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Con el triunfo de la Revolución cubana se produjo también el encumbramiento de sus mitos. La virtualidad de la narrativa épica y su poder explicativo lograron traspasar las fronteras del Caribe, proyectándose igualmente por distintas historiografías. Este artículo, gracias a fuentes documentales poco consultadas procedentes de archivos e instituciones cubanas, pretende arrojar luz sobre, al menos, dos aspectos que han sido insuficientemente explorados. De un lado, reexaminamos la estrategia político-militar insurgente y sostenemos la tesis de que la infraestructura de la guerrilla fidelista fue mucho más sólida de lo que tradicionalmente se ha planteado. Por otro lado, atestiguamos como las élites económicas cubanas pasaron de apoyar al régimen de Batista a pagar impuestos revolucionarios, contribuyendo así a su desmoronamiento.

The copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition was applied to prepare three enantiomeric pairs of heterodimers containing a tacrine residue and a 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (DAB) or 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-arabinitol (LAB) moiety held together via linkers of variable lengths containing a 1,2,3-triazole ring and 3, 4, or 7 CH2 groups. The heterodimers were tested as inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The enantiomeric heterodimers with the longest linkers exhibited the highest inhibition potencies for AChE (IC50 = 9.7 nM and 11 nM) and BuChE (IC50 = 8.1 nM and 9.1 nM). AChE exhibited the highest enantioselectivity (ca. 4-fold). The enantiomeric pairs of the heterodimers were found to be inactive (GI50 > 100 µM), or to have weak antiproliferative properties (GI50 = 84–97 µM) against a panel of human cancer cells.

Introducción: en 2021, la Comunidad de Madrid dio un paso más en su lucha contra la pandemia al incorporar la red de farmacias comunitarias a su Programa de Salud Pública para la detección precoz, vigilancia y control de COVID-19, en concreto con su participación en la realización de pruebas rápidas de antígenos para el diagnóstico de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y con la provisión a la población de pruebas gratuitas para el autodiagnóstico. Desde el Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos de Madrid se consideró pertinente llevar a cabo un estudio con el objetivo de determinar la percepción global del farmacéutico comunitario sobre su actuación e implicación profesional, así como la demanda de información por parte de la población durante la campaña de dispensación y entrega de test gratuitos. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo transversal. Realizado, mediante la técnica de encuesta entre el 4 y 17 de mayo de 2022 a través de un cuestionario online. Resultados: el 76,8 % de los farmacéuticos ofrecieron, de forma habitual, información técnica sobre los test a los pacientes que la solicitaban. El 8,3 % de los farmacéuticos indican que la gran mayoría de los pacientes a los que ya les habían dispensado el test regresaron a la farmacia para solicitar información sobre los mismos y un 11,2 % indican que la mayoría de los pacientes que acudían a retirar los test, les pedían que les realizaran el test en la farmacia. La intervención más frecuente, conforme a las respuestas del 61,0 % de los encuestados, fue la de proporcionar información sobre cómo utilizar el test e interpretar los resultados. En la mayoría de las ocasiones, el 56,7 % de los farmacéuticos dedicó entre 1 y 5 minutos en la dispensación y entrega de los test y un 20,3 % llegó a dedicar entre 5 y 10 minutos. Para el 98,3 % de los encuestados esta campaña supuso una alteración en la jornada laboral de la farmacia, considerando un 86,0 % que se debería haber retribuido por su ocupación e implicación. Conclusiones: la realización de una encuesta para analizar el grado de percepción que el farmacéutico comunitario tuvo del alcance e implicación de su actuación profesional y de la demanda de información por parte de la población durante dicha campaña ha constatado el carácter decisivo de esta intervención y definido la opinión del farmacéutico sobre su colaboración en acciones que, no siendo habituales de su actividad profesional diaria, contribuyen a mejorar la salud de la población.

En el presente artículo se analizan los repertorios de protesta desarrollados en La Habana y su hinterland por parte de los sectores obreros durante el gobierno de facto de Fulgencio Batista (1952-1958). Partiendo de los presupuestos de la historia social “desde abajo”, se pone de manifiesto como dicho régimen estuvo lejos de crear una fuerza de trabajo disciplinada y dócil. A la vez que son sondeados los ejes del conflicto, se atiende a la interrelación entre la sociedad civil y el Estado para explicar la acción colectiva. La resistencia obrera, a la postre, jugó un papel significativo en la dinámica de la contienda política cubana acontecida en los años cincuenta, pues consiguió arrumbar muchas de las políticas de ajuste económico trazadas por la dictadura. El estudio se sirve principalmente de fuentes documentales procedentes del Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba y del Instituto de Historia de Cuba.

The oxindole core is an important structural motif in many natural and synthetic substances with various biological activities including anticancer, antineurodegenerative, and antimicrobial properties. This report focuses on the synthesis and biological activity of a series of novel N-substituted 3-aminooxindoles and their assessment in cholinesterase (ChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition. With regard to MAO inhibition, a series of N-propargyl containing derivatives was synthesized and screened. Despite being weak inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B, the compounds were selective for butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) over acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Most of them were strong inhibitors of BuChE with IC50's of less than 1 µM, and one compound showed an IC50 = 27 nM. The mechanism of action of the inhibition was pin-pointed through molecular modeling, and was validated using saturation-transfer-difference (STD) NMR. Some of the compounds were screened for anti-oxidant properties, but showed no activity. The same compounds were screened in the neurodegenerative disease model cell-line SH-SY5Y and although some were found to be non-cytotoxic, others were moderately cytotoxic. Continuous live cell imaging experiments showed that the compounds do not induce relevant cell damage and thus, the compounds might be interesting drug candidates for Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, the most active compounds showed excellent drug-likeness and pharmacological properties predicted using Swiss-ADME, and the pharmacokinetic simulations indicated that all these compounds cross the blood-brain-barrier.

