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Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A wide and established body of research evidence has consistently shown how the effective provision of social protection benefits and the promotion of gender equality are among the key tools for addressing shocks, vulnerability and poverty. It is largely to this end that these ideals implicitly feature throughout the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and explicitly in two Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The first is SDG 1 on poverty reduction, target 1.3 of which calls for the implementation of nationally appropriate social protection systems, measures and floors for all. The second is SDG 5, which aims to achieve gender equality and empowerment for all women and girls. Despite this, women across the world continue to receive contributory social security benefits that are notably lower than those of men. There is, therefore, a need for a critical and deeper understanding of policy, legislative and programmatic factors that underlie gender gaps in social protection provision. To contribute to knowledge in this regard, and while not aiming to address the intractable challenge of labour market formalization, this article draws on qualitative data from case studies conducted in 2022 among informal economy and other traditionally unprotected workers in three countries in sub‐Saharan Africa (Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania, and Togo), the region with the highest proportion of informal workers. The aim was to explore the extent to which these workers, who are predominantly women, have access to the various elements of maternity protection. The results showed the extent to which explicit legislative and policy frameworks as well as knowledge and service context often limit women's access to maternity protection. The article draws on the key findings to provide strategic recommendations for designing and effectively implementing more gender‐responsive social protection benefits in developing economy contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'informalité est une caractéristique historique du travail domestique rémunéré en Amérique latine. L'Argentine est un cas particulièrement intéressant à étudier, parce que le pays a profondément réformé son cadre réglementaire tout en mettant en place des mécanismes d'application novateurs. Les autrices utilisent une méthodologie quantitative‐qualitative pour analyser certaines des raisons qui pourraient expliquer l'apparente stagnation du taux d'emploi formel (qui a atteint un pic d'environ 25 pour cent ces dernières années) et le fait que les droits que garantit en théorie l'emploi formel soient toujours octroyés de façon discrétionnaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corner shops are part of the economy of many countries, including Jamaica. The utility of Jamaican corner shops became acutely apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined the contribution of corner shops and the factors impacting their operation, using a qualitative research approach. The approach consisted of interviews with owners of twenty-five (25) corner shops and discussions with patrons. Through the lenses of Cluster Theory, Oldenburg's Third Place social interpretation of institutions and Social Capital theory, it was revealed that corner shops are cornerstones of Jamaica's informal economy, contributing to the economic and social stability of many communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketplaces have long provided a context for observing the negotiation of everyday life amid broader processes of social and economic transformation. A growing scholarship has debated the relationship between markets and capitalist modes of production in Africa. However, less attention has been paid to the changing moral dimensions of economic life within popular urban marketplaces. This article examines the moral economy of a central marketplace in Kampala, Uganda, through an analysis of a rare archive: the records of the market disciplinary committee. We show that market vendors have responded to the expansion of market economy in Kampala by invoking principles derived from the past, including the obligation to 'feed' others. Rather than an abstracted market economy, disputes in the market were interpreted in the context of an embedded market society in which value is placed on livelihood facilitation. These findings advance the burgeoning literature on capitalism in Africa by demonstrating the ways in which neoliberal norms and values are situated within a broader moral landscape that places limits on what can be exchanged with whom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a brief overview of the social impacts of the COVID‐19 crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean, presenting how these are intertwined with a structural deficit of social protection systems. It also describes the main features of the emergency social protection responses adopted by Latin American countries that are relevant to the ongoing debate on an emergency basic income. Finally, it discusses the role, implications, and challenges in implementing an emergency basic income as a sustainable entitlement, embedded in the social protection system, to be activated in times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrairement à l’idée ancrée sur l’homogénéité de représentations, de pratiques et de finalités de l’économie informelle en RDC, la présente réflexion établit et démontre à travers les expériences de Kisangani et de Mbuji Mayi, que cette économie recèle des spécificités évidentes qui font foisonner une diversité infinie de ses réalités.

