Search

Recent studies have found that motor variability is actively regulated as an exploration tool to promote learning in reward and error-based tasks. Based on this functional role of variability, several researches have manipulated motor variability by practicing in order to maximize learning processes. However, the effectiveness of such variable practice as a tool to improve motor performance has shown several controversial results. The present work reviews how the interaction between the features of individuals with different motor capabilities (i.e. experience and brain disorders) and task constraints modulates the relation between motor variability and motor control and learning. Examining how the process of skill learning can be improved by the variability modulation according to individuals’ is not only of theoretical interest, but may also have several practical implications in motor learning and neuro-rehabilitation.

Resumen En la Gimnasia Artística, el rendimiento viene determinado por la ejecución de una serie de movimientos con base en un modelo establecido y recogido en el Código de Puntuación. Con base en esto, el objetivo de nuestro trabajo es determinar si el número y nivel de dificultades que componen el total de diagonales realizadas en un ejercicio de suelo predice e influye de manera positiva en la puntuación final del gimnasta. Para ello se realiza un estudio descriptivo con una metodología observacional, en el cual se analizan 16 ejercicios de suelo de los 16 gimnastas clasificados para la final individual de suelo de Gimnasia Artística Femenina y Masculina en los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín 2008. Los resultados concluyen que el número de dificultades que componen el total de diagonales realizadas en un ejercicio de suelo no predice ni influye de manera positiva en la puntuación final del gimnasta. Los resultados muestran también que el nivel de dificultad tampoco predice ni influye de manera positiva en la puntuación final del gimnasta, excepto en el caso del Nivel E. Palabras clave: Gimnasia Artística, código de puntuación, dificultad, análisis observacional. Abstract In Artistic Gymnastics, the performance is determined by the execution of a series of movements based on a model established and gathered in the Code of Punctuation. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study if the number and level of difficulty composing all diagonals executed in floor exercise predicts and influences in a positive way the final punctuation of the gymnast. For this, a descriptive study was conducted with an observation method, in which 16 floor exercises of 16 gymnasts qualified for the individual final of floor were analyzed in Artistic Gymnastics in the Olympic Games of Peking 2008. The study conclude that the number of difficulties composing all diagonals executed in a floor exercise neither predicts nor influences in a positive way the final score of the gymnast. The results shows that the difficulty level does not predict either nor influences in a positive way the final score of the gymnast, except in case of the Level E. Keywords: Artistic Gymnastics, Codes of Points, difficulty, observational analysis.

Resumen En la Gimnasia Artística, el rendimiento viene determinado por la ejecución de una serie de movimientos con base en un modelo establecido y recogido en el Código de Puntuación. Con base en esto, el objetivo de nuestro trabajo es determinar si el número y nivel de dificultades que componen el total de diagonales realizadas en un ejercicio de suelo predice e influye de manera positiva en la puntuación final del gimnasta. Para ello se realiza un estudio descriptivo con una metodología observacional, en el cual se analizan 16 ejercicios de suelo de los 16 gimnastas clasificados para la final individual de suelo de Gimnasia Artística Femenina y Masculina en los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín 2008. Los resultados concluyen que el número de dificultades que componen el total de diagonales realizadas en un ejercicio de suelo no predice ni influye de manera positiva en la puntuación final del gimnasta. Los resultados muestran también que el nivel de dificultad tampoco predice ni influye de manera positiva en la puntuación final del gimnasta, excepto en el caso del Nivel E. Palabras clave: Gimnasia Artística, código de puntuación, dificultad, análisis observacional. Abstract In Artistic Gymnastics, the performance is determined by the execution of a series of movements based on a model established and gathered in the Code of Punctuation. