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This study introduces the Orbit Weighting Scheme (OWS), a novel approach aimed at enhancing the precision and efficiency of Vector Space information retrieval (IR) models, which have traditionally relied on weighting schemes like tf-idf and BM25. These conventional methods often struggle with accurately capturing document relevance, leading to inefficiencies in both retrieval performance and index size management. OWS proposes a dynamic weighting mechanism that evaluates the significance of terms based on their orbital position within the vector space, emphasizing term relationships and distribution patterns overlooked by existing models. Our research focuses on evaluating OWS's impact on model accuracy using Information Retrieval metrics like Recall, Precision, Interpolated Average Precision (IAP), and Mean Average Precision (MAP). Additionally, we assess OWS's effectiveness in reducing the inverted index size, crucial for model efficiency. We compare OWS-based retrieval models against others using different schemes, including tf-idf variations and BM25Delta. Results reveal OWS's superiority, achieving a 54% Recall and 81% MAP, and a notable 38% reduction in the inverted index size. This highlights OWS's potential in optimizing retrieval processes and underscores the need for further research in this underrepresented area to fully leverage OWS's capabilities in information retrieval methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of the food chain due to technological advances has had significant implications in regard to food safety. A noteworthy trend in this evolution relates to the emergence of new or previously unseen pathogens within products, thereby altering the landscape of foodborne illness epidemiology. The escalating frequency of these events underscores the need for a comprehensive re-evaluation of preventive strategies. The occurrence of novel species of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and unusual biotoxins from unexpected sources has challenged the previous limits that had been set to prevent foodborne illness outbreaks. The repercussions, ranging from detrimental effects on public health to economic burden, are influenced by a myriad of factors affecting the evolution of foodborne pathogens and emerging ailments. Among these factors are shifts in population demographics and behaviors, especially dietary patterns, as well as climate extremes, advances in more precise pathogen detection, microbial adaptation, evolving agricultural practices, and transformative changes within the food industry. This review critically examines the impact of technological metamorphosis along the food chain, encompassing production, processing, handling, packaging, storage, transportation, and industry demographics on the dynamics influencing the emergence of foodborne pathogens. Additionally, potential solutions to mitigate and manage this escalating issue are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Three Mile Island Unit 2 accident, regulatory bodies were concerned about the safety measures in design and operation corresponding to the operator's decisions and procedures for handling such off-normal transients. Several recommendations were proposed to analyze transients and accidents, improve and revise emergency operating procedures (EOPs), and conduct functional training. In this work, procedural paths were systematically studied to identify the problems in the diagnosis associated with a pilot-operated relief valve (PORV)-break loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) as well as to suggest new indications for improving the EOPs. Operational parameters during PORV-break LOCA and pipeline-break small-break LOCA were analyzed using a generic pressurized water reactor simulator to compare and justify the symptoms between these two events. It was found that suggesting further indications mainly in the reactor cooling system and containment symptoms may improve the diagnosis of a PORV-break LOCA from the pipeline-break small-break LOCA. This paper presents a practical approach to evaluating diagnostic procedures to better understand operator recovery actions corresponding to reactor system response in dealing with a PORV-break LOCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qur'anic legislation had several features that make it a complete legislation. That falsehood does not come to it from before it or from behind it, and among those important features is that it is a legislation based on the care of purposes upon which all its rulings revolved, and these purposes, although they are achieved by those legislations, are still becoming clear and unfolding on the one hand. On the other hand, some verses of the Holly Qur'an were revealed according to some reasons. These verses are verses that included provisions, and since they included those provisions, and the provisions took into account the purposes, these reasons are considered a clear practical example that appears and highlights that those provisions were revealed to take into account those purposes. Among the Qur'anic legislations were those legislations whose purpose was to maintain security in society. These legislations were enacted through verses that were revealed according to the reason for revelation. The reason for revelation was a practical example of observing the Sharia to maintain community security. What the study has been exposed to as proven models for that claim are examples of punishment legislation in the Qur'an as the limit of robbery and the limit of theft and the legislation of curse and examples of the legislation of some morals such as those contained in Surat Al-Hujurat such as the order to verify the news and the order to reform in the event of fighting between Muslims and the prohibition of ridicule and renounce racism. The study was thus a way to clarify the relationship between these legislations, which were combined with the goal of maintaining security in society, and this goal through the reason for the descent, which represents that relationship in a practical way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Judicial decisions in the law and Sharia are implemented by following two methods, either voluntarily by the free will of the convicted person, or driven by