En 1449 se produjo en Toledo una de las rebeliones populares de mayor relevancia en la Castilla del siglo XV. Referida por todas las crónicas de la época, en ella el común de la ciudad puso en cuestión tanto la legitimidad gubernativa del rey como los mecanismos de integración en la societas christiana de los nuevos convertidos a la fe católica. Dada la trascendencia de tales hechos, el episodio siempre ha tenido un gran impacto bibliográfico, reseñándose en múltiples publicaciones. La información sobre la revuelta, aun así, suele ser iterativa, viéndose muy condicionada por una metodología con un enfoque centrado en la “cuestión conversa” y por una falta de nuevas fuentes de estudio que obstaculiza el análisis. A tenor de esto, el presente trabajo replantea el punto de vista a la hora de examinar los alborotos, insistiéndose en lo relevante de la cultura política y la opinión pública, y en su naturaleza de alzamiento en comunidad, con rasgos parecidos a los que tendría la sublevación de los comuneros. Por otro lado, se aportan informaciones inéditas que dan frescura al relato de los hechos y que permiten una aproximación más inmediata a lo ocurrido. Y, por último, se abre una vía de estudio sin explorar, la de la participación en los altercados de las villas y aldeas del entorno de Toledo, que rompe con la imagen eminentemente urbana que ha venido ofreciéndose de la sublevación y que multiplica las posibilidades de acercamiento a los disturbios, pasando de lo urbano a lo territorial.

Herein, we report the preparation of a panel of Schiff bases analogues as antiprotozoal agents by modification of the stereoelectronic effects of the substituents on N-1 and N-4 and the nature of the chalcogen atom (S, Se). These compounds were evaluated towards Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis. Thiosemicarbazide 31 showed the best trypanocidal profile (epimastigotes), similar to benznidazole (BZ): IC50 (31)=28.72 μM (CL-B5 strain) and 33.65 μM (Y strain), IC50 (BZ)=25.31 μM (CL-B5) and 22.73 μM (Y); it lacked toxicity over mammalian cells (CC50 > 256 µM). Thiosemicarbazones 49, 51 and 63 showed remarkable trichomonacidal effects (IC50 =16.39, 14.84 and 14.89 µM) and no unspecific cytotoxicity towards Vero cells (CC50 ≥ 275 µM). Selenoisosters 74 and 75 presented a slightly enhanced activity (IC50=11.10 and 11.02 µM, respectively). Hydrogenosome membrane potential and structural changes were analysed to get more insight into the trichomonacidal mechanism.

The synthesis of four heterodimers in which the copper(I)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition was employed to connect a 1-deoxynojirimycin moiety with a benzotriazole scaffold is reported. The heterodimers were investigated as inhibitors against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The heterodimers displayed preferential inhibition (> 9) of BuChE over AChE in the micromolar concentration range (IC50 = 7–50 µM). For the most potent inhibitor of BuChE, Cornish-Bowden plots were used, which demonstrated that it behaves as a mixed inhibitor. Modelling studies of the same inhibitor demonstrated that the benzotriazole and 1-deoxynojirimycin moiety is accommodated in the peripheral anionic site and catalytic anionic site, respectively, of AChE. The binding mode to BuChE was different as the benzotriazole moiety is accommodated in the catalytic anionic site.

En el presente artículo, tomamos el espacio geográfico de la comarca de las Cinco Villas (Zaragoza) para abordar la relación entre las consecuencias de la guerra, las formas de sociabilidad y las actitudes que la gente corriente puso en marcha para sobrevivir. Para ello, nos centramos en varios aspectos como son el malestar social por las condiciones de vida, el fenómeno de la guerrilla, los delitos contra la propiedad, los delitos en el monte, el furtivismo, la violencia cotidiana y la experiencia femenina de la posguerra.

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) include a large range of diseases characterized by neural dysfunction with a multifactorial etiology. The most common NDs are Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, in which cholinergic and dopaminergic systems are impaired, respectively. Despite different brain regions being affected, oxidative stress and inflammation were found to be common triggers in the pathogenesis and progression of both diseases. By taking advantage of a multi-target approach, in this work we explored alkyl substituted coumarins as neuroprotective agents, capable to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation by inhibiting enzymes involved in neurodegeneration, among which are Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs), Monoamine Oxidases (MAOs), and Cholinesterases (ChEs). The compounds were synthesized and profiled against the three targeted enzymes. The binding mode of the most promising compounds (7 and 9) within MAO-A and -B was analyzed through molecular modeling studies, providing and explanation for the different selectivities observed for the MAO isoforms. In vitro biological studies using LPS-stimulated rat astrocytes showed that some compounds were able to counteract the oxidative stress-induced neuroinflammation and hamper interleukin-6 secretion, confirming the success of this multitarget approach.

We have carried out the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a small library of 2-aminobenzoxazole-appended coumarins as novel inhibitors of tumour-related CAs IX and XII. Substituents on C-3 and/or C-4 positions of the coumarin scaffold, and on the benzoxazole moiety, together with the length of the linker connecting both units were modified to obtain useful structure-activity relationships. CA inhibition studies revealed a good selectivity towards tumour-associated CAs IX and XII (Ki within the mid-nanomolar range in most of the cases) in comparison with CAs I, II, IV, and VII (Ki > 10 µM); CA IX was found to be slightly more sensitive towards structural changes. Docking calculations suggested that the coumarin scaffold might act as a prodrug, binding to the CAs in its hydrolysed form, which is in turn obtained due to the esterase activity of CAs. An increase of the tether length and of the substituents steric hindrance was found to be detrimental to in vitro antiproliferative activities. Incorporation of a chlorine atom on C-3 of the coumarin moiety achieved the strongest antiproliferative agent, with activities within the low micromolar range for the panel of tumour cell lines tested.

This study explored in the 50 m races of the four swimming strokes the performance parameters and/or technical variables that determined the differences between swimmers who reach the finals and those who do not. A total of 322 performances retrieved from the 2021 Budapest European championships were the focus of this study. The results of the performances achieved during the finals compared to the heats showed that the best swimmers did not excel during the heats, as a significant progression of performance was observed in most of the strokes as the competition progressed. Specifically, combining men and women, the swimmers had in freestyle a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of ∼0.6%, with a mean range of performance improvement (∆%) of ∆ = ∼0.7%; in breaststroke a mean CV of ∼0.5% and ∆ = −0.2%; in backstroke a mean CV of ∼0.5% and ∆ = −0.6%, and; in butterfly a mean CV of ∼0.7% and ∆ = −0.9%. For all strokes, it was a reduction of the underwater phase with the aim of increasing its speed. However, this result was not always transferred to the final performance. In any case, most of the swimmers tried to make improvements from the start of the race up to 15 m. Furthermore, the swimmers generated an overall increase in stroke rate as the rounds progressed. However, a decrease in stroke length resulted and, this balance appeared to be of little benefit to performance.

