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3D Scaffold is an evolutionary technology that brings about the development and advancement of tissue engineering processes, restorative medicine, and thus the future of medicine. Bioprinting technologies can make a suitable 3D substrate for adhesion, migration, extracellular matrix components, different phenotypes of human cells, signaling proteins Creating polarity, cell division, and other scaffold-like biomaterials for the manufacture of human skin in regenerative medicine. In this article, some natural polymers used in the field of scaffolding with the help of bio-printing machines have been introduced and studied. In addition, methods of improving and modifying their properties to achieve more desirable properties minimize their weaknesses and produce scaffolding with the highest efficiency through combination with other synthetic polymers and composite production. Natural polymers and polymer composites used in the manufacture of scaffolds and the field of tissue engineering, such as organic scaffolds including collagen, fibronectin, chitosan, gelatin, fibrin, alginates, etc. Chemically conform to the extracellular matrix. These materials should have properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and desirable mechanical properties to play a supporting role for damaged tissues to provide the necessary conditions for proliferation, growth, accumulation, and cell migration to improve and regenerate tissue damaged items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional bioprinting allows for the fabrication of structures mimicking tissue architecture. This study aimed to develop a gelatin-based bioink for a bioprinted simplified skin model. The bioink printability and chemical-physical properties were evaluated by varying the concentrations of gelatin (10, 15, and 20%) in a semi-crosslinked alginate-based bioink and calcium chloride (100, 150, and 200 mM) in post-printing crosslinking. For increasing the gelatin concentration, the gelatin-based formulations have a shear thinning behavior with increasing viscosity, and the filament bending angle increases, the spreading ratio value approaches 1, and the shape fidelity and the printing resolution improve. However, the formulation containing 20% of gelatin was not homogeneous, resulting also in poor printability properties. The morphology of the pores, degradation, and swelling depend on gelatin and CaCl2 concentrations, but not in a significant way. The samples containing 15% of gelatin and crosslinked with 150 mM CaCl2 have been selected for the bioprinting of a bilayer skin model containing human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The model showed a homogeneous distribution of viable and proliferating cells over up to 14 days of in vitro culture. The gelatin-based bioink allowed for the 3D bioprinting of a simplified skin model, with potential applications in the bioactivity of pro-reparative molecules and drug evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of three dimensional (3D) bioprinting has witnessed significant advancements, with bioinks playing a crucial role in enabling the fabrication of complex tissue constructs. This review explores the innovative bioinks that are currently shaping the future of 3D bioprinting, focusing on their composition, functionality, and potential for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. The development of bioinks, incorporating natural and synthetic materials, offers unprecedented opportunities for personalized medicine. However, the rapid technological progress raises regulatory challenges regarding safety, standardization, and long-term biocompatibility. This paper addresses these challenges, examining the current regulatory frameworks and the need for updated guidelines to ensure patient safety and product efficacy. By highlighting both the technological potential and regulatory hurdles, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the future landscape of bioinks in bioprinting, emphasizing the necessity for cross-disciplinary collaboration between scientists, clinicians, and regulatory bodies to achieve successful clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of advanced in vitro models for assessing liver toxicity and drug responses is crucial for personalized medicine and preclinical drug development. 3D bioprinting technology provides opportunities to create human liver models that are suitable for conducting high-throughput screening for liver toxicity. In this study, we fabricated a humanized liver model using human-induced hepatocytes (hiHeps) derived from human fibroblasts via a rapid and efficient reprogramming process. These hiHeps were then employed in 3D bioprinted liver models with bioink materials that closely mimic the natural extracellular matrix. The constructed humanized 3D bioprinted livers (h3DPLs) exhibited mature hepatocyte functions, including albumin expression, glycogen storage, and uptake/release of indocyanine green and acetylated low-density lipoprotein. Notably, h3DPLs demonstrated increased sensitivity to hepatotoxic agents such as acetaminophen (APAP), making them a promising platform for studying drug-induced liver injury. Furthermore, our model accurately reflected the impact of rifampin, a cytochrome P450 inducer, on CYP2E1 levels and APAP hepatotoxicity. These results highlight the potential of hiHep-based h3DPLs as a cost-effective and high-performance alternative for personalized liver toxicity screening and preclinical drug testing, paving the way for improved drug development strategies and personalized therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have made significant breakthroughs in creating complex three-dimensional (3D) constructs that mimic human tissues. This progress is largely driven by the development of hydrogels, which enable the precise arrangement of biomaterials and cells to form structures resembling native tissues. Gelatin-based bioinks are widely used in wound healing due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and ability to accelerate extracellular matrix formation. However, the role of a novel fatty acid conjugated tetrapeptide, palmitic acid–glycine–aspartic acid–proline–histidine (palmitoyl–GDPH), in enhancing hydrogel performance with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) concerning cell survival, proliferation, growth, and metabolism remains poorly understood. This study fabricated gelatin–palmitoyl–GDPH hydrogels at various concentrations (GE_GNP_ELS_PAL12.5 and GE_GNP_ELS_PAL25) using an injectable method and preliminary extrusion-based 3D bioprinting at 24 °C. Physicochemical characterization revealed superior water absorption, biocompatibility, and stability, aligning with optimal wound-healing criteria. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated >90% cell viability of HDFs cultured on these scaffolds for five days. These results highlight their ability to promote cell survival, proliferation, and adhesion, establishing them as strong contenders for wound healing. This study underscores the potential of gelatin–palmitoyl–GDPH hydrogels as effective bioinks for 3D bioprinting, offering a promising platform for skin tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of 3D bioprinting is rapidly emerging within the realm of regenerative medicine, offering significant potential in dealing with the issue of organ shortages. Despite being in its early stages, it has the potential to replicate tissue structures accurately, providing new potential solutions for reconstructive surgery. This review explores the diverse applications of 3D bioprinting in regenerative medicine, pharmaceuticals, and the food industry, specifically focusing on ear, skin, and bone tissues due to their unique challenges and implications in the field. Significant progress has been made in cartilage and bone scaffold fabrication in ear reconstruction, yet challenges in functional maturation persist. Recent advancements highlight the potential for patient-specific ear substitutes, emphasizing the need for extensive clinical trials. In skin regeneration, 3D bioprinting addresses limitations in existing models, offering opportunities for improved wound healing and realistic skin models. While challenges exist, progress in biomaterials and in-situ bioprinting holds promise. In bone regeneration, 3D bioprinting presents personalized solutions for defects, but scaffold design refinement and addressing regulatory and ethical considerations are crucial. The transformative potential of 3D bioprinting in the field of medicine holds the promise of redefining therapeutic approaches and delivering personalized treatments and functional tissues. Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for fully realizing the capabilities of 3D bioprinting. This review provides a detailed analysis of current methodologies, challenges, and prospects in 3D bioprinting for ear, skin, and bone tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve wound healing, advanced biofabrication techniques are proposed here to develop customized wound patches to release bioactive agents targeting cell function in a controlled manner. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted "smart" patches, based on methacrylated gellan gum (GGMA), loaded with tannic acid (TA) or L-ascorbic acid (AA) have been manufactured. To improve stability and degradation time, gellan gum (GG) was chemically modified by grafting methacrylic moieties on the polysaccharide backbone. GGMA patches were characterized through physicochemical, morphological and mechanical evaluation. Kinetics release and antioxidant potential of TA and AA as well as antimicrobial activity against common pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in accordance with ISO 22196:2011 are reported. The cytocompatibility of the patches was demonstrated by direct and indirect tests on human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) as per ISO 10993. The positive effect of GGMA patches on cell migration was assessed through a wound healing assay. The results highlighted that the patches are cytocompatible, speed up wound healing and can swell upon contact with the hydration medium and release TA and AA in a controlled way. Overall, the TA- and AA-loaded GGMA patches demonstrated suitable mechanical features; no cytotoxicity; and antioxidant, antimicrobial and wound healing properties, showing satisfactory potential for wound dressing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex pathology with a multifaceted pathogenesis and, to date, no definitive treatment strategy. Among emerging therapeutic approaches, a combination strategy leveraging biomaterial-based scaffolds for the delivery of both cells and therapeutic agents to the injured spinal cord has shown significant promise. While standalone cell therapies often demonstrate limited efficacy, biomaterial scaffolds can protect transplanted cells from the hostile microenvironment of the injury site and provide a supportive matrix for cell adhesion and subsequent integration into the host neural tissue. Contemporary approaches in cell and organoid therapy, combined with smart biomaterials that can dynamically adapt their properties in response to specific stimuli, present unprecedented opportunities for SCI treatment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in SCI therapies involving cell transplantation and biomaterial scaffolds, with a particular focus on their combinations. It highlights the strengths and limitations of different types of cell transplantation, including less conventional approaches, discusses brain organoid transplantation methods, and identifies the most frequently used scaffold types selected based on their mechanical properties and 3D architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) pose significant challenges as complete nerve regeneration remains limited. The demand for improved technologies in SCI treatment is evident. One such emerging technology is three-dimensional printing (3DP), which, coupled with advancements in medical imaging and bioengineering, has significantly enhanced precision in surgical procedures. This systematic review aims to explore 3DP as a treatment option for SCIs, examining its cost, efficacy, safety, and the associated technological constraints. A systematic search of Medline was conducted through PubMed for literature published since 2019. The search results were exported to Rayyan for abstract and full-text screening following predefined criteria. The risk of bias in the selected studies was assessed using the RoB2 tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. From a total of 89 articles screened, 11 studies met the eligibility criteria, collectively assessing 237 individuals with various types of SCIs, including lumbar degeneration, en bloc resection of thoracolumbar metastasis, adult spinal deformity, and cervical degeneration. These studies examined the utilization of 3DP devices such as hand orthosis, interbody fusion cages, lamellar titanium cages, artificial vertebral bodies, and others. Most of the reviewed studies reported positive treatment outcomes, with the actual procedure costs varying from $65 to $5,000. Recent literature shows positive outcomes in the use of 3DP technologies for SCIs, highlighting its potential for enhancing both surgical and nonsurgical interventions. These advancements usher in a new era in SCI treatment, providing enhanced precision and a wider range of treatment options, ultimately leading to more comprehensive and effective patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]