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The Moroccan date-growing sector is rich in a wide diversity of varieties but faces major challenges, notably the undervaluation of certain varieties intended mainly for animal feed. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the antiglycation activity of four date varieties, including three low-market-value varieties and one high-market-value variety, harvested during two seasons (2021 and 2022). In addition, to improve our knowledge of the antiglycation potential, molecular docking analyses were carried out. The results of the antiglycation activity of the date extracts showed strong activity, particularly for the 'Khalt Khal' variety, which showed a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 1.83 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL in 2021 and 2022, respectively. In addition, the molecular docking analysis also showed the possible link between the bioactive compounds identified and their mechanisms of action. Our findings suggest new evidence for the antiglycation properties of the bioactive compounds present in dates. These results suggest the use of these varieties as a source of bioactive molecules or as a food additive. This could make it possible to create medicines or food products with a high commercial value using dates, which could help to treat the complications associated with glycation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Morocco, the abundance of low-value varieties in the oases may provide an opportunity to capitalize on this richness to create new nutraceutical food products. In this context, the phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of four Moroccan date varieties were analyzed. Our results indicate that the levels of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total condensed tannins vary, respectively, from 91.86 to 364.35 mg GAE/100 g of dry weight (DW), 46.59 to 111.80 mg QE/100 g DW and 16.10 to 42.03 mg CE/100 g DW during the 2021 harvest season. Furthermore, during the 2022 harvest season, these contents vary, respectively, from 119.13 to 410.39 mg GAE/100 g DW, 59.30 to 110.85 mg QE/100 g DW and 21.93 to 53.95 mg CE/100 g DW. The results of the HPLC-UV-VIS analysis revealed that, in all four varieties, gallic acid was and remained one of the major compounds in the date extracts. In addition, a high antioxidant activity of date extracts was particularly observed in the three tests, namely ferric reducing power (FRAP), ferrous ion chelating capacity (FIC) and the phosphomolybdate test. This richness in phenolic compounds makes low-value dates a source of active ingredient that can replace the synthetic antioxidants used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The applicability of the otolith shape analysis of the European sardine, Sardina pilchardus was investigated to help in stock discrimination. Discriminant analysis was achieved by an otolith-based morphometrics assignment of otolith shape; 360 specimens of S. pilchardus were collected from three localities (Larache, Safi and Dakhla). Otolith shapes were described from otolith measurements and elliptic Fourier descriptors. This analysis showed the presence of three different morphotypes in the studied locations. The existence of three morphotypes is probably related to the variation of oceanographic conditions impacting the feeding regime and fish growth. This study proved that otolith shape analysis could become an accurate marker for S. pilchardus population discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was a better understanding of the phenotypic diversity of date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in southern Morocco. To determine the total degree of polymorphism and find their distinct phenotypic attributes, 17 date palm accessions from various date palm groves in the Drâa-Tafilalet zone (Zagora) were studied. Thirty vegetative and reproductive parameters were examined, and multidimensional statistical methods were used to assess the data. These findings indicated that the date palm germplasm exhibited a high level of genetic polymorphism. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that leaf length and width, spine length and width, and fruit sizes were responsible for a considerable amount of the observed variability. Strong correlations were found between the studied traits, especially between fruit dimensions (length and width) and fruit and pulp weights (0.776; 0.861; 0.868; 0.719), respectively. A positive correlation was also found between petiole width at the bottom and spines (0.706), between petiole width at the bottom and leaflets number (0.765) as well as between spadice length and spadice length at the ramified part (0.673). Five phenotypic groups were identified with levels of dissimilarity ranging from 0.37 to 0.92. The first cluster had four cultivars (Bourar, Mentouj tissgharine, Khalt lohmadi and Khalt abdelghani); the second group possessed six cultivars (Khalt bheir ngli, Khalt iaach, Bouezgagh, Black bousthammi, KHL and Elmensoum); the third cluster included four cultivars (Elahmer chetoui, Elasfer eljaid, Hak feddan laaneb and Khalt khel); the fourth group contained two cultivars (Khalt zoubair ibn laouam and Mentouj lhaj lehbib); and the fifth group contained only one cultivar, 'Khalt iaissi'. In each one of these groups, the similarities observed between cultivars were based on fruit characteristics (semi-dry, dry, and soft dates). This work highlighted the most important traits that can be used for assessing the diversity of date palm trees and fruit. Leaf length and width, spine length and width, and fruit sizes had the highest discrimination value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apricot is among the most important fruits in Morocco. This study aimed to determine the main physical, physicochemical, and biochemical quality criteria of three principal apricot cultivars in Morocco, namely, "Maoui," "Canino," and "Delpatriarca." Different physicochemical and biochemical methods have been improved and adapted for the assessment of the apricot's quality. Fruit of "Canino" has shown a good organoleptic quality due to interesting biometrics, richness of carotenoids (up to 113.67 μg of β-carotene g−1 of fresh weight (FW)), and an important content of soluble solids (SS) that reached 17.20 °Bx. "Delpatriarca" is rich in organic acids (27.35 g/kg FW for total acids) while "Maoui" has high water content (83.77%) and a SS content of 16.03 °Bx. The association of the total acidity and soluble solids determination with the use of the HPLC for determining the organic acids was very practical and effective in determining the organoleptic quality of the fruit. High correlations were detected between several attributes. In addition, an important relationship between total carotenoids concentration and color parameters (L ∗ a ∗ b ∗) demonstrated that these parameters are good for apricot quality and ripening indices. The obtained results also revealed the presence of a high variability among the quality criteria of the three apricot cultivars. These characteristics could be useful for promoting the consumption of the "Maoui" as fresh fruits and the use of "Canino" and "Delpatriarca" for industry derivatives products. The results could also be useful for new apricot breeding program among different eco-geographical groups of the Mediterranean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In association with a desirable balance of sugars and organic acids, volatile compounds contribute to the important sensory attributes of apricots. This study assessed the biochemical, aromatic, and sensory qualities of ten Moroccan apricot clones at two maturity stages (M1: commercial stage and M2: consumption stage). Sucrose (1.84–7.09 g/100 g of fresh weight (FW)) and citric acid (0.56–2.25 g/100 g FW) were the main sugar and organic acid in fresh apricots, respectively. The principal identified volatile compounds classes were aldehydes, alcohols, and acetates. The major apricot volatile compounds, hexanal (15.43–696.35 μg/kg FW), 2-hexenal (9.04–404.72 μg/kg FW), β-linalool (8.49–880.50 μg/kg FW), and 1-hexanol (3.35–86.00 μg/kg FW), were previously reported to be major contributors to apricot flavor. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant impact of the ripening stage on the perception of sensory quality related to biochemical parameters. At the commercial stage, apricots were more firm and acidic, characterized by herbaceous odor and high citric acid level, while at the consumption stage, fruits were sweeter, having high reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) contents, and characterized by floral, fruity, and apricot flavors. Among suggested cultivars as suitable for consumption as fruits, red clones ("Cg 2" and "Mans 15") and orange clones ("Marouch 16," "Ab 5," "Rtil 4" and "Marouch 4") showed very interesting sensory attributes, aroma, and sugar-acid balance, expressing a good overall quality of apricot fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]