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In recent years, a number of researchers have paid increased attention to the phenomena directly related to the sociocultural mode of ruling. However, in the domestic historiography only the Middle Ages (e.g. Boitsov, Polskaya, Voskoboynikov, Khachaturyan) are closely studied in this aspect, while antiquity remains without researchers’ attention, although it is the basis of the formation of medieval monarchies. Moreover, modern historians developing the concept of «Late Antiquity» originally focused their attention on the cultural, religious and social spheres of Late Antique society, while they were little interested in the political and institutional history of the Late Roman Empire, and accordingly there was a lack of research on these issues. Consideration of the titles of the Roman emperor allows us to bridge the mentioned gaps observed in historiography.Based on the analysis of a set of numismatic and epigraphic sources dating from the 3rd to 5th centuries, the author shows changes in the titles of Roman emperors during this period. In particular, a conclusion is made about the gradual disappearance of the title imperator, which already under the heirs of Constantine almost ceased to be used. At the same time the main title becomes dominus noster, which was gradually included in the official name since the emperors of the III c. There is also a gradual disappearance of victory acclamations, epithets pius felix invictus, references to republican posts, and the title Caesar. However, we observe the appearance of the word victor et triumphator and the addition of the epithets semper or perpetuus to the title augustus.These changes in the titles are explained by the shift in emphasis from the exaltation of the emperor’s personality with the help of specific epithets to emphasizing the impersonal and absolute character of imperial power, expressed in the theatrical rituals of Late Antiquity.

The formation of the institute of postgraduate studies in history in the USSR in the 1930s is examined in the article. The sources used are published legislative acts, journalistic materials, archival data. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the proposed problem was often considered in the context of the history of scientific and scientific and educational institutions or exclusively through regulatory legal acts without taking into account the practice that actually existed and developed under the influence of the community of scientists. Using the materials of curricula for the training of graduate students of Moscow University, Leningrad University, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, as well as using the individual plans of graduate students, the author proves that the older generation of historians sought to integrate pre-revolutionary standards and mechanisms for training dissertation candidates into the new conditions of Soviet power. It is stated in the article that, despite the publication of numerous decrees, instructions, rules by government structures in relation to the institute of graduate school in the 1930s, there were no clear recommendations on the nature of the process of training scientific personnel. Supervisors of post graduate students, as a rule, themselves determined the scope of requirements for applicants. The author reveals the relative freedom of historians in determining the conditions and scientific criteria for entering the scientific community of neophytes.

The article analyzes the information on the preparation and defense in 1943 of A. V. Mishulin’s doctoral thesis “Ancient Spain and its entry into the struggle for independence (before the establishment of the Roman provincial system in 197 BC.” The attention is paid to the regulatory framework of protection of dissertations, the preparation of the dissertation debate and the procedure of its holding in 1940-ies. The article presents the results of comparative analysis of Mishulin’s autobiographies of different years (1920-1930-ies and 1943), which allows to identify the factors of formation of his “canonical” biography. It is proved that the applicant tries to show himself as a “real scientist” (not a “nominee”) who has passed all the necessary stages of scientific “growing up.” It is shown on the basis of archival data that the applicant regarded the defense of his doctoral thesis as a kind of ritual that would allow him to gain credibility among famous historians and become a full member of the scientific community, which could not be achieved in connection with the publications (in particular, the monograph on the uprising of Spartacus), which were published before the defense of the thesis. Attention is paid to the scientific style of A. V. Mishulin, which is characterized by broad historiographical reviews, generalizations based on them, following the findings of historiography. It is noted that, despite the military conditions, from a formal and substantive point of view, the dispute over the defense of the thesis was almost perfect.

Subject of research. The paper deals with research of the surface ablation for single-crystal silicon wafers and properties of materials obtained in response to silicon ablation while scanning beam radiation of pulse fiber ytterbium laser with a wavelenght λ = 1062 nm in view of variation of radiation power and scanning modes. Method. Wafers of commercial p-type conductivity silicon doped with boron (111), n-type conductivity silicon doped with phosphorus (100) have been under research with a layer of intrinsical silicon oxide having the thickness equal to several 10 s of nanometers and SiO2 layer thickness from 120 to 300 nm grown by thermal oxidation method. The learning system comprises pulse fiber ytterbium laser with a wavelenght λ = 1062 nm. The laser rated-power output is equal to 20 W, pulse length is 100 ns. Pulses frequency is in the range from 20 kHz to 100 kHz. Rated energy in the pulse is equal to 1.0 mJ. Scanning has been carried out by means of two axial scanning device driven by VM2500+ and controlled by personal computer with «SinMarkТМ» software package. Scanning velocity is in the range from 10 mm/s to 4000 mm/s, the covering varies from 100 lines per mm to 3000 lines per mm. Control of samples has been carried out by means of Axio Imager A1m optical microscope Carl Zeiss production with a high definition digital video camera. All experiments have been carried out in the mode of focused laser beam with a radiation spot diameter at the substrate equal to 50 μm. The change of temperature and its distribution along the surface have been evaluated by FLIR IR imager of SC7000 series. Main results. It is shown that ablation occurs without silicon melting and with plasma torch origination. The particles of ejected silicon take part in formation of silicon ions plasma and atmosphere gases supporting the plasmo-chemical growth of SiO2. The range of beam scanning modes is determined where the growth of SiO2 layer is observed. Beginning with scanning velocity equal to 2000 mm/s, the torch existence is not fixed visually; silicon oxide origination is stopped, and silicon particles with nanometer sizes are formed as a result of silicon destruction. The process of silicon destruction is followed by sounds of different frequency depending on scanning velocity. Practical significance. The surface ablation for single-crystal silicon has been shown for the first time ever to be influenced significally by such features of laser radiation as laser beam scanning velocity and the covering of scanning lines. Laser beam scanning modes of pulse fiber ytterbium laser with a wavelenght λ = 1062 nm have been found out providing the synthesis of nanostructured silicon dioxide particles or silicon nanoparticles.

We present a scaling theory and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation results for a flexible polymer chain slowly dragged by one end into a nanotube. We also describe the situation when the completely confined chain is released and gradually leaves the tube. MC simulations were performed for a self-avoiding lattice model with a biased chain growth algorithm, the pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method (PERM). The nanotube is a long channel opened at one end and its diameter Dis much smaller than the size of the polymer coil in solution. We analyze the following characteristics as functions of the chain end position xinside the tube: the free energy of confinement, the average end-to-end distance, the average number of segments imprisoned in the tube, and the average stretching of the confined part of the chain for various values of Dand for the number of repeat units in the chain, N. We show that when the chain end is dragged by a certain critical distance x* into the tube, the polymer undergoes a first-order phase transition whereby the remaining free tail is abruptly sucked into the tube. This is accompanied by jumps in the average size, the number of imprisoned segments, and the average stretching parameter. The critical distance scales as x* ∼ ND1−1/ν. The transition takes place when approximately 3/4 of the chain units are dragged into the tube. The theory presented is based on constructing the Landau free energy as a function of an order parameter that provides a complete description of equilibrium and metastable states. We argue that if the trapped chain is released with all monomers allowed to fluctuate, the reverse process in which the chain leaves the confinement occurs smoothly without any jumps. Finally, we apply the theory to estimate the lifetime of confined DNA in metastable states in nanotubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]