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Summary: To improve the gain of the corner‐slotted, wideband microstrip patch antenna (MPA), a three‐dimensional (3D) hemispherical dielectric lens (DL) and dielectric cylinder‐based hybrid structure is introduced. DL is constructed and integrated on the surface of the patch antenna to increase the gain performance. Three‐dimensional printing techniques contribute considerably to lens production. The 3D manufacturing technique provides greater freedom and versatility than conventional manufacturing methods. The DL increased the proposed single‐patch antenna gain from 6.2 to 13.7 dBi with stable gain fluctuation in the working frequency spectrum spanning between 27.5 and 31 GHz. This implies a notable increase in gain of 7.5 dBi and a consistently uniform gain characteristic throughout a 5‐GHz wide frequency range. Furthermore, the DL‐loaded antenna parameters such as |S11|, gain (dBi), axial ratio (AR), radiation efficiency (%), and radiation patterns measured results are compared with simulated plots. Overall, the measured results agree well with the simulated findings. Based on the results, the compact antenna can be chosen for different wireless applications, especially for satellite communication in the proposed band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article extends the exploration of solutions to the issue of flame propagation driven by pressure and temperature in porous media that we introduced in earlier papers. We continue to consider a p-Laplacian type operator as a mathematical formalism to model slow and fast diffusion effects, that can be given in the non-homogeneous propagation of flames. In addition, we introduce a forced convection to model any possible induced flow in the porous media. We depart from previously known models to further substantiate our driving equations. From a mathematical standpoint, our goal is to deepen in the understanding of the general behavior of solutions via analyzing their regularity, boundedness, and uniqueness. We explore stationary solutions through a Hamiltonian approach and employ a regular perturbation method. Subsequently, nonstationary solutions are derived using a singular exponential scaling and, once more, a regular perturbation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of signal outages in sub-THz frequency communication for future 6G networks is addressed by this research. A machine learning method is proposed, employing Random Forest and K-Means algorithms to predict the optimal frequency band and outage probabilities for UAV relays. Both space and frequency diversity are explored to enhance signal strength, and metasurfacecarrying UAVs are introduced with a 16 × 16 mm² design. This design significantly reduces the predicted outage probability from 0.1% to 0.0178%. Finally, triangular and hexagonal UAV swarm formations with metasurfaces are investigated, demonstrating improved performance through heatmap results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentin pulp has a complex function as a major unit in maintaining the vitality of teeth. In this sense, the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway has a vital part in tooth development, maintenance, repair, and regeneration by controlling physiological activities such as growth, differentiation, and migration. This pathway consists of a network of proteins, such as Wnt signaling molecules, which interact with receptors of targeted cells and play a role in development and adult tissue homeostasis. The Wnt signals are specific spatiotemporally, suggesting its intricate mechanism in development, regulation, repair, and regeneration by the formation of tertiary dentin. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in dentin and pulp regeneration, how different proteins, molecules, and ligands influence this pathway, either upregulating or silencing it, and how it may be used in the future for clinical dentistry, in vital pulp therapy as an effective treatment for dental caries, as an alternative approach for root canal therapy, and to provide a path for therapeutic and regenerative dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are the preferred species for producing astaxanthin because they pose a low toxicity risk than chemical synthesis. Astaxanthin has multiple health benefits and is being used in: medicines, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods. Haematococcus pluvialis is a model microalga for astaxanthin biosynthesis; however, its natural astaxanthin content is low. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to improve the biosynthesis of astaxanthin to meet industrial demands, making its commercialization cost-effective. Several strategies related to cultivation conditions are employed to enhance the biosynthesis of astaxanthin in H. pluvialis. However, the mechanism of its regulation by transcription factors is unknown. For the first time, this study critically reviewed the studies on identifying transcription factors, progress in H. pluvialis genetic transformation, and use of phytohormones that increase the gene expression related to astaxanthin biosynthesis. In addition, we propose future approaches, including (i) Cloning and characterization of transcription factors, (ii) Transcriptional engineering through overexpression of positive regulators or downregulation/silencing of negative regulators, (iii) Gene editing for enrichment or deletion of transcription factors binding sites, (iv) Hormonal modulation of transcription factors. This review provides considerable knowledge about the molecular regulation of astaxanthin biosynthesis and the existing research gap. Besides, it provides the basis for transcription factors mediated metabolic engineering of astaxanthin biosynthesis in H. pluvialis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scorpion venoms are known to contain over 100,000 biologically active constituents. However, only a few of them have been studied. The major constituents of venom are proteins and peptides, which exhibit various biological and pharmacological properties, including anticancer activities. In the current study, the venom of yellow scorpions (Buthus sindicus) found in Sindh, Pakistan, was extracted and evaluated for its anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The crude venom showed a dose dependent inhibition of phagocyte oxidative burst from human whole blood cells (28.3% inhibition at highest tested concentration of 300 μg/mL). In-vitro cytotoxicity of crude venom was evaluated against human prostrate (PC3), cervical (HeLa) and neuroblastoma (U87-MG) cell lines, along with cytotoxicity against normal human fibroblast (BJ) cells. Crude venom was cytotoxic to all cell lines, with prominent inhibitory effect on PC3 cells. Crude venom was fractionated through RP-UPLC, resulted in fifteen fractions, followed by evaluation of their anticancer potential. Among all, the fraction I significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the cell viability of all three cancer cell lines, and exhibited insignificant cytotoxicity against normal cell line. Furthermore, the apoptotic cell death pathway was evaluated for crude venom, and fraction I, in most sensitive cell line PC3, by using flow-cytometry analysis. Both crude venom and its fraction I caused a mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in prostate cancer cells (PC3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity of venom of Pakistani yellow scorpions. Results indicate their therapeutic potential, and a case for further purification and validation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the presented article is to develop some new global regularity criteria for a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid flowing in a saturated porous medium. The effect of the porous medium, over the fluid flow, is characterized by a Darcy–Forchheimer law. The fluid, under study, is considered as one-dimensional and flowing in the x– direction with velocity component u. In addition, such a component is assumed to vary with the y– direction, i.e. u (y). Then, given the vorticity function w = - ∂ u ∂ y , such that ‖ w ‖ BMO 2 is sufficiently small, we develop the regularity criteria under the scope of the L 2 space. We extend our results to the spaces Ls , where s > 2. Afterward, we prove the Liouville-type theorem for the MHD Darcy–Forchheimer flow equation. Eventually, we obtain some characterization about the asymptotic behaviour of solutions, particularly, the nonuniform convergence in L 2 for t → ∞. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]