The synthesis of four tetra-tacrine clusters where the tacrine binding units are attached to a central scaffold via linkers of variable lengths is described. The multivalent inhibition potencies for the tacrine clusters were investigated for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Two of the tacrine clusters displayed a small but significant multivalent inhibition potency in which the binding affinity of each of the tacrine binding units increased up to 3.2 times when they are connected to the central scaffold.

We have designed unprecedented cholinesterase inhibitors based on 1-deoxynojirimycin as potential anti-Alzheimer’s agents. Compounds are comprised of three key structural motifs: the iminosugar, for interaction with cholinesterase catalytic anionic site (CAS); a hydrocarbon tether with variable lengths, and a fragment derived from 2-phenylethanol for promoting interactions with peripheral anionic site (PAS). Title compounds exhibited good selectivity towards BuChE, strongly depending on the substitution pattern and the length of the tether. The lead compounds were found to be strong mixed inhibitors of BuChE (IC50 = 1.8 and 1.9 µM). The presumptive binding mode of the lead compound was analysed using molecular docking simulations, revealing H-bond interactions with the catalytic subsite (His438) and CAS (Trp82 and Glu197) and van der Waals interactions with PAS (Thr284, Pro285, Asn289). They also lacked significant antiproliferative activity against tumour and non-tumour cells at 100 µM, making them promising new agents for tackling Alzheimer’s disease through the cholinergic approach.

Hoy en día resulta sencillo perderse en el maremágnum de publicaciones que existe en torno a la temática de la paz en el Medievo. No en vano, el número de obras que han visto la luz sobre todo desde la década de 1960 puede resultar inabarcable. En virtud de esta circunstancia, el presente trabajo busca ofrecer al historiador una guía primigenia de análisis, que le permita internarse en la bibliografía sobre la paz en la Edad Media. Con tal objetivo, en el artículo se perfila el devenir historiográfico de dicha cuestión desde sus orígenes, a mediados del siglo XIX, hasta el siglo presente; se incide en las vinculaciones que pueden percibirse entre los estudios de la paz y el escenario político y sociocultural de cada época; y se ofrece una bibliografía selecta –a pie de página–, atendiendo a cada una de las distintas líneas de estudio.

Resumen En el año 1955, se publica la obra póstuma de Emil Kaufmann (1891-1953), en la que el historiador, en plena mitad del siglo XX, señala la fecha de finales del siglo XVIII como preludio de la modernidad. Con gran acierto, plantea una recuperación de la teoría de la arquitectura, y cataloga con extrema agudeza a Boullée como arquitecto moderno y revolucionario, cuya arquitectura antiornamental supone un planteamiento totalmente renovador de la geometría, ya que establece la modernidad de la arquitectura francesa, introduciendo un cambio en el tamaño descomunal de los edificios. De igual forma, se establece cómo la geometría clásica de Kahn surge como una transferencia recibida de La Ilustración, como una arquitectura clásica, atemporal, basada en el descubrimiento de masa; de ruina; de la herencia recibida de su cuaderno de viaje y del hallazgo de la ciudad de Roma en Estados Unidos, que se plasma en una serie de edificios, que se muestran como monumentos, y que permanecen exactamente en el mismo emplazamiento, enclavados en la misma naturaleza durante siglos, en una geometría de indetenible quietud donde manda el silencio. En este artículo se analizarán los edificios más representativos del arquitecto Louis I. Kahn, y su relación con la geometría de Boullée, lo cual supone el descubrimiento, por parte de los investigadores, de la geometría clásica de Kahn. El análisis de ambas geometrías desembocará en la contribución de una serie de comparaciones, de analogías, de contradicciones, cuyos resultados confirmarán de manera positiva o negativa el establecimiento de la geometría moderna de Boullée frente a la geometría clásica de Kahn. Abstract In 1955, Emil Kaufmann's posthumous work (1891-1953) was published, in which the historian, in the middle of the 20th century, set the date of the end of the 18th century as a prelude to modernity, with great success, proposing a recovery of the theory of architecture, and cataloguing Boullée as a modern, revolutionary architect, whose antiornamental architecture represents a totally renovating approach to geometry, since it establishes the modernity of French architecture, introducing a change in the enormous size of the buildings. Likewise, it is established how Kahn's classical geometry emerges as a transference received from The Enlightenment, as a classical architecture, timeless, based on the discovery of mass, of ruin, of the heritage through the travelogue, of the discovery of the city of Rome in the United States, which is embodied in a series of buildings, which are shown as monuments, and which remain exactly in the same place, embedded in the same nature for centuries, in a geometry of unstoppable stillness where silence rules. This article analyzes the most representative buildings of the architect Louis I. Kahn, and their relationship with Boullée's geometry, which implies the discovery of Kahn's classical geometry. The analysis of both geometries will lead to the contribution of a series of comparisons, analogies and contradictions, the results of which will confirm, positively or negatively, the establishment of Boullée's modern geometry as opposed to Kahn's classical geometry.

Don Pedro Girón, maestre de la Orden de Calatrava entre 1445 y 1466, fue uno de los personajes más controvertidos de la Castilla del siglo XV, tanto por su supuesta actitud despiadada, como, sobre todo, por seguir los pasos de su hermano, el sibilino marqués de Villena, don Juan Pacheco. En este trabajo se analizan las repercusiones que tuvo una de las mandas que el maestre dejó instituidas en su testamento, en la que requería que, en su nombre, por el bien de su alma y en exoneración de su conciencia, se indemnizase a las víctimas de sus robos y sus abusos de poder. Su hijo y heredero, Juan Téllez Girón, el segundo conde de Urueña, hubo de afrontar durante décadas la obligación de resarcimiento que su padre había establecido, hasta que, definitivamente, decidió requerir la ayuda de uno de los grandes juristas al servicio del papa, Giovanni Battista Caccialupi, que le ofreció una solución legal y teológica, que, por fin, le permitiría librarse del desagravio requerido.

En este trabajo se analizan los efectos de la incorporación de algunas de las fibras más utilizadas en el Mercado (basalto, vidrio, poliolefina y polipropileno) en las propiedades mecánicas de compuestos de yeso-caucho de neumáticos fuera de uso (NFU). Para ello, se elaboran probetas de escayola-caucho NFU con adición de fibras en proporciones del 1% en peso y se caracterizan mediante ensayos físicos y mecánicos estudiando su densidad aparente, resistencia a flexión y compresión y módulo de elasticidad dinámico. Los resultados obtenidos muestran mejoras en todos los aspectos analizados, obteniéndose materiales más ligeros y con mejor comportamiento mecánico especialmente en los compuestos que incorporan fibra de vidrio.

