolescence during the 1960s.
- Published
- 2017
134. EASTER CHARADE.
- Author
-
Wheatcroft, Geoffrey
- Subjects
- *
VIOLENCE , *PATRIOTISM , *NATIONALISM , *INTERNATIONAL relations ,EASTER Rising, Ireland, 1916 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Discusses the effects of the Easter 1916 Rising in Dublin, Ireland. Involvement of the rising in the rhetoric of Irish public life; History of Ireland's relations with Great Britain; Ways in which the Easter Rising was a violent action against the democratic state; Argument that Great Britain had kept faith with Irish nationalism; Distortion of Irish patriotism by the rewriting of the country's history.
- Published
- 1986
135. ARGENTINA'S DREAM.
- Author
-
Cox, Robert
- Subjects
- *
FALKLAND Islands War, 1982 , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *MILITARY invasion ,BRITISH foreign relations ,ARGENTINE history, 1955-1983 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Focuses on the perception of Argentines after the invasion of Falkland Islands. Possibility of a battle for the acquisition of Falkland islands between Great Britain and Argentina; Failure of the British foreign policy which led Argentina invade Falkland Islands; Celebrations in Argentina after reclaiming the Falkland Islands; Concerns of Argentina about the possible war with Great Britain; Information on the military strength of Argentina; Confidence of Argentine forces that they can win a war against Great Britain; Assumption of military of Argentina that the U.S. administration would support the Argentine takeover of the islands in return for the lease of a military base.
- Published
- 1982
136. BRITAIN'S DILEMMA.
- Author
-
Jenkins, Peter
- Subjects
- *
FALKLAND Islands War, 1982 , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *MILITARY invasion ,BRITISH foreign relations ,ARGENTINE history, 1955-1983 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Focuses on the battle for the acquisition of Falkland islands between Great Britain and Argentina. Failure of the British foreign policy which led Argentina invade Falkland Islands; Statement that future of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her government would depend on naval action in the South Atlantic region; Difficulties faced by British forces to get their amphibious ships to the Falklands; Military preparedness of Argentina against invasion of Great Britain; Strategic and political importance of the Falkland Islands to Great Britain; Consultation of Thatcher's Foreign Secretary, Francis Fym, with the United Nations before any further military action was taken; Views of the Conservative and Labor Party on the issue; Opinion of the public on the sending of the British task force in the Falkland Islands against Argentina.
- Published
- 1982
137. THE STAKES.
- Author
-
Carus, W. Seth and Glick, Stephen P.
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *ECONOMIC sanctions , *ECONOMIC policy , *IMPERIALISM , *INTERNATIONAL conflict ,BRITISH foreign relations ,ARGENTINE history, 1955-1983 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Focuses on British foreign policy in Falkland islands. Failure of the British foreign policy that resulted in Argentina's seizure of the Falkland Islands; Probable actions of Great Britain to acquire Falkland Islands; Plans of Great Britain to set about punishing Argentina with financial sanctions and economic reprisals; Information that Britain was unwise to allow the preferences of 1,800 citizen-islanders to prejudice her wider interests in South America; Statement that nations should settle their disputes by peaceful mean; Allegations of Great Britain on Argentina; Claim of Argentines that they have merely "reconquered" the Falklands; Decision of the United Nations that called !or immediate withdrawal of Argentine troops from the Islands.
- Published
- 1982
138. Fact and Comment.
- Author
-
Forbes, Malcolm S.
- Subjects
FALKLAND Islands War, 1982 ,UNITED States foreign relations, 1981-1989 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,RECESSIONS ,TELEVISION picture quality ,ARGENTINE history, 1955-1983 ,20TH century British history ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The article presents the author's opinion on political, social and economic topics as of May 24, 1982. The author focuses on the Falklands War with attention paid to the U.S. position in the conflict between Argentina and Great Britain. Topics include the recession in the U.S., the quality of the television (TV) picture transmitted in the U.S., and the role of Nancy Reagan, wife of U.S. president Ronald Reagan, for the grace and warmth in the White House. INSET: CART BEFORE THE HORSE.