Access to public space for earning livelihoods is important for street vendors in global south cities. However, due to continuous population growth and the demand for lands by the real estate development sector, pressure on land is very high in the global south. Consequently, global south cities such as Dhaka provide 'no place' for its poor migrant citizens. Yet, the urban poor are able to appropriate public space for livelihoods. Drawing on a case study of Sattola slum in Dhaka, this article investigates how the urban poor access to public space for livelihoods and construct counter-spaces by breaking the planned order of the city. This article argues that the urban poor are able to construct counter-spaces with the tacit support of translocal social networks as well as with the support of a range of state and non-state powerful actors who are compromised by the benefits and profits they extract from vendors. This article draws on qualitative data generated through in-depth interviews with 94 informal workers and 37 key informants. This article contributes to urban sociology literature demonstrating that the urban poor are able to construct counter-spaces drawing on a range of everyday tactics and appropriating public space by quietly breaking the planned order of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: De nombreuses économies en développement affichent à la fois de fortes inégalités des revenus et un emploi largement informel. Malgré cette conjonction frappante, la relation entre les deux phénomènes est peu étudiée, en particulier pour l'Amérique latine. Les auteurs soulignent la complexité de ce lien et isolent plusieurs facteurs susceptibles d'influer en la matière. Ils testent leur modèle conceptuel empiriquement avec des données de panel portant sur une série de pays latino‐américains et sur la période 1990‐2018. Dans ce contexte particulier, les résultats font apparaître une association positive entre la formalisation du marché du travail et l'égalité des revenus du travail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De toute évidence, la lutte contre le secteur informel en RDC constitue l'un des facteurs de la dynamisation de l'économie nationale. Cette lutte nécessite que les mesures idoines soient prises, entre autres l'engorgement de tous les canaux de facilitation des activités économiques informelles, à travers les règles claires dont la violence est sévèrement sanctionnée de manière à dissuader tous les récalcitrants. En effet, parmi les mesures juridiques prises par le législateur de l’OHADA figure la consécration des sociétés commerciales pouvant fonctionner sans personnalité juridique, c'est-à-dire de façon informelle, dont la société en participation. Et plusieurs se cachent derrière ces formes de sociétés pour légitimer leurs activités informelles, tout en se soustrayant du contrôle étatique. Cette étude vient apporter la lumière quant à ce. Elle précise que la consécration de la société en participation, comme pour les autres sociétés sans personnalité juridique, n'est pas à concevoir comme un moyen d'encourager les opérateurs économiques à y recourir, mais une sanction à l'encontre de ceux qui auraient donné l'impression d'avoir constitué une société commerciale et voudraient se soustraire des obligations qui en découlent, en évoquant l'absence de la personnalité juridique. Ainsi, il est important que le législateur renforce les sanctions contre tous ceux qui s'y livrent de manière à ne pas permettre la dénaturation de sa réforme.

Copyright of Les Cahiers du CREAD is the property of Centre de Rrecherche en Economie Appliquee pour Developpement and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: Les auteurs analysent la façon dont le cadre du droit du travail s'est constitué dans les pays de la Communauté de développement de l'Afrique australe (SADC), en cherchant à faire apparaître les cas de segmentation juridique. En parallèle, ils donnent un aperçu des caractéristiques démographiques de l'économie informelle dans les pays en question. Ils concluent que, par les mécanismes qu'il met en œuvre dans la région, le droit du travail contribue dans une large mesure à la segmentation économique qu'on peut y observer, et ce alors même que les principes qu'il promeut ont été inscrits dans les constitutions des pays en question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Le présent numéro spécial vise à alimenter la discussion sur la nécessité de renforcer le cadre de régulation des relations de travail individuelles en proposant une analyse de la segmentation juridique engendrée par les fonctions régulatrice, hiérarchisante et compensatrice du droit du travail. Dans cette introduction, les auteurs présentent les études régionales et thématiques qu'il contient et décrivent leurs propres travaux, menés grâce à une base de données originale, notamment leur méthode, leurs conclusions préliminaires et la typologie des familles de droit à laquelle ils parviennent. L'ensemble du recueil fournit des pistes pour l'élaboration et l'application de règles protégeant tous les travailleurs de la planète. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'auteur analyse les phénomènes d'exclusion et de hiérarchisation en matière de protection des travailleurs dans quatre pays d'Asie (Chine, Inde, Malaisie et Viet Nam), en reprenant l'approche de la segmentation juridique de Dingeldey et al. (2021), mais dans une perspective qualitative. Plusieurs facteurs distinguent ces pays de ceux du monde du Nord et expliquent les spécificités de leurs marchés du travail: le nombre relativement important des travailleurs exclus du champ d'application de la législation du travail; la terminologie juridique, difficilement transposable, et le contexte historique (le passé colonial contribuant à expliquer l'écart entre le cadre légal et la réalité du travail). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Avec la pandémie de COVID‐19, la crise sanitaire et économique s'est doublée d'une crise du travail de soins. Tous les travailleurs en ont pâti, y compris dans l'économie informelle. Les auteurs exploitent les résultats d'une étude longitudinale menée par le réseau WIEGO en juin‐juillet 2020 auprès de travailleurs informels de douze villes. Ils observent que la crise a accru la charge du travail de soins, avec des conséquences sur les moyens d'existence et la sécurité alimentaire. L'analyse sexospécifique de l'activité professionnelle et du travail de soins non rémunéré permet de comprendre les répercussions particulières de la crise sur les travailleurs informels dans le monde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notre article étudie la relation entre les investissements directs marocains dans les pays de l’Afrique Subsaharienne et le pourcentage de l’emploi informel non-agricole. À cet effet, nous avions employé l’approche de la cointégration bivariée avec données de panel dynamique et de causalité au sens de Granger sur la période 2005-2016. Les résultats appuient une preuve d’impact négatif de l’emploi informel sur l’attrait des IDE marocains. Par ailleurs, les résultats ont indiqué l’absence de causalité, à court terme et à long terme, allant de l’IDE à l’emploi informel.

Key Messages: For many informal workers—including street vendors—staying at home and stopping working during the pandemic cannot be considered feasible options for many reasons.Analyzing informal street vending activities as a homogeneous phenomenon risks provoking misleading interpretations of street vendors solely as victims or as irresponsible people.Recognizing there is heterogeneity in street vending helps to illuminate the different social representations, identities, and strategies used by street vendors. The debate over the formality and informality of street vendors in Lima (Peru) is a long lasting one that has resulted in significant conflicts between the authorities and the vendors, wherein the latter are often represented as victims or people unable to comply with any type of rule. During the COVID‐19 lockdown period, the urban markets in Lima have had to abide by new safety and hygiene measures and follow new social norms to protect both vendors and buyers. This paper focuses on two food markets in the city (La Parada and Santa Anita), describing and analyzing different implementations, interpretations, and representations of the lockdown rules. The main objective is to broaden the understanding of the different types of street vendors who work in Lima and contribute to the de‐homogenization of the phenomenon. The study is based on interviews, ethnographic observations, and digital ethnography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the role played by migrants in the informal economy in the emblematic tourist sites of a Global North metropolis, paying heed to their interactions with tourists. It investigates the acceptability of the migrants' presence by probing the distance or proximity of tourists to migrant vendors. Our key hypothesis is that these subaltern assert a certain right to the city by mastering interpersonal distances with others and changing the dominant meaning attached to major tourist sites. This research draws on in‐depth fieldwork carried out in four of Paris's most famous attractions: the Eiffel Tower, Notre‐Dame, Montmartre, and the Louvre. It is based on ethnographic observations, 75 interviews in five languages with tourists, and 29 interviews with actors in the informal economy, often street vendors. Analyzing this research material has allowed us to conceptualize a wide range of strategies by which migrants negotiate their place in the city. We highlight three modalities of proxemic relationships between tourists and migrants that shape the multi‐scalar emotional experiences of these sites. These complex (im)possible proximities help us better grasp how a translocal and progressive sense of place is at stake, in the very heart of a global city. Key Messages: The handling of interpersonal distances by migrants is a condition by which they exert their right to the city.The micro‐geographic approach to interpersonal proximity at tourist sites makes it possible to highlight original migrants' ways of being in the city.The acceptability of migrant street vendors in these sites mixes emotions, trade, exoticism, and charity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization and the transformations that it brings are raising urgent questions about understanding the African city. This article stresses the value of viewing urban development through a critical lens that