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study if the number and level of difficulty composing all diagonals executed in floor exercise predicts and influences in a positive way the final punctuation of the gymnast. For this, a descriptive study was conducted with an observation method, in which 16 floor exercises of 16 gymnasts qualified for the individual final of floor were analyzed in Artistic Gymnastics in the Olympic Games of Peking 2008. The study conclude that the number of difficulties composing all diagonals executed in a floor exercise neither predicts nor influences in a positive way the final score of the gymnast. The results shows that the difficulty level does not predict either nor influences in a positive way the final score of the gymnast, except in case of the Level E. Keywords: Artistic Gymnastics, Codes of Points, difficulty, observational analysis.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es analizar en que se diferencian los equipos ganadores y perdedores de la Copa del Rey 08 de balonmano masculino en función de las estadísticas de juego. Los datos de los partidos (n=7) fueron facilitados por la ASOBAL. Las variables empleadas en el estudio podemos dividirlas en primarias (goles marcados, goles de 9, 6, 7 m y contraataque, lanzamientos fallados de 9, 6, 7 m. y contraataque, lanzamientos totales, pases de gol, perdidas, recuperaciones, paradas de 9, 6, 7m., contraataque y paradas totales, exclusiones, descalificaciones directas y expulsiones) y en secundarias (Posesiones, CEO, CRO, CED, CRD). Todos los datos de las estadísticas de juego fueron normalizadas a 100 posesiones. El análisis se realizó mediante el SPSS 17.0 para Windows, se empleo una prueba t para medidas independientes a través de la cual observamos que los equipos ganadores se diferencian de los perdedores en las siguientes variables: goles marcados (t100 =2.907; p≤ 0.05), lanzamientos fallados 6m (t100 = - 3.335; p≤ 0.01), goles contraataque (t100 =2.196; p≤ 0.05), paradas 6m (t100 = 2.406; p≤ 0.05), CEO (t100 = 2.907; p≤ 0.05) CRO (t100 = 3.826; p≤ 0.01), CED (t100 = -2.907; p≤ 0.05), CRD (t100 = 3.826; p≤ 0.01). Podemos concluir afirmando que tanto la fase defensiva como los contraataques son aspectos muy relevantes a la hora de alcanzar el éxito, este hecho debe ser tenido en cuenta por los entrenadores y preparadores físicos a la hora de elaborar su proceso de entrenamiento. Palabras clave: Balonmano, Copa del Rey, Victoria, Derrota, Diferencias, Coeficientes del rendimiento. Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference between the winning and losing teams of the King's Cup 08 of male handball depending on the statistics of game. The data was provided by the ASOBAL (n = 7). The variables used in the study were divided in two kind of variables: primary (goals scored, goals of 9, 6, 7 m. and counterattack, failed launch of 9, 6, 7 m. and counterattack, total launches, passes of goal, losses, recoveries, stops of 9, 6, 7m., counterattack, and total stops, exclusions, direct disqualifications and expulsions) and secondary (Possessions, COE, COR, CDE, CDR). All data in the game statistics were normalized to 100 possessions. The analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 for Windows, using a t-test for independent measures through which we can see that the winning teams differ from losing teams in the following variables: goals scored (t100 =2.907; p≤ 0.05), failed launch of 6 m. (t100 = - 3.335; p≤ 0.01), goals counterattack (t100 =2.196; p≤ 0.05), stops 6m (t100 = 2.406; p≤ 0.05), COE (t100 = 2.907; p≤ 0.05), COR (t100 = 3.826; p≤ 0.01), CDE (t100 = -2.907; p≤ 0.05), CDR (t100 = 3.826; p≤ 0.01). We conclude that both the defensive and counterattacks phase are extremely important aspects for success, this fact must be taken into account by the coaches and trainers when they are developing their training process. Key words: Handball, King's Cup, Victory, Defeat, Differences, Coefficient of performance.