La comunicación asertiva implica la formación integral de los estudiantes. La persona que se comunica asertivamente se defiende en susrelaciones interpersonales, está satisfecha de su vida, tiene confianza en sí misma, es expresiva, espontánea. La finalidad es analizar el avance científico de la Comunicación Asertiva en estudiantes durante el periodo de 2016 al 2020. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño descriptivo comparativo y retrospectivo. Para la búsqueda de referencias se utilizaron los operadores booleanos AND y OR, considerándose una muestra de 25 artículos científicos de un total de 1,602 investigaciones extraídas de bases de datos Scopus, Ebsco, Academic One File y Scielo. Para definir los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se utilizó el diagrama Prisma, donde se filtraron los resultados teniendo en cuenta autores, año de publicación, definición, enfoque, tipo, diseño de investigación y muestra. Finalmente, la comunicación asertiva conlleva a tener coincidencias y ligeras diferencias en los puntos de vista de cada investigador que la conceptualizan como una conducta y no una característica de la personalidad, por lo que se habla de una habilidad en el campo de las habilidades sociales.

A pesar de la importancia que la historiografía española ha dado en los últimos años a la cultura política vigente en la Castilla del otoño el Medievo, la retórica y el léxico de la paz han quedado fuera de los análisis por diversas cuestiones que se matizan en el presente trabajo, en el cual, de la misma manera, se reflexiona sobre cómo se configuraba el discurso de la pacificación, qué fórmulas lo definían, cuáles eran los motivos por los que se recurría a su uso, y, en fin, en qué parámetros debe concebirse la retórica de la paz, atendiendo a la dialéctica desarrollada en la Castilla de los siglos XIV y XV entre los reyes, la nobleza y las ciudades, en la que las Cortes jugaron un papel definitorio.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the most disabling metabolic diseases. It consists of a complication of liver disease through the action of neurotoxins, such as excessive production of ammonia from liver, resulting in impaired brain function. Its prevalence and incidence are not well known, although it has been established that up to 40% of cirrhotic patients may develop HE. Patients with HE episodes display a wide range of neurological disturbances, from subclinical alterations to coma. Recent evidence suggests that the resolution of hepatic encephalopathy does not fully restore cognitive functioning in cirrhotic patients. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the evidence supporting the presence of lingering cognitive deficits in patients with a history of HE compared to patients without HE history and how liver transplant affects such outcome in these patients. We performed two distinct meta-analysis of continuous outcomes. In both cases the results were pooled using random-effects models. Our results indicate that cirrhotic patients with a history of HE show clear cognitive deficits compared to control cirrhotic patients (Std. Mean Difference (in SDs) = −0.72 [CI 95%: −0.94, −0.50]) and that these differences are not fully restored after liver transplant (Std. Mean Difference (in SDs) = −0.48 [CI 95%: −0.77, −0.19]).

Evaluating RNA quality and transcriptomic profile of beef muscle over time post-mortem may provide insight into RNA degradation and underlying biological and functional mechanisms that accompany biochemical changes occurring post-mortem during transformation of muscle to meat. RNA was extracted from longissimus thoracis (LT) sampled from British Continental crossbred heifer carcasses (n = 7) stored at 4°C in an abattoir drip cooler at 5 time points post-mortem, i.e., 45 min (0 h), 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Following RNA-Sequencing, processed reads were aligned to the ARS-UCD1.2 bovine genome assembly. Subsequent differential expression (DE) analysis identified from 51 to 1434 upregulated and 27 to 2256 downregulated DE genes at individual time points compared to time 0 h, showing a trend for increasing counts of both upregulated and downregulated genes over time. Gene ontology and biological pathway term enrichment analyses on sets of DE genes revealed several processes and their timelines of activation/deactivation that accompanied or were involved with muscle transformation to meat. Although the quality of RNA in refrigerated LT remained high for several days post-mortem, the expression levels of several known biomarker genes for meat quality began to change from 24 h onwards. Therefore, to ensure accuracy of predictions on meat quality traits based on the expression levels of those biomarker genes in refrigerated beef muscle tissue, it is crucial that those expression measurements be made on RNA sampled within 24 h post-mortem. The present study also highlighted the need for more research on the roles of mitochondrial genes and non-coding genes in orchestrating muscle tissue processes after death, and how pre-mortem immune status might influence post-mortem meat quality.

El fomento de la lectura es uno de los principales objetivos del mundo del libro. Y para lograrlo, los medios audiovisuales deben poder captar a un público joven interesado por la cultura que se le resiste. La búsqueda y realización de nuevos formatos, la mejora de los horarios y una apuesta clara por parte de los programadores, son algunos de los elementos indispensables para lograrlo. Palabras clave: televisión, libros, fomento de la cultura, divulgación, radio, share. Without forgiveness Abstract: The promotion of reading is one of the main objectives of the world of books. And to achieve this, the audiovisual media must be able to capture a young audience interested in the culture that resists them. The search and realization of new formats, the improvement of schedules and a clear commitment on the part of the programmers, are some of the essential elements to achieve this. Keywords: television, books, promotion of culture, broadcasting, radio, sharing. Artículo recibido: 03/08/2020 / Artículo aceptado: 01/09/2020

Autophagy is a dynamic intracellular mechanism involved in protein and organelle turnover through lysosomal degradation. When properly regulated, autophagy supports normal cellular and developmental processes, whereas defects in autophagic degradation have been associated with several pathologies, including prion diseases. Prion diseases, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of the pathological misfolded isoform (PrPSc) of the physiological cellular prion protein (PrPc) in the central nervous system. Autophagic vacuoles have been described in experimental models of TSE and in the natural disease in humans. The precise connection of this process with prion-related neuropathology, or even whether autophagy is completely beneficial or pathogenic during neurodegeneration, is poorly understood. Thus, the biological role of autophagy in these diseases is still open to debate. During the last years, researchers have used a wide range of morphological, genetic and biochemical methods to monitor and manipulate the autophagic pathway and thus determine the specific role of this process in TSE. It has been suggested that PrPc could play a crucial role in modulating the autophagic pathway in neuronal cells, and the presence of abnormal autophagic activity has been frequently observed in several models of TSE both in vitro and in vivo, as well as in human prion diseases. Altogether, these findings suggest that autophagy is implicated in prion neuropathology and points to an impairment or failure of the process, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. Additionally, autophagy is now emerging as a host defense response in controlling prion infection that plays a protective role by facilitating the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins accumulated within neurons. Since autophagy is one of the pathways of PrPSc degradation, and drug-induced stimulation of autophagic flux (the dynamic process of autophagic degradation activity) produces anti-prion effects, new treatments based on its activation have been tested to develop therapeutic strategies for prion diseases. In this review, we summarize previous and recent findings concerning the role of autophagy in TSE.