focuses on questions surrounding neoliberalism and the state, highlighting how such an approach can provide important insights into the dynamics of informal economic activity. Examining the recent history of Kisekka Market in Kampala, Uganda, it argues that development processes in the informal economy, even when apparently neutral or ostensibly empowering for the urban poor, facilitate forms of accumulation and dispossession that result in the consolidation of political and economic power. The destruction and rebirth of Kisekka Market, despite its changing politics, has consistently benefitted wealthier vendors and external investors, threatened to displace poorer traders and served the interests of President Museveni, the National Resistance Movement (NRM) and their allies. Exploring these dynamics demands addressing traditional political economy questions that must serve as the foundation for analysing the institutions, structures and processes shaping contemporary African cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On s’aperçoit de plus en plus que les acteurs informels sont à la recherche de meilleures conditions de vie, ils développent en continu des activités socio-économiques locales absorbant une masse importante de main d’œuvre à la recherche d’emploi. Cette autre voie de développement, appelée «économie informelle», constitue aujourd’hui pour les acteurs de la classe populaire une alternative de croissance socio-économique face à l’Etat et au marché.A partir de l’analyse de l’état de l’art de l’économie informelle, et d’une enquête de terrain sur la coopérative ATTAWAFOUK de tri des déchets en provenance des villes de Rabat-Salé-Témara, cette communication a pour objectif d’explorer le processus de transition du tri informel vers le tri formel, et par la suite, de développer un modèle contextuel résumant les différentes mesures pouvant être utiles pour la réussite de cette transition.

Copyright of Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of African Political Economy is the property of Review of Political Economy (ROAPE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the enactment of Statutory Instrument No. 72 (2019), Zambia is extending pension coverage to workers in the informal economy. We present evidence on the experiences and perspectives of domestic workers and bus and taxi drivers regarding pension scheme coverage in Zambia. We use data generated through interviews and focus group discussions. The analysis shows that pension schemes, as conventionally designed for formal economy employees, are not compatible with the values, beliefs and needs of informal economy workers, and pension coverage was not a priority for them. As a form of social innovation, extending access to pension coverage had a lower relative advantage and lacked incentives to attract informal economy workers. We propose a member‐centred framework for initiating the extension of social security coverage to informal economy workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Dans la plupart des études, les travailleurs de l'économie informelle sont présentés comme un tout homogène. Les auteurs considèrent pourtant qu'il peut y avoir parmi eux des gagnants et des perdants. En utilisant des régressions quantiles sur distribution non conditionnelle et des données issues d'une enquête auprès des ménages indonésiens (IFLS), ils estiment l'écart de rémunération entre travailleurs formels et travailleurs informels à différents points de la répartition des gains. Ils montrent que la pénalité de revenu aux dépens des travailleurs informels, manifeste et sensible pour certains d'entre eux, n'est pas systématique, confirmant ainsi la thèse de Fields (1990 et 2005) sur l'emploi informel hétérogène. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Études Inuit Studies is the property of Centre interuniversitaire d'etudes et de recherches autochtones (CIERA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To explain the prevalence and persistence of informal economic activity globally, scholars have recently advanced an institutional incongruence perspective. Institutional incongruence exists where there is a misalignment between what is considered legitimate by a society's formal institutions (e.g. its laws and regulations) and its informal institutions (e.g. norms, values and beliefs). Reporting findings from a series of qualitative focus groups in Bulgaria, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, this article explores relationships between such institutional incongruence and informal economic activity. In particular, it sheds light on how informality and institutional incongruence are experienced by individuals in South-East Europe. It furthermore provides insights on the causes of such incongruence, and how it can lead to informal economic activity. Finally, it reports on individuals' perceptions towards different measures to tackle institutional incongruence and informal economic activity, with implications for policymakers in South-East Europe and more widely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En Afrique de l’Ouest, le droit d’accès à la sécurité sociale universelle est loin d’être respecté. Les institutions internationales et les gouvernements africains se mobilisent depuis