- Published
- 1982
139. A Portrait in Black and White.
- Subjects
RHODESIA (Region) politics & government ,BLACK people ,WHITE people ,GUERRILLAS ,INTERVENTION (International law) ,BRITISH foreign relations ,LAND tenure laws ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article offers information on the political situation in Rhodesia following the failure of the negotiations between the country's white Prime Minister Ian Smith and black moderate leader Joshua Nkomo. It says that a serious campaign by exiled guerrillas is possible, which could put the solution for the conflict between Rhodesia's 6.1 million blacks and 278,000 whites. It states that Great Britain has offered to recommence transitional control over the region but was rejected by the Salisbury government. It relates that Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda has called to Great Britain to intervene using military force and arrest Smith if necessary. Moreover, it stresses that the Land Tenure Act of 1970 is among the measures that embitter blacks the most.
- Published
- 1976
140. The Royal Road Show Begins.
- Author
-
Stengel, Richard, Cronin, Mary, and Stanley, Alessandra
- Subjects
BRITISH monarchy ,BRITISH foreign relations ,TRAVEL ,20TH century British history - Published
- 1983
141. THE WEEK.
- Subjects
- *
RACISM laws , *SERVICES for the poor , *ACTIONS & defenses (Law) ,UNITED States history, 1961-1969 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article presents news briefs for the week of December 19, 1964. Particular attention is given to the domestic and foreign policies of the U.S. Article topics include the relationship between the U.S. and Great Britain, information on the Appalachian Regional Development Act which assists the poor, the education of Dr. Harold Will Lischner, a graduate of the University of Chicago Medical School, and the arrest of Connie Hoffman, a white woman who was arrested after living with a Black man.
- Published
- 1964
142. OUTSIDE AMERICA.
- Author
-
P.W.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations -- 1945-1955 ,TREASON ,COMMUNISM & Christianity ,DICTATORS ,SPANISH politics & government, 1939-1975 ,SPANISH foreign relations ,BRITISH foreign relations ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1945-1953 ,PORTUGUESE politics & government, 1933-1974 ,PUBLIC demonstrations ,ELECTIONS ,ACTIONS & defenses (Law) ,SPANISH history, 1939-1975 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Presents news related to various socio-political issues in the world. Report that Josef Cardinal Mindszenty of Hungary was found guilty by a Budapest star chamber court of the crime of treason to the Communist Government; Information on Communism and Christianity in Eastern Europe; Report that the trial and condemnation of Cardinal Mindszenty amounts to a battle in a new war of religion that began more than 100 years ago and is by no means finished; State of Spain during the regime of dictator Francisco Franco; Gesture of condemnation of the Fascist Caudillo by withdrawing their ambassadors from Madrid, Spain, by the United States and Great Britain; Views of C.P. Mayhew, Great Britain's Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs on the reported settlement with Spain; Report that Portugal's Antonio de Oliveira Salazar is a rather odd kind of modern dictator; State of Portugal during his regime; Declaration of free elections, the first in 22 years, by Salazar, when the situation was out of his control following a wave of strikes; Tactics adopted by Salazar during electioneering.
- Published
- 1949
143. Britain Abroad: Foreign Policy.
- Subjects
BRITISH foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,COLONIES ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Analyzes the foreign policy of Great Britain. Role of politician Ernest Bevin in the foreign policy of Great Britain; Role played by Great Britain in attempting to strengthen the organization and authority of the United Nations; Significance of the Palestine question in the relationship between Great Britain and the U.S.; Deterioration in the relationship between Great Britain and the Soviet Union.
- Published
- 1946
144. The Freedom of the Seas.
- Subjects
FREEDOM of the seas ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1913-1921 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,GERMAN foreign relations ,WORLD War I ,SEA power (Military science) ,NEUTRALITY ,REIGN of William II, Germany, 1888-1918 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Discusses the relations between neutral United States, belligerent Great Britain, and belligerent Germany regarding freedom of the seas and sea-power in the midst of the First World War. All three parties have attempted to appropriate the term "freedom of the seas"; British maritime sovereignty; German maritime anarchy; Compromise between despotism and order; Interests of the nation which controlled the seas were paramount over the interests of peaceful traders during war; International law had been written by sea power in the interest of its own preponderance.