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es analizar en que se diferencian los equipos ganadores y perdedores de la Copa del Rey 08 de balonmano masculino en función de las estadísticas de juego. Los datos de los partidos (n=7) fueron facilitados por la ASOBAL. Las variables empleadas en el estudio podemos dividirlas en primarias (goles marcados, goles de 9, 6, 7 m y contraataque, lanzamientos fallados de 9, 6, 7 m. y contraataque, lanzamientos totales, pases de gol, perdidas, recuperaciones, paradas de 9, 6, 7m., contraataque y paradas totales, exclusiones, descalificaciones directas y expulsiones) y en secundarias (Posesiones, CEO, CRO, CED, CRD). Todos los datos de las estadísticas de juego fueron normalizadas a 100 posesiones. El análisis se realizó mediante el SPSS 17.0 para Windows, se empleo una prueba t para medidas independientes a través de la cual observamos que los equipos ganadores se diferencian de los perdedores en las siguientes variables: goles marcados (t100 =2.907; p≤ 0.05), lanzamientos fallados 6m (t100 = - 3.335; p≤ 0.01), goles contraataque (t100 =2.196; p≤ 0.05), paradas 6m (t100 = 2.406; p≤ 0.05), CEO (t100 = 2.907; p≤ 0.05) CRO (t100 = 3.826; p≤ 0.01), CED (t100 = -2.907; p≤ 0.05), CRD (t100 = 3.826; p≤ 0.01). Podemos concluir afirmando que tanto la fase defensiva como los contraataques son aspectos muy relevantes a la hora de alcanzar el éxito, este hecho debe ser tenido en cuenta por los entrenadores y preparadores físicos a la hora de elaborar su proceso de entrenamiento. Palabras clave: Balonmano, Copa del Rey, Victoria, Derrota, Diferencias, Coeficientes del rendimiento. Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference between the winning and losing teams of the King's Cup 08 of male handball depending on the statistics of game. The data was provided by the ASOBAL (n = 7). The variables used in the study were divided in two kind of variables: primary (goals scored, goals of 9, 6, 7 m. and counterattack, failed launch of 9, 6, 7 m. and counterattack, total launches, passes of goal, losses, recoveries, stops of 9, 6, 7m., counterattack, and total stops, exclusions, direct disqualifications and expulsions) and secondary (Possessions, COE, COR, CDE, CDR). All data in the game statistics were normalized to 100 possessions. The analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 for Windows, using a t-test for independent measures through which we can see that the winning teams differ from losing teams in the following variables: goals scored (t100 =2.907; p≤ 0.05), failed launch of 6 m. (t100 = - 3.335; p≤ 0.01), goals counterattack (t100 =2.196; p≤ 0.05), stops 6m (t100 = 2.406; p≤ 0.05), COE (t100 = 2.907; p≤ 0.05), COR (t100 = 3.826; p≤ 0.01), CDE (t100 = -2.907; p≤ 0.05), CDR (t100 = 3.826; p≤ 0.01). We conclude that both the defensive and counterattacks phase are extremely important aspects for success, this fact must be taken into account by the coaches and trainers when they are developing their training process. Key words: Handball, King's Cup, Victory, Defeat, Differences, Coefficient of performance.

Introduction: This study assess the electromechanical delay of the fingers extensors during a ball release with and without command constraints, although surface EMG is rarely used to assess the activation and muscle coordination in upper limbs in people with cerebral palsy.Material and Methods: Twenty-eight recreational Boccia players eligible to play Boccia (BC1 and BC2 classes) took part in this study. A Surface Electromyography and a contact sensor were used to assess the electromechanical delay (EMD). The EMD variables calculated in both situations, with and without sound stimulus, were the average and the coefficient of variation (CV).Results: A negative correlation among average and CV in the without sound situation was obtained (cor. = -0.42; p = 0.025); and a positive correlation was obtained among the average scores in with and without sound situations (cor. = 0.63; p < 0.001). No significant differences were obtained within-situations comparisons and in the interaction classes*situations.Dicussion: CV results suggest that EMD could be a variable to analyze the impact of the impairment in persons with CP, but unfortunately did not have enough sensitivity in our study to discriminate between classes.