de nombreuses années pour lutter contre ce phénomène. Dans un rôle qui a évolué au fil des années, l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) fournit à cet égard une aide technique et financière aux pays de la région. Comment et pourquoi l’OIT intervient dans la protection de la santé des populations d’Afrique de l’Ouest ? Dans le cadre de cette étude institutionnelle, notre méthodologie s’appuie sur une revue de la littérature consacrée à l’histoire du rôle de l’OIT dans le domaine de la protection des services de santé en Afrique de l’Ouest, plus particulièrement au Ghana et au Sénégal. Nous montrons l’engagement de l’OIT depuis les années 1990 pour deux raisons principales : en premier lieu, le manque d’accès aux services de santé dans des pays caractérisés par une forme de travail spécifique ; en second lieu, le rejet de l’idée de protection sociale par les acteurs dominants sur la scène internationale, qui provoque des critiques dans le sillage des programmes d’ajustement structurel. Dans les contextes du Ghana et du Sénégal, deux pays ayant vécu le passage de mécanismes de santé communautaires vers une couverture sanitaire universelle, nous expliquons que l’OIT peut intervenir techniquement, institutionnellement et financièrement de plusieurs manières. L’une des découvertes importantes est la révélation du caractère systémique de l’approche développée par l’OIT à l’égard de la protection de la santé. En comparaison d’autres organisations internationales, elle fait appel à des solutions alternatives pour traiter la question de la protection sociale dans l’économie informelle. Mais cette approche est sous-évaluée au regard de la situation critique en Afrique et de la nécessité d’améliorer l’accès aux services de santé et de se rapprocher des objectifs de développement durable.

Copyright of Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerrannée is the property of Edisud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: L'auteur analyse l'effet de l'éducation sur les disparités salariales dans le secteur informel au Cameroun. L'analyse s'appuie sur des régressions quantiles et des données de l'enquête EESI 2 (deuxième enquête sur l'emploi et le secteur informel au Cameroun, menée en 2010). Elle montre que, dans le secteur informel, le salaire augmente avec le niveau d'instruction, de même que les disparités salariales (qui se creusent notamment sous l'effet d'un diplôme du supérieur). Plusieurs recommandations de politique générale en découlent, en vue d'une formalisation de l'économie: créer plus d'emplois pour la main‐d'œuvre qualifiée, fournir des infrastructures adaptées aux activités informelles et développer la formation professionnelle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Études Caribéennes is the property of Etudes Caribeennes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

يتطور الاقتصاد الجزائري في بيئة يتعايش فيها الاقتصاد الرسمي وغير الرسمي. يمكن رؤيتها كل يوم في حياتنا اليومية. الاعتراف من وجودها هو حديث جدا، لأن إهمال خلال الفترة من الاقتصاد المخطط، حيث كان التركيز أساسا على الاقتصاد التوزيع المتوازي. وقد شعرت أهمية هذه الظاهرة بالانتقال إلى اقتصاد السوق ؛ تحت تأثير تباطؤ نمو وتطور القطاع الخاص الرسمي، دعامة للسياسات التثبيت والإصلاحات الهيكلية التي لم تعط النتائج المرجوة. من ناحية أخرى ، انخفضت الإيرادات الضريبية ، وانخفضت الإنتاجية بدرجة كبيرة وانتشر الفساد على نطاق واسع. يتأثر القطاع الزراعي بشدة بارتفاع أسعار المدخلات، وإلغاء الإعانات الحكومية، وتدهور البنية التحتية وانخفاض أسعار السلع. وتهدف الدراسة لفهم كيف يمكن لهذا الاقتصاد، وتحديد الآثار الإيجابية والسلبية على المستوى الاقتصادي والاجتماعي، في حين استجوابه المنطق وآلياته لدمجها في عملية التنمية. النتائج المتحصل عليها من خلال تحليل بيانات من مسح الأسرة لدينا أجريت في عام 2017 على عينة من 343 أسرة أو حوالي 843 الأصول في ولاية تيزي وزو (الجزائر) تبين أن في هذه المنطقة حيث تقريبا نصف العاملين غير الرسميين (46.16٪) وحيث معدل البطالة حوالي 14٪ ، يعتبر الاقتصاد غير الرسمي شرًا ضروريًا. L’économie algérienne se développe dans un environnement où cohabitent l’économie formelle et informelle. Elle est visible tous les jours dans notre vie quotidienne. La reconnaissance de son existence est très récente, car négligé durant la période de l’économie administrée où l’accent était mis, essentiellement, sur l’économie parallèle de distribution. L’importance du phénomène s’est faite ressentir à la faveur de la transition vers l’économie de marché; sous l’effet du ralentissement de la croissance et le développement du secteur privé formel, un des piliers des politiques de stabilisation et de reformes structurelles qui n’a pas donné des résultats attendus. Par ailleurs, les recettes fiscales ont diminué, la productivité a baissé significativement et la corruption s’est généralisée. Le secteur agricole est fortement touché suite à la hausse des prix des intrants, la suppression des subventions publiques, la détérioration des infrastructures et la chute des cours des matières premières. Notre étude vise la compréhension de fonctionnement de cette économie, à cerner ses effets positifs et négatifs sur le plan économique et social, tout en s’interrogeant sur ses raisons d’être et les mécanismes de son intégration au processus de développement. Les résultats obtenus par l’analyse des données de notre enquête ménage réalisée