En la Corona de Castilla el discurso de la paz cobró relevancia a lo largo del siglo XV. En la primera mitad de esta centuria se pudieron sus bases teóricas, merced a los planteamientos de autores como Alfonso de Madrigal, aunque fue en el último cuarto del siglo, en el reinado de los Reyes Católicos, cuando la necesidad de estos monarcas de legitimarse en el trono les llevó a recurrir de forma sistemática a las ideas de la paz con fines propagandí­sticos, erigiéndose en una especie de adalides del orden frente a la anarquí­a de otros tiempos.

This study used 1076 crossbred steers to evaluate the effects of calf-fed and yearling-fed beef production systems, implant strategies (with and without implants), and their interactions on the primal tissue composition (lean and fat components) of individual primal cuts using complete carcass dissection data. The results indicate that production system × implant interactions affected loin and rib primal weight percentages as well as marbling (p < 0.05) but did not affect the dissectible lean and fat contents of the individual primal cut (p > 0.05). Implants increased lean and decreased fat tissue contents of primal cut; however, the production system only affected lean content in the loin (p < 0.05) and fat content in the loin, round, and rib (p < 0.05). Redundancy analysis revealed a strong association between Angus breed percentage and marbling, as well as between Simmental breed percentage and multiple primal lean traits. Response surface regression models explained less variability in the tissue composition traits in calf-fed compared with yearling-fed animals, suggesting the need for further exploration using genomic studies.

Being aware of the enormous biological potential of organoselenium and polyphenolic compounds, we have accomplished the preparation of novel hybrids, combining both pharmacophores in order to obtain new antioxidant and antiproliferative agents. Three different families have been accessed in a straightforward and chemoselective fashion: carbohydrate-containing N-acylisoselenoureas, N-arylisoselenocarbamates and N-arylselenocarbamates. The nature of the organoselenium framework, number and position of phenolic hydroxyl groups and substituents on the aromatic scaffolds afforded valuable structure–activity relationships for the biological assays accomplished: antioxidant properties (antiradical activity, DNA-protective effects, Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimicry) and antiproliferative activity. Regarding the antioxidant activity, selenocarbamates 24–27 behaved as excellent mimetics of GPx in the substoichiometric elimination of H2O2 as a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) model. Isoselenocarbamates and particularly their selenocarbamate isomers exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against non-small lung cell lines (A549, SW1573) in the low micromolar range, with similar potency to that shown by the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (cis-diaminodichloroplatin, CDDP) and occasionally with more potency than etoposide (VP-16).

Specific disciplines in engineering, such as manufacturing processes, require students in their academic stage to pay special attention, given the possible changes that may affect the acquisition of competencies. In an environment of uncertainty, such as a global pandemic, teaching must adapt without losing the effective delivery of content to students. The health and safety measures applied during the first months of the pandemic led to a different type of teaching to that which had customarily been applied, such as synchronous and asynchronous methodologies defined by the university’s governing bodies, where face-to-face and online methodologies coexisted in the same academic year. All of this avoided interrupting the academic year. This paper studies the results achieved in this uncertain environment, extends them and compares them with the following year, where only the face-to-face methodology was applied to the students enrolled in Manufacturing Processes 2 at the Centro Universitario de Mérida within the Bachelor’s Degree in Design Engineering and New Product Development (Grado en Ingeniería en Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Productos -GIDIDP-). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to the data obtained to locate the significant differences between the samples taken in the first year with online and face-to-face teaching methodologies and those taken in the second year with an exclusively face-to-face methodology. When comparing the results, maintaining face-to-face teaching proved essential, as it contributes towards achieving better marks or maintaining the level. However, online methodologies also help as an additional tool to acquire other knowledge and specific skills in these technical engineering subjects, specifically those dealing with the manufacturing processes addressed in this study.

Individual products and models on the market must be specifically differentiated from the rest to meet user demand. In terms of consumer purchasing behaviour, consumers increasingly base their decisions on subjective terms or the impression that the product leaves on them, both in terms of functionality, usability, safety, and price adequacy, and regarding the emotions and feelings that it triggers in them. This demand has lead both Asia and Europe to implement new methodologies to develop new products, such as “emotional design” or Kansei engineering. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) on the most relevant methodologies based on Kansei engineering and their relevant results in the specific discipline of product design, addressing these five questions: (RQ1) How many studies on KE and emotional design are there in the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases from 1995 to February 2021? (RQ2) Which research topics and types of KE are addressed? (RQ3) Who is leading the research on KE and emotional design? (RQ4) What are the benefits and drawbacks of using and applying the methodology? (RQ5) What are the limitations of the current research? We analysed 87 studies focusing on the Kansei methodology used for product design and device technologies (e.g., shape design, actuators, sensors, structure) and aesthetic aspects (e.g., Kansei words selection, the quantification of measured emotions of results, and detected shortcomings), and provided the database with all the collected information. One identified and highlighted sector in the results is the electronic–technological-device sector. Results confirm that this type of methodology has a majority and direct application in these sectors, and they are widely represented in the automotive and electronics industries. Lastly, this SLR provides researchers with a guide for comparative emotional-design work, and facilitates future designers who want to implement emotional design in their work by selecting the specific type according to the results of the SLR.

