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Thirteen carbon materials were tested as sorbent layers in bar adsorbent microextraction (BA μ E) to monitor hint amounts of 10 common pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) in surface and groundwater matrices such as surface and groundwater, saltwater, spring water, and sewage. The persistence of trace amounts of three organophosphate insect repellent and cis and trans permethrin (PERM) in water quality matrices is suggested using bar adsorptive microextraction in conjunction with microliquid dissolution accompanied by significant volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic analysis able to operate in the particular ion monitoring acquisition mode. Using BA μ E to compare several sorbent coatings (five porous carbon and six polymers), it was discovered that activated carbon (AC2) was the optimum compromise among specificity and effectiveness. 17-estradiol, estrone, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, triclosan, gemfibrozil, 17-ethinylestradiol, mefenamic acid, and clofibric acid were chosen as system drugs to represent different treatment groups. Despite their lower porosity, statistics revealed that low-T-activated hydrochars, made from carbohydrates and a eutectic salt mixture at constant temperature (e.g., 180°C) and autogenerated pressures, could compete at the top level commercially carbonaceous materials in this purpose. These L-T-activated hydrochars had the best overall recovery (between 21.8 and 83.5 percent) for the simultaneous analysis of ten targeted PhCs with very different physical and chemical possessions, utilizing higher-efficiency liquid chromatography diode array identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the obvious minimal doses of drugs in biological matrices as well as the societal difficulties caused by methamphetamine usage, methamphetamine identification is critical in clinical and forensic laboratories. Because of their simple and inexpensive production procedure, as well as their excellent selectivity and sensitivity, polymeric carbon-based nanocomposites are strong contenders for the diffusive solid-phase extraction approach. The diffusive solid-phase extraction absorbent nanographene oxide polypyrrole composite was produced and used to recover methamphetamine from a complicated urine substrate. The generated NGPPC was fully characterized, and the significant extracting parameters have been explored using the one-parameter-at-a-time strategy. NGOPC is being used to extract methamphetamine using a urine medium with high efficiency. The NGPPC synthesizing procedure was easy, and the extraction method will demonstrate good repeatability. Moreover, the practical and efficient synthesis process stimulates the use of carbon-based compounds in various extraction procedures. As for detecting and quantifying equipment, HPLC monitors are being used. 300 mL methanol, 7 min extracting and desorption duration, 5000 mixing frequency, urinary pH value of 20, 40 mg adsorption, and 5 mL amount of urine were the optimal extraction variables. Following tracing the calibration graph, the method's linear ranges were determined to be 40-600 ng/ml. The detection limits (LOD) and quantitation limits (LOQ), correspondingly, were 10 and 35.80 ng/mL. The proposed methodology seemed to have a detection range of 9 ng/mL. The suggested approach's applicability in numerous characterization and medical facilities was proven by the examination of addicted subjects using the proposed technique. For successful extraction of methamphetamine using biological urine samples, the carbon-based adsorbent was being used as diffusive solid-phase extraction adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High concentrations of nicotine (40 to 60 mg) are more dangerous for adults who weigh about 70 kg. Herein, we developed an electrochemical transducer using an MXene (Ti3C2Tx)/palladium hydroxide-supported carbon (Pearlman's catalyst) composite (MXene/Pd(OH)2/C) for the identification of nicotine levels in human sweat. Firstly, the MXene was doped with Pd(OH)2/C (PHC) by mechanical grinding followed by an ultrasonication process to obtain the MXene/PHC composite. Secondly, XRD, Raman, FE-SEM, EDS and E-mapping analysis were utilized to confirm the successful formation of MXene/PHC composite. Using MXene/PHC composite dispersion, an MXene/PHC composite-modified glassy carbon electrode (MXene/PHC/GCE) was prepared, which showed high sensitivity as well as selectivity towards nicotine (300 µM NIC) oxidation in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry. The MXene/PHC/GCE had reduced the over potential of nicotine oxidation (about 200 mV) and also enhanced the oxidation peak current (8.9 µA) compared to bare/GCE (2.1 µA) and MXene/GCE (5.5 µA). Moreover, the optimized experimental condition was used for the quantification of NIC from 0.25 µM to 37.5 µM. The limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity were 27 nM and 0.286 µA µM−1 cm2, respectively. The MXene/PHC/GCE was also tested in the presence of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine and glucose. These molecules were not interfered during NIC analysis, which indicated