durant l’année 2017 auprès d’un échantillon de 343 ménages soit près de 843 actifs dans la wilaya de Tizi-Ouzou (Algérie), montre que dans cette région où presque la moitié des occupés sont informels (46.16 %) et où le taux de chômage avoisine les 14 %, l’économie informelle est considérée comme un mal nécessaire. The Algerian economy is developing in an environment where the formal and informal economy coexist. It is visible every day in our daily life. The recognition of its existence is very recent, neglected during the period of the administered economy where the emphasis was put, essentially, on the parallel economy of distribution. The importance of the phenomenon was felt in favor of the transition to a market economy; as a result of slower growth and the development of the formal private sector, one of the pillars of stabilization and structural reform policies that has not yielded expected results. On the other hand, tax revenues have fallen, productivity has fallen significantly and corruption has become widespread. The agricultural sector is strongly affected by rising input prices, the removal of government subsidies, the deterioration of infrastructure and falling commodity prices. This research aims to understand the functioning of this economy, to identify its positive and negative effects on the economic and social level, while questioning its reasons for being and the mechanisms of its integration into the development process. The results obtained by analyzing the data of our household survey carried out during the year 2017 with a sample of 343 households, that is to say nearly 843 active in the wilaya of Tizi-Ouzou (Algeria), shows that in this region where almost half of the employed are informal (46.16%) and where the unemployment rate is around 14%, the informal economy is considered a necessary evil.

Cet article propose un nouveau cadre conceptuel pour qualifier et évaluer le répertoire des pratiques utilisées par les réseaux informels dans le but de redistribuer le pouvoir et l’accès aux ressources. Ces normes et pratiques distinctes font l’objet d’une typologie comprenant la cooptation, le contrôle et la dissimulation. La cooptation implique le recrutement dans le réseau par le biais d’échanges réciproques de faveurs. Le contrôle est destiné à garantir la discipline parmi les membres du réseau au moyen de l’humiliation et de l’isolement social. La dissimulation fait référence aux apparences formelles derrière lesquelles se cache l’informalité et a pour objet la protection et la légitimation du réseau. Ces trois modalités sont pertinentes pour parvenir à une conception plus détaillée de la corruption et de ses fondements. Les résultats de notre recherche comparative dans trois pays d’Afrique de l’Est (le Rwanda, la Tanzanie et l’Ouganda) laissent à penser que ces pratiques informelles sont pertinentes pour comprendre les choix et les attitudes des fournisseurs et usagers des services publics à l’échelle locale. L’adoption de ce prisme d’analyse permet d'expliquer l’impact limité des recommandations conventionnelles de lutte contre la corruption et fournit une base au développement de stratégies alternatives qui exploitent le potentiel des dynamiques des réseaux sociaux pour favoriser des résultats positifs contre la corruption.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Law & Society/Revue Canadienne Droit et Societe (Cambridge University Press) is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims at describing and analyzing the profile of the Spanish company which performs its activities within an informal economy scheme, applying the survey method from the date base GEM- Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Consequently, a general review of concepts and methods about the estimation of informal economy, as well as an international comparison to contextualize the current Spanish situation. At the same time, a model of logistic regression has been applied to describe the features which clearly explain different levels of informal economy in Spain. Its outcomes show that new- born companies stablished by necessity and formed by entrepreneurs younger than 42 years old which belong to the services sector tend to operate under an informal economy scheme. The region where the company is stablished and the rent level of the entrepreneur also influences on its level of informal economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes how the participation of migrants in Cuban public life has been reconfigured, starting with the process of updating the economic, political and social model that began in 2008. This group, which had been excluded from national public life through an intersection of official policies and discourses-which supported the viewpoint of migration without return, due to political causes, and an "us vs. them" opposition-now benefits from a Cuba that is more open to the world and consistent with transnational migration. Although the road to full citizenship continues to be full of obstacles, there are new opportunities for participation in public life, which the article measures from the integration of Cubans residing in Ecuador in the formal and informal economies to their maintenance of a migratory status in Cuba and the flow of information and