fear of compulsory execution, and it is the second method carried out by the judiciary, by forcing the convicted person to implement the required consequent commitments and cries. The problem of this study lies In the adequacy of the legal texts and Islamic Sharia in finding solutions to implement judicial rulings and decisions, researchers will follow the descriptive and analytical approach, and the comparative approach whenever possible, and the researchers have reached set of results and recommendations, the most important of which was: The forced execution shall be upon legal litigation instated Through the enforcement departments of the judicial authority after exhausting the optional implementation method. As for the most important recommendations, it should be taken into account in the Islamic jurisprudence that the insolvent debtor is considered a debtor who is unable to fulfill his obligations, and not merely the claim of the person convicted of insolvency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional statistical approach in synonyms extraction is time-consuming. It is necessary to develop a new model to improve the efficiency and accuracy. This research presents a new model in synonyms extraction called Noun Based Distinctive Verbs (NBDV). During the documents' numerical representation phase, the NBDV replaces the traditional tf-idf weighting scheme with a novel weighting scheme called the Orbit Weighing Scheme (OWS). The OWS links the nouns to their semantic space by examining the singular verbs in each context. The weight of the term is determined by considering the three parameters: Verb_Noun Frequency, Verb_Noun Distribution, and Verb_Noun Distance. The Verb_Noun Distribution parameter is mathematically formulated to depict the semantic relation between the noun and a certain set of verbs that only appear in the context of this noun. We compared the new models with important models in the field, such as the Skip-Gram, the Continuous Bag of Words, and the GloVe model. The NBDV model was tested on both Arabic and English languages, and the results showed 47% recall and 51% precision in the dictionary-based evaluation and 57.5% precision in the human experts' evaluation. Comparing with the synonyms extraction based on tf.idf, the NBDV obtained 11% higher recall and 10% higher precision. Regarding the efficiency, we found that on average, the synonyms extraction of a single noun requires the process of 186 verbs, and in 63% of the runs; the number of singular verbs was less than 200. It is concluded that the developed method is efficient and processes the single run in linear time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensor deployment positions play an important factor in determining target location estimation error performance in sensor networks employing received signal strength indicator measurements. The problem we investigate is as follows: Given a deployment area that has possibly non-uniform estimation error requirements and some initial sensor positions, then how can these sensors be deployed such that requirements are met as best as possible? We propose three variants of a low-complexity distributed strategy that require little information exchange between neighboring sensors. Each sensor locally calculates both the direction and magnitude of movement necessary to reduce the difference between achieved and required estimation errors at points within it sensing radius. The direction of movement is calculated as a weighted combination of these points. The weights can incorporate the error difference, number of sensors covering a point, the distance to a sensor and sensor density. Depending on the parameters chosen, three different weighing methods (namely, the density weighted centroid, error weighted centroid (EWC) and modified EWC) are proposed in this paper. We also provide an analytic derivation of the necessary distance a sensor should move. The proposed strategy is compared against a the RELOCATE algorithm and centralized generic genetic algorithm (GA) relocation method. Simulation results demonstrate that using the distributed strategy can achieve a comparable performance (within 10%) of the GA's performance and significantly outperform that of the RELOCATE. Sensor movement for different k. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In RSSI-based target localization, estimation error depends on several factors (e.g., location of sensors, target energy). Furthermore, when quantization is involved, localization accuracy largely depends on the number of allocated bits and quantization thresholds used by each sensor. In this paper, we consider the problem of meeting estimation error requirements at different points of interest within the deployment area as best as possible under a bit rate budget constraint. Due to the complexity of the problem, we first address the bit allocation problem by proposing three different sequential allocation algorithms. Simulation results indicate that the error performance of proposed algorithms is within 2% - 20% of that of the optimal solution. Secondly, we propose the ESAQ adaptive scheme that incorporates target parameters and error profile of each sensor in quantization threshold selection. Simulation results show that the ESAQ outperforms both the EDQ and EBHQ thresholding methods found in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In distributed sensor networks (DSNs), localization errors are highly dependent on the relative location of sensors with respect to the target of interest. In this paper, we study the problem of relocating sensors from their initial deployment positions to new positions that would result in meeting estimation requirements at multiple points in a region of interest as best as possible. More specifically, we develop a distributed virtual forces (VF)-based sensor relocation algorithm in which each sensor locally calculates its next location. In the proposed algorithm, VF forces are constructed in such a way that enables fast sensor relocation with the goal of minimizing the difference between achieved and required estimation requirements. The proposed algorithm is scalable and requires minimal information exchange between a sensor and its neighboring sensors. Simulation results are used to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]