- Published
- 1915
145. History of the Second Front.
- Author
-
Bates, Ralph
- Subjects
MILITARY policy ,WORLD War II ,EUROPEAN foreign relations ,BRITISH foreign relations ,MILITARY invasion ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,LIBERALISM ,COMMUNISTS ,EUROPEAN history, 1918-1945 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Focuses on plans of European invasion formulated by Great Britain, during the World War II. Need of the second-front campaign to invade Europe; Statement that Great Britain alone cannot invade Europe; Need of a definite military strategy for the invasion; Statement of British statesman Winston Churchill that absolutely essential condition for a British invasion of Europe was always to have been that Russia and the United States must join with England; Argument that British military had compelled Germany to attack the Soviet Union; Demand of Soviet Communists for an immediate second front; Risks involved in those second!front campaigns; Refusal of liberals to support second-front campaign because they were afraid of Soviet predominance in Europe; Opposition to the invasion of Europe in the U.S.; Statement of U.S. Senators that Japan should be attacked first; Support of the American public to the British invasion on Europe, due to the fear of Russian predominance in Europe.
- Published
- 1944
146. Five Minutes to Twelve.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1933-1945 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,CRISES ,NAZIS ,RECONSTRUCTION (1914-1939) ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Criticizes the U.S. government for not supporting Great Britain in its time of crises when the Nazis threaten it. Fact that when France fell, and the beaches and fields of England were threatened, the U.S. drove a hard deal for a few aged destroyers; Discussion of the socio-economic conditions of people in Great Britain; Response of U.S. senators on American supplies being sent to Great Britain at the time of crises; Statement that some men in the U.S. still believe that there is no difference between democratic England and fascist Germany; Information on forces behind the U.S. President's foreign policy; Report that either the U.S. must end the war on whatever terms and spare the people of England from further suffering or must give her aid; Statement that if German dictator Hitler ends the war by conquering the world, it will still not be peace.
- Published
- 1941
147. A National Policy for Defense. III. What Can We Defend?
- Author
-
Pratt, Fletcher
- Subjects
MILITARY readiness ,MILITARY science ,MILITARY offensives ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1933-1945 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article focuses on the existing structure of the U.S. defense system which was built upon the political theory with the cooperation of Great Britain and upon a military theory composed of important assumptions. The offensive against the U.S. is speculated to be aero-political, politico-military or working through puppet states and alliances.
- Published
- 1940
148. A National Policy for Defense. II. How We Can Help Britain.
- Author
-
Mitchell, Jonathan
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,WAR ,FOREIGN relations of the United States, 1933-1945 ,BRITISH foreign relations ,NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 -- Foreign relations ,20TH century British history - Abstract
The article discusses the actions to be taken by the U.S. government to help Great Britain against the war against the German Chancellor Adolf Hitler and Germany 1940. It was speculated that the quickest aid to be brought to the British will consist of raw materials and semi-manufactured products. The U.S. administration has already ransacked its reserve stocks of arms.
- Published
- 1940
149. The War at Sea.
- Author
-
Pratt, Fletcher
- Subjects
WORLD War II ,NAVAL art & science ,BRITISH foreign relations ,NAZI Germany, 1933-1945 -- Foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL conflict ,NAVAL militia ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Discusses the naval strategies of Germany and Great Britain during World War II. Loss of British submarines during the war; Development of submarine and the technological innovation further improvement; View that there is an enormous percentage of error in submarine work against merchant craft; Fact that during the war, mine-laying submarines were most effective against merchant shipping, and something like a third of the U-boats were mine-layers; Argument that German naval strategy is, in fact, intertwined with Nazi economic strategy in the design of imposing upon the British Empire the form of one of the later herbivorous dinosaurs--say tricertops or stegosaur-- so loaded with protective mechanisms as to be unable to live; Discussion about the North Sea action in which the Germans destroyed the British ship Ark Royal, and the dismal failure of the British bombing attacks on Wilhemshaven.
- Published
- 1940
150. Siege and Sortie.
- Author
-
Brailsford, H. N.
- Subjects
BRITISH politics & government, 1936-1945 ,WORLD War II ,BRITISH military ,COMMUNISTS ,BRITISH foreign relations ,FRENCH foreign relations ,GERMAN occupation of France, 1940-1945 ,20TH century British history - Abstract
Presents the author's views on England's defenses and her international outlook in the face of World War II. Discussion that along the entire eastern coast of Great Britain the navy is laying down a permanent and continuous mine field; Comment on the foreign and diplomatic relation between Great Britain and France; Argument pertaining to the Fabian strategies of Great Britain, which, according to the author, turn the war into a trial of endurance; War threat by leader of Communist Party in Soviet Union Joseph Stalin to Rumania and Turkey.
- Published
- 1940
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