Objetivo: proponer una guía de manejo para la nutrición en los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave basada en la mejor evidencia disponible. Diseño: revisión sistemática y guía de práctica clínica. Población: pacientes críticos con pancreatitis aguda grave hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Intervenciones y controles: nutrición entérica Vs. parenteral; dieta hipocalórica Vs. normocalórica; glutamina Vs. sin glutamina; arginina Vs. sin arginina; ácidos grasos omega 3/omega 6 Vs. omega 6 solamente; prebióticos o probióticos Vs. dieta estándar. Desenlaces: mortalidad, estancia hospitalaria y en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y, infecciones y sepsis, disfunción de órganos. Materiales y métodos: búsqueda en bases de datos médicas en línea. Resultados: las 765 referencias iniciales fueron filtradas con las palabras clave y quedaron 69 artículos. Cinco artículos más de autores latinoamericanos o de habla hispana fueron también revisados por considerarlos pertinentes. Conclusiones: los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave se benefician del soporte nutricional y la vía entérica es de elección con dietas normocalóricas de inicio temprano, preferencialmente en los primeros tres días. La intervención nutricional pudiera ser un determinante al disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad elevada en esta patología pero aún faltan estudios bien diseñados que permitan determinar con claridad el efecto de cada uno de sus componentes.

This study determined the potential of computer vision systems, namely the whole-side carcass camera (HCC) compared to the rib-eye camera (CCC) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technology to predict primal and carcass composition of cull cows. The predictability (R2) of the HCC was similar to the CCC for total fat, but higher for lean (24.0%) and bone (61.6%). Subcutaneous fat (SQ), body cavity fat, and retail cut yield (RCY) estimations showed a difference of 6.2% between both CVS. The total lean meat yield (LMY) estimate was 22.4% better for CCC than for HCC. The combination of HCC and CCC resulted in a similar prediction of total fat, SQ, and intermuscular fat, and improved predictions of total lean and bone compared to HCC/CCC. Furthermore, a 25.3% improvement was observed for LMY and RCY estimations. DXA predictions showed improvements in R2 values of 26.0% and 25.6% compared to the HCC alone or the HCC + CCC combined, respectively. These results suggest the feasibility of using HCC for predicting primal and carcass composition. This is an important finding for slaughter systems, such as those used for mature cattle in North America that do not routinely knife rib carcasses, which prevents the use of CCC.

Scrapie is a prion disease affecting sheep and goats and it is considered a prototype of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as candidates for developing in vitro models of prion diseases. Murine MSCs are able to propagate prions after previous mouse-adaptation of prion strains and, although ovine MSCs express the cellular prion protein (PrPC), their susceptibility to prion infection has never been investigated. Here, we analyze the potential of ovine bone marrow-derived MSCs (oBM-MSCs), in growth and neurogenic conditions, to be infected by natural scrapie and propagate prion particles (PrPSc) in vitro, as well as the effect of this infection on cell viability and proliferation. Cultures were kept for 48–72 h in contact with homogenates of central nervous system (CNS) samples from scrapie or control sheep. In growth conditions, oBM-MSCs initially maintained detectable levels of PrPSc post-inoculation, as determined by Western blotting and ELISA. However, the PrPSc signal weakened and was lost over time. oBM-MSCs infected with scrapie displayed lower cell doubling and higher doubling times than those infected with control inocula. On the other hand, in neurogenic conditions, oBM-MSCs not only maintained detectable levels of PrPSc post-inoculation, as determined by ELISA, but this PrPSc signal also increased progressively over time. Finally, inoculation with CNS extracts seems to induce the proliferation of oBM-MSCs in both growth and neurogenic conditions. Our results suggest that oBM-MSCs respond to prion infection by decreasing their proliferation capacity and thus might not be permissive to prion replication, whereas ovine MSC-derived neuron-like cells seem to maintain and replicate PrPSc.

This study evaluated the relationship among palatability attributes, volatile compounds, and fatty acid (FA) profiles in meat from barley, corn, and blended (50:50, barley and corn) grain-fed steers. Multiple correspondence analysis with three dimensions (Dim) explained 62.2% of the total variability among samples. The Dim 1 and 2 (53.3%) separated pure from blended grain-fed beef samples. Blended grain beef was linked to a number of volatiles including (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2,3-octanedione. In addition, blended grain-fed beef was linked to fat-like and rancid flavors, stale-cardboard, metallic, cruciferous, and fat-like aroma descriptors, and negative categories for flavor intensity (FI), off-flavor, and tenderness. A possible combination of linoleic and linolenic acids in the blended diet, lower rumen pH, and incomplete biohydrogenation of blended grain-fed polyunsaturates could have increased (p ≤ 0.05) long-chain n-6 fatty acids (LCFA) in blended grain-fed beef, leading to more accumulation of FA oxidation products in the blended than in barley and corn grain-fed meat samples. The Dim 3 (8.9%) allowed corn separation from barley grain beef. Barley grain-fed beef was mainly linked to alkanes and beef positive FI, whereas corn grain-fed beef was associated with pyrazines, in addition to aldehydes related to n-6 LCFA oxidation.

Although the riots occurred since the thirteenth Century served mainly to educate the state organizations in Western Europe in the defense of the sociopolitical status quo, the voice of the común never was silenced. The evidence and hundreds of testimonials preserved until today show us protests of all kinds: from those born in the privacy of hate against the noble to those who desperately emerged, result of the collapse of situations that are believed untenable. Individual protests, religious groups and artisans, in masse; using songs and scandalous words, peacefully or with ferocious violence. It was on the eve of the uprisings when the protest turned bloodiest speech, providing an ideological basis for the achievement of purposes for both aspiring social groups together as specific powerful individuals.

La piomiositis tuberculosa es una manifestación poco frecuente de la tuberculosis extrapulmonar que se presenta más comúnmente en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, con manifestaciones clínicas similares a las de la piomiositis de otras etiologías, pero a una edad más temprana. Los factores de riesgo más usuales son la infección tuberculosa previa y la inmunosupresión farmacológica. El diagnóstico depende de la sospecha clínica en una población expuesta, ya que en muchas ocasiones el aislamiento microbiológico no es posible. La respuesta al tratamiento y el pronóstico son buenos. El caso que se presenta es llamativo dada la rareza de esta manifestación de la tuberculosis y la lenta mejoría con el tratamiento antituberculoso de primera línea en este paciente con infección por HIV y recaída, a pesar de que el aislamiento microbiológico resultó sensible.

