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Copyright of Pamukkale Medical Journal is the property of Pamukkale Journal of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the first case has emerged, different neurological complications associated with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been reported all over the world. The association between coronavirus and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has also been reported before. Unfortunately, there is no certain mechanism about this association yet. Molecular mimicry is one of the first hypotheses to express the undesirable autoimmunity in GBS. According to this; the antibodies produced against virus may target peripheral nerves or spinal nerve roots. The entity of direct viral neurotoxicity has also been discussed. Here, we presented four variants of GBS associated with coronavirus that we followed up in our clinic between September-December 2020. While the first patient had demyelinating sensorimotor neuropathy concurrent with COVID-19, the other ones were postinfectious. The second patient had motor axonal neuropathy and the third one had sensorimotor axonal neuropathy. There was Miller-Fisher syndrome and GBS overlap in the fourth patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gabriele Falloppio (1523-1562) was one of the greatest anatomists of medical history. He discovered and named numerous parts of the human body. This review aims to report some information regarding his life and studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to compare the hippocampal volumes of patients diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and of healthy objects. We also tried to demonstrate whether there was a possible correlation between the cognitive tests and the hippocampal volumes. Materials and Methods: The mini mental state examination (MMSE), ADAS-Cog and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) were administrated to the patients having AD (n= 20). MMSE and ADAS-Cog to MCI patients (n= 20) and the healthy control group (n= 18). Both right and left hippocampal volumes were measured by a three dimensioned Surf Driver programme with the support of cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Both right and left hippocampal volumes of the AD group were significantly smaller than the MCI and the control groups. Bilateral hippocampal volumes of MCI group were also smaller than the control group (hippocampal volumes; AD < MCI < control groups). The differences between the right and the left hippocampal volumes were not significant in both AD or MCI groups. Conclusion: Surf Driver method successfully demonstrated the relative hippocampal atrophy in the AD and the MCI groups when compared with the healthy controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771) is considered the father of neuropathology and one of the most important innovators in the history of medicine. In his 'opus magnum' De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis (The Seats and causes of diseases investigated by anatomy), he established pathological anatomy as a science by correlating clinical histories with autopsy findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific Background: The incidence of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) among young adults is approximately 2-11/100.000. Etiological diagnosis is very heteregenous including cardioembolism as the most common cause. Patients and Methods: Twenty-five young patients (age between 18-45 years) with cerebrovascular disease who were admitted to our University Hospital in the last two years were evaluated for their etiological diagnoses and risk factors. They were classified according to the Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST) classification. A comparison according to gender and age was done. Results: There were ten male (40%) and fifteen female (60%) patients. The mean age of the patients was 34.7±7.8 (20-45) years. The most frequent etiological diagnosis was cardioembolism related CVD (32%). Other etiological diagnoses were: Other determined causes 24% lacunar infarct 16%, large artery atherosclerosis 4% and undetermined 24%. The most common reason for cardioembolism was valvulopathy due to rheumatic fever (75%). Comparison of risk factors amongst genders and different age groups were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Despite complete evaluation, etiological diagnosis can not be determined in 24% of patients. Absence of classification for young adults and insufficiency at genetic research opportunities causes important limitations in clinical evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arachnoid cysts are often discovered incidentally in MRs performed for a variety of reasons. In this study, we have attempted to determine a possible relationship between the arachnoid cyst, seizure type and EEG abnormalities. Eight patients were classified according to the Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes of ILAE as idiopathic generalized or localized epilepsy: three as idiopathic generalized epilepsy, three as Rolandic epilepsy and two as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Two patients with rare nocturnal seizures had normal EEGs in the awaking and sleep stage. The EEGs of five patients with simple or complex partial seizures revealed focal epileptiform abnormalities, but only one patient had the same location with the arachnoid cyst. Five patients with symptomatic epilepsy had diffuse slowing in their EEGs and only one patient had seizure focus in the EEG that was contralateral to the arachnoid cyst. According to our study, seizure type and EEG abnormality corresponds to arachnoid cyst location in only one patient. Therefore, we suggest that arachnoid cysts may not be related to a specific seizure type and EEG focus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thalamic and brainstem strokes can cause organic hypersomnia. Paramedian thalamus is believed to play an important role in the regulation of sleep, and disturbances of sleep regulation are known to occur in paramedian thalamic stroke (PTS). In patients with PTS, slight sleepiness is reported with unilateral and limited lesions. In this paper we report on a patient presenting with severe hypersomnia who has a limited, unilateral thalamodiencephalic ischemic lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A 54 year-old man referred to our hospital with the complaint of excessive day time sleepiness. His cranial MRI revealed a unilateral ischaemic lesion beginning at the level of left thalamus and extending to nucleus Ruber and Edinger Westpall. His total day time sleep was about 23-24 hours in the first week. He had been put on dopamine agonist therapy (bromocriptine 2.5mg/day up to dose 7.5mg/day). During this medication his total day time sleep decreased gradually and after two months he returned to his normal vigilance. Lesions affecting thalamus and mesencephalic or pontine tegmental reticular formation are a cause of hypersomnia but clinical presentation and degree of hypersomnia can be various due to the affected region of the brain. We think that regulation of sleep and wakefulness by different brain structures are still elusive and new case reports and clinical trials would be helpful about clarification of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]