communication with their native country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been increasing recognition of the growth of informal employment in the global South and North. Most informal work is precarious and low paid, with workers having little or no access to social protection. It is sometimes suggested that an approach that moves away from productivism - the idea of work as a pathway to access social protection - and towards a universal human rights-based approach is important. However, this article argues that a large and growing informal economy does not provide justification for abandoning certain key productivist ideas. Key ideas that should not be abandoned include the focus that this approach has on establishing a link between workers and capital and the importance of social services within a social protection discourse that is presently dominated by cash grants. Also important, productivist ideas emphasize the economic contributions of informal workers as a means by which to complement a human rights-based argument for the extension of workplace protection to all workers, regardless of employment status. Overall, the hard binary that is sometimes drawn between human rights-based approaches and productivist (or 'instrumentalist') arguments may not always be as definitively delineated as some might suggest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of informal economies is structured by conflict between governmental strategies of confinement, to places, times and how things are done, and the transgression of these confines by informal actors in pursuit of survival or advantage. This article examines the influential development program of formalization in the context of these conflicts. Informality can be formalized in two ways, by eradication and by regularization. Building on their past ethnographic research on informality, the authors use released confidential Hong Kong colonial government documents to explore the informal discussions among policy makers about how to respond to informal practices, and how their understanding of street vendors influences their chose of confinement strategies. While insisting on eradication for squatters, various forms of regularization were attempted for street vendors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of African Political Economy is the property of Review of Political Economy (ROAPE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of African Political Economy is the property of Review of Political Economy (ROAPE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of African Political Economy is the property of Review of Political Economy (ROAPE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents original research on relations between middle-class residents and informal-sector workers in Delhi, India. It shows how middle-class associations used their consumption preferences as well as relationships with local authorities to legitimize the work of street hawkers and waste workers. These findings suggest that the toleration of informality can be traced to governance regimes comprised of both state and non-state powerbrokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper's hypothesis states that the index of informality are directly correlated with the precarious --sometimes even non-existent-- social protection guarantees. The seriousness of the problem lies in the fact that the lack of legal status prevents from having access to the integral social security system, originating a dormant professional risk in the execution of the economic activity. In this sense, the aim of this research is to raise awareness among informal micro entrepreneurs regarding the need of becoming visible before the corporate system of public and private sectors, designing a methodology for their training on accounting, management and costs. Sound support from the San Buenaventura University in accounting, administrative and cost processes provided to the target population intend to foster decision taking in micro entrepreneurs in order to channel their business formalization and consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cahiers des Amériques Latines is the property of Institut des Hautes Etudes de l'Amerique Latine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle- and low-income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights-based entitlements, demand-driven employment, and citizen-centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South-South learning, both in terms of policy-design and implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les auteurs évaluent l'emploi informel - et les revenus non déclarés qu'il engendre - dans une très petite économie à gouvernance médiocre. Les données d'une enquěte auprès des ménages et d'un recensement leur servent à estimer le nombre de travailleurs en emploi informel à Chypre-Nord, ainsi que les caractéristiques de cet emploi, entre 2004 et 2011. Les travailleurs concernés sont essentiellement des citoyens non affiliés à la sécurité sociale, des immigrés employés illégalement ou des personnes ayant deux emplois dont un non déclaré. L'économie informelle aurait représenté 9,1 pour cent du PNB en 2006, et 12,2 en 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]