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Objectives: The bicipital aponeurosis is a fascial expansion which arises from the distal tendon of biceps brachii muscle. It is an important structure for protecting the median nerve and brachial artery. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphometry and shape of the bicipital aponeurosis and its implications for the protection of the median nerve and brachial artery. Methods: Upper extremities of two fresh frozen and seven embalmed cadavers (five right, four left sides) were dissected. The ages of the cadavers varied between 60-86 years. The central length, superior width, central width, inferior width and the shape of bicipital aponeurosis were evaluated. All measurements were performed by using digital caliper. Results: The central length of the bicipital aponeurosis was measured 3.6±1.2 cm. The superior, central and inferior width of the bicipital aponeurosis were found 1.5±0.7 cm, 1.5±0.6 cm and 1.8±0.8 cm, respectively. Through the examination of upper extremities; two different shapes of bicipital aponeurosis were observed. In type I; the bicipital aponeurosis was fusiform in shape and observed in four upper extremities. In five extremities, it was found as quadrangular in shape and classified as type II. Conclusion: The morphometry and shape of bicipital aponeurosis have a clinical importance to protect the median nerve and brachial artery or to reduce compression of these neurovascular structures. A better understanding of bicipital aponeurosis morphometry is important in assessment of biomechanical properties of biceps brachii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: As in all areas of life, there are inequalities between individuals in the field of medical education. The way to eliminate these inequalities is to eliminate those who produce inequalities, but questioning inequalities is also an important step. The aim of this study is to reveal what extent sexist and racist approaches are used in anatomy education with or without awareness. Methods: In order to reveal sexist and racist approaches in anatomy education, the figures in 3 anatomy atlases and 3 textbookswritten in English, which are widely used, were evaluated. The figures in these textbooks whose sex and skin color were evident, were examined by 2 observers and the phenotypic characteristics of the people in these figures were evaluated. Results: Within the scope of this study, more than 1500 figures and drawings were analyzed in terms of "sex" and "race". Most of the figures in these books and atlases had the phenotypic characteristics of "western", "white" and "male". The number of "non-white" and "non-male" figures was less than 3%. Conclusion: According to the observed data, it was found that the most frequently used sources in anatomy education were overwhelmingly dominated by "western", "white" and "male" figures. We think that this situation may lead to the problem of misinterpretation of "norms" in the education of individuals, and that it is important to creating awareness with public resources to change this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asterion is the junction of lambdoid, parietomastoid and occipitomastoid sutures and it corresponds to the location of the posterolateral fontanelle. It is close related to the location of junction of transverse and sigmoid sinuses. Mastoid process, posterior end of zygomatic arch, external occipital protuberance and lambda are bony features in close proximity of asterion. In the present study we measured the distance between asterion and each of aforementioned bony points. Twenty human dry skulls were included in this study. Distance between asterion and mastoid process was 43.65 ± 6.75 mm on the left side and 45.01± 6.04mm on the right side. Distance between asterion and posterior end of zygomatic arch was 43.97 ± 7.37 mm on the left side and 43.95± 7.02 mm on the right side. Distance between asterion and external occipital protuberance was 62.59 ± 8.83 mm on the left side and 54.75 ±5.57mm on the right side. Distance between asterion and lambda was 81.40 ± 7.36 mm on the left side and 82 ± 4.96 mm on the right side. In 84 % of the cases asterion was at the junction of transverse and sigmoid sinuses. In 12% of the cases asterion was below the junction of transverse and sigmoid sinuses. In 4 % of the cases asterion was above the junction of transverse and sigmoid sinuses. Asterion is the essential point to indicate safety zone for surgical approach and to determine sex and age. It is of great interest of anatomists, anthropologists, forensic experts, radiologists and neurosurgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The nucleus accumbens is an important component of the ventral striatum. It is a round and flattened structure, which is located anterior to the posterior border of the anterior commissure and lies paralel to the midline. It has a crucial role in the cognitive processing of motivation, reward, addiction, aversion, slow-wave sleep and reinforcement learning. The aim of this study was to revisit the afferent and efferent pathways of the nucleus accumbens. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed using Pubmed and Google Scholar websites. Results: Neurons in the nucleus accumbens receive input from the ventral tegmental area (via the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway), the amygdaloid complex (primarily via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway), from the hippocampal formation (through the precommissural fornix), and from cells of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Additionally, fibers from the prefrontal cortex and prelimbic cortex project to the nucleus accumbens. Efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens include fibers to the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra, amygdala, the subpallidal region and the globus pallidus. The afferent and efferent pathways of the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, drug addiction, Parkinson, Alzheimer and Huntington diseases. Conclusion: The nucleus accumbens is a complex and fascinating structure that has great influence over a variety of human behaviors. Knowing afferent and efferent pathways of the nucleus accumbens will guide to the physicians for diagnosis and treatment of the neurological and psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]