Cancer accounts for one of the most complex diseases nowadays due to its multifactorial nature. Despite the vast number of cytotoxic agents developed so far, good therapeutic approaches are not always reached. In recent years, multitarget drugs are gaining great attention against multifactorial diseases in contraposition to polypharmacy. Herein we have accomplished the conjugation of phenolic derivatives with an ample number of organochalcogen motifs with the aim of developing novel antiproliferative agents. Their antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties (against six tumour and one non-tumour cell lines) were analysed. Moreover, in order to predict P-gp-mediated chemoresistance, the P-glycoprotein assay was also conducted in order to determine whether compounds prepared herein could behave as substrates of that glycoprotein. Selenium derivatives were found to be significantly stronger antiproliferative agents than their sulfur isosters. Moreover, the length and the nature of the tether, together with the nature of the organoselenium scaffold were also found to be crucial features in the observed bioactivities. The lead compound, bearing a methylenedioxyphenyl moiety, and a diselenide functionality, showed a good activity (GI50 = 0.88‒2.0 µM) and selectivity towards tumour cell lines (selectivity index: 14‒32); moreover, compounds considered herein were not substrates for the P-gp efflux pump, thus avoiding the development of chemoresistance coming from such mechanism, commonly found for widely-used chemotherapeutic agents.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to the development and pathology of many neurodegenerative diseases, including prion diseases. They are also promising biomarker candidates due to their stability in body fluids. We investigated miRNA alterations in a Tg501 mouse model of prion diseases that expresses a transgene encoding the goat prion protein (PRNP). Tg501 mice intracranially inoculated with mouse-adapted goat scrapie were compared with age-matched, mock inoculated controls in preclinical and clinical stages. Small RNA sequencing from the cervical spinal cord indicated that miR-223-3p, miR-151-3p, and miR-144-5p were dysregulated in scrapie-inoculated animals before the onset of symptoms. In clinical-stage animals, 23 significant miRNA alterations were found. These miRNAs were predicted to modify the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways including prion disease, extracellular matrix interactions, glutaminergic synapse, axon guidance, and transforming growth factor-beta signaling. MicroRNAs miR-146a-5p (up in cervical spinal cord) and miR-342-3p (down in cervical spinal cord, cerebellum and plasma), both indicated in neurodegenerative diseases earlier, were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Minimal changes observed before the disease onset suggests that most miRNA alterations observed here are driven by advanced prion-associated pathology, possibly limiting their use as diagnostic markers. However, the results encourage further mechanistic studies on miRNA-regulated pathways involved in these neurodegenerative conditions.

Prion diseases affect both animals and humans. Research in the natural animal model of the disease could help in the understanding of neuropathological mechanisms and in the development of biomarkers for human pathologies. For this purpose, we studied the expression of 10 genes involved in prion propagation in vitro in the central nervous system of scrapie-infected sheep. Dysregulated genes (BAMBI and CHGA) were further analysed in a transgenic murine model (Tg338) of scrapie, and their protein distribution was determined using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Their potential as biomarkers was finally assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of scrapie sheep and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients. Protein BAMBI was upregulated in highly affected brain areas and CHGA was overexpressed along the brain in both models. Moreover, BAMBI and CHGA immunostaining scores strongly correlated with spongiosis and microgliosis in mice. Finally, levels of BAMBI were significantly higher in the CSF of clinical sheep and CJD patients. In addition to their potential as biomarkers, our work confirms the role of BAMBI and CHGA in prion neuropathology in vivo, but besides prion replication, they seem to be involved in the characteristic neuroinflammatory response associated to prion infection.

En la Castilla del siglo XV la paz, el orden público y la justicia dependían de los reyes, que, no obstante, estaban obligados a operar de forma consensuada, buscando los máximos apoyos posibles. En esa búsqueda las urbes se erigirían como los pilares sobre los que asentar el armazón de una Corona enérgica y cada vez más autoritaria, así que las élites locales acabaron por convertirse en un factor básico en la estabilidad o inestabilidad del reino. Una de las urbes castellanas en las que se dejó notar más la influencia de la élite fue Toledo, cuya actividad insurrecta en el siglo XV podría compararse con la de otros núcleos europeos famosos por su actitud facciosa, como Gante o Florencia. La élite social de Toledo procedería durante los reinados de Juan II, Enrique IV e Isabel la Católica de forma paradigmática en un doble sentido: en su capacidad para escandalizar a la población, provocando ruidos, alborotos y muertes; en lo relativo a las medidas pacificadoras que supo desarrollar con el fin de favorecer su propio dominio, el sometimiento de la urbe a los reyes y la prosperidad de la región.

El objetivo de este trabajo es indicar que la actual crisis financiera, es principalmente una crisis de valores. La metodología del trabajo consiste en realizar un estudio descriptivo sobre las consecuencias de la crisis en los mercados financieros internacionales, en la quiebra de empresas y de entidades financieras, señalando que se debe a una pérdida de valores de los directivos de muchas compañías. Los resultados de este estudio, señalan que actuaciones excesivamente avariciosas y poco solidarias han aumentado los niveles de endeudamiento de hogares, empresas y de toda la economía hasta límites insostenibles. En esta situación, se recomienda que las empresas adquieran el compromiso moral de incorporar criterios de responsabilidad social en sus operaciones. Además, que no haya dejación de responsabilidades por parte de los directivos de empresas y que se lleven a cabo políticas de apoyo a las personas en riesgo social. La posible solución podría ser, la recuperación de valores olvidados y recordar que toda relación económica es esencialmente una relación humana.

¿Era posible que en la Edad Media lo que pasase en una urbe pudiese alborotar a un territorio, poniendo en apuros a la monarquía, dada la ausencia de comunicación entre las élites de los grandes núcleos urbanos e incluso entre los miembros de un linaje instituido en urbes distintas? La contestación a esta pregunta, lejos de carecer de complejidad, ha hecho correr ríos de tinta, pues en el fondo tras ella subyace la problemática cuestión sobre si en el Antiguo Régimen hubo auténticas revoluciones que pretendían cambiar el sistema o, como hoy se tiende a pensar, más bien simples revueltas de impactos limitados, que solían afectar como mucho a la urbe en que se desplegasen, a las tierras de alrededor y, excepcionalmente, a poblaciones con algún tipo de relación económica o política. En este trabajo se intentan aclarar algunas de las claves de las revueltas en el siglo XV, centrándose en la ocurrida en Toledo en 1449.

Esta investigación explora la evolución de las redes sociales formadas por la conexión entre consejos de administración —relación interlocking directorates— de las empresas cotizadas españolas en el periodo 1999-2008, mostrándose como una nueva dimensión en el estudio del gobierno corporativo. Permite descubrir cómo se estructura el poder en la esfera económica, avanzar en la comprensión del papel desarrollado por el consejo de administración y ahondar en el rol de los consejeros independientes propiciados por los códigos de buen gobierno. Los resultados muestran cambios estructurales en la red, fragmentándose en mayor medida en los últimos años y con menores valores de densidad, características más propias de redes de países anglosajones. El análisis de centralidad evidencia un desplazamiento de las empresas del sector financiero a posiciones más periféricas, otorgando mayor protagonismo a empresas privadas del sector energético o de la construcción, intuyendo un cambio del modelo de banca a un modelo más anglosajón.

With the lack of available drugs able to prevent the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the discovery of new neuroprotective treatments able to rescue neurons from cell injury is presently a matter of extreme importance and urgency. Here, we were inspired by the widely reported potential of natural flavonoids to build a library of novel flavones, chromen-4-ones and their C-glucosyl derivatives, and to explore their ability as neuroprotective agents with suitable pharmacokinetic profiles. All compounds were firstly evaluated in a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) to assess their effective permeability across biological membranes, namely the blood-brain barrier (BBB). With this test, we aimed not only at assessing if our candidates would be well-distributed, but also at rationalizing the influence of the sugar moiety on the physicochemical properties. To complement our analysis, logD7.4 was determined. From all screened compounds, the p-morpholinyl flavones stood out for their ability to fully rescue SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells against both H2O2- and Aβ1-42-induced cell death. Cholinesterase inhibition was also evaluated, and modest inhibitory activities were found. This work highlights the potential of C-glucosylflavones as neuroprotective agents, and presents the p-morpholinyl C-glucosylflavone 37, which did not show any cytotoxicity towards HepG2 and Caco-2 cells at 100 μM, as a new lead structure for further development against AD.

Con base en la aprobación de reformas a los artículos sexto y 134 de la Constitución General de México, se estableció la obligación de todos los órdenes de gobierno de difundir sus indicadores de gestión. En el caso de los gobiernos municipales, estos indicadores no suelen medir resultados concretos para la ciudadanía porque en las leyes no se define con claridad qué son o qué deben medir. En este sentido, se propone un conjunto de indicadores de resultados para los ayuntamientos a partir de sus competencias formales.

The chemical synthesis of new lipophilic polyphenols with improved properties presents technical difficulties. Here we describe the selection, isolation and identification of lipolytic bacteria from food-processing industrial wastes, and their use for tailoring a new set of compounds with great interest in the food industry. These bacteria were employed to produce lipolytic supernatants, which were applied without further purification as biocatalysts in the chemoselective and regioselective synthesis of lipophilic partially acetylated phenolic compounds derived from olive polyphenols. The chemoselectivity of polyphenols acylation/deacylation was analyzed, revealing the preference of the lipases for phenolic hydroxyl groups and phenolic esters. In addition, the alcoholysis of peracetylated 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol resulted in a series of lipophilic 2-alkoxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl acetate through an unexpected lipase-mediated etherification at the benzylic position. These new compounds are more lipophilic and retained their antioxidant properties. This approach can provide access to unprecedented derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol with improved properties.

Aunque la acción conjunta de las oligarquías locales y la realeza consiguió marginar del gobierno a la población urbana, en muchas ciudades no desapareció la voluntad del común de intervenir en los asuntos públicos, para lo que empleó todos los mecanismos a su alcance (habitualmente de naturaleza pacífica, pero a menudo también de carácter violento). En Toledo la participación en las juntas de las parroquias que se celebraban para nombrar a los jurados eran el único sistema de acción política que le quedaba al común en el siglo XV, y, aun así, tenía que sufrir toda clase de abusos por parte de los poderosos; unos abusos que se aceptaban con resignación, pero que degradarían la imagen del Cabildo de jurados, representante de los pecheros en la urbe, hasta situarlo en el punto de mira de la furia popular en sublevaciones como las de 1449 y 1467, y sobre todo en 1520.

A spring calving herd consisting of about 350 beef cows, 14–16 breeding bulls, 60 replacement heifers and 112 steers were used to compare the whole-farm GHG emissions among calf-fed vs. yearling-fed production systems with and without growth implants. Carbon footprint ranged from 11.63 to 13.22 kg CO2e per kg live weight (19.87–22.52 kg CO2e per kg carcass weight). Enteric CH4 was the largest source of GHG emissions (53–54%), followed by manure N2O (20–22%), cropping N2O (11%), energy use CO2 (9–9.5%), and manure CH4 (4–6%). Beef cow accounted for 77% and 58% of the GHG emissions in the calf-fed and yearling-fed. Feeders accounted for the second highest GHG emissions (15% calf-fed; 35–36% yearling-fed). Implants reduced the carbon footprint by 4.9–5.1% compared with hormone-free. Calf-fed reduced the carbon footprint by 6.3–7.5% compared with yearling-fed. When expressed as kg CO2e per kg carcass weight per year the carbon footprint of calf-fed production was 73.9–76.1% lower than yearling-fed production, and calf-fed implanted was 85% lower than hormone-free yearling-fed. Reducing GHG emissions from beef production may be accomplished by improving the feed efficiency of the cow herd, decreasing the days on low quality feeds, and reducing the age at harvest of youthful cattle.

La inserción laboral es un problema que se repite en todas las profesiones, debiéndose principalmente a las diferencias entre los contenidos que el alumno recibe durante su formación y el desempeño de su primera actividad profesional; los niveles más básicos de formación reglada (como los Ciclos Formativos de Grado Medio o Certificados de Cualificación Profesional) incluyen contenidos muy específicos que el alumno aprovechará inmediatamente mientras que aquellas titulaciones más largas tocan aspectos más amplios, de los que la mayoría no serán aprovechados en su primer empleo. En el caso de las titulaciones universitarias superiores (y especialmente en elcaso de Ingeniería Industrial) los planes de estudios son muy amplios; una vez que el estudiante finaliza la titulación no es especialista en ningún área en particular. Como medida para facilitar lainserción laboral se propone la realización de una auditoría de las instalaciones y se expone la experiencia de alumnos de Ingeniería Industrial que han realizado prácticas preprofesionales en la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (U.S.C.) y en la planta Nissan a lo largo de los últimos años.

The utility of debates for the evaluation of a series of transversal competences related to critical thinking is highlighted. Our main target has been to depict a novel evaluation methodology via discussion through a directed discussion system in a STEM discipline.