the good selectivity of the MXene/PHC/GCE sensor. In addition, electrochemical determination of NIC was successfully carried out in the human sweat samples collected from a tobacco smoker. The recovery percentage of NIC in the sweat sample was 97%. Finally, we concluded that the MXene/PHC composite-based sensor can be prepared for the accurate determination of NIC with high sensitivity, selectivity and stability in human sweat samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patent Blue (PB) dye removal from an aqueous medium was investigated using pineapple fruit peel biochar (PFPB). The presence of functional groups and surface characteristics of PFPB was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A study was conducted to assess the pH effect, contact time, concentration of dye, biochar dose, speed of agitation, and temperature on removal of PB (Patent Blue) dye from an aqueous medium by PFPB. The highest 95% elimination of PB dye was reported at pH 2 by PFPB with 600 mg/L concentration of PB dye. Equilibrium studies divulged the favorable adsorption that followed the Langmuir isotherm with a monolayer uptake potential of 10.29 mg/g. Findings of kinetics disclosed that adsorption results were properly explained by the pseudo second-order model. The adsorption phenomenon was exothermic and spontaneous, as observed by thermodynamic variables. PFPB reflected a 37% uptake capacity of PB dye for up to five consecutive cycles in the adsorption and desorption study. A phytotoxicity study exhibited that PFPB-treated PB dye solution enhanced the growth of seedlings and biochemical constituents of lentils. The findings of the present study indicate the immense potential of pineapple fruit peel biochar for anionic dye removal from wastewater systems. Thus, pineapple fruit peel biochar can be utilized as a promising green sorbent for the elimination of Patent Blue dye in industrial effluents, as it is widely available and converts wastewater into reusable assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WHO is searching most active antibiotics due to the bacterial resistance problem. The activities of the racemic antibiotics may be augment by preparing optically active antibiotics by the chiral separation. Chiral separation of potential antibiotics such as cefotaxime and ofloxacin was studied using amylose‐based packing chiral stationary phases (CSPs) such as Chiralpak IA and Chiralpak IG. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was employed to carry out this study. Both immobilized CSPs such as Chiralpak IA and IG have sown remarkable selectivity for the reported drugs by using SFC. The values of retention factor (k) for ofloxacin enantiomers were 9.63 and 11.81, followed by 2.94 and 5.96 for cefotaxime enantiomers. The values of separation factor (α) for both the reported drugs were 1.22 and 2.03, respectively Similarly, the values of resolution factor (Rs) for both the enantio‐selective drugs were 1.49 and 2.06, separately and respectively. The chiral recognition mechanism was developed and it was observed that the π‐π interactions are playing a major role. The developed method is effective, reproducible, eco‐friendly, and may be used to discriminate the enantiomers of the reported drugs in any sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral separation of β‐blockers is performed by utilizing the supercritical fluid chromatographic method. The chiral columns utilized were Chiralpak IG and Chiralpak IBN‐5. The finest mobile phase was CO2 −0.2% TEA in methanol (60:40). The values atenolol enantiomers retention factors were 6.39 and 8.98. These values for propranolol enantiomers were 3.39 and 4.06. These values for betaxolol enantiomers were 4.08 and 4.68. The separation and resolution factor values for atenolol, propranolol, and betaxolol were 1.41 and 3.33, 1.19 and 2.23, and 1.15 and 1.87, separately and respectively. By comparison, it was observed that Chiralpak IG column is better than Chiralpak IBN‐5 column. Supercritical fluid chromatography has been found as the best analytical technique due to its high speed, being eco‐friendly, and being economic. The various most probable interactions responsible for the chiral resolution are hydrogen bonding, dipole–dipole interactions, steric effect, and π–π interactions. The reported methods are effective, efficient, and reproducible and may be used to separate and identify atenolol, propranolol, and betaxolol in any unknown samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green and efficient removal of polluted materials are essential for the sustainability of a clean and green environment. Nanomaterials, particularly cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are abundant in nature and can be extracted from various sources, including cotton, rice, wheat, and plants. CNCs are renewable biomass materials with a high concentration of polar functional groups. This study used succinic anhydride to modify the surface of native cellulose nanocrystals (NCNCs). Succinic anhydride has been frequently used in adhesives and sealant chemicals for a long time, and here, it is evaluated for dye removal performance. The morphology and modification of CNCs studied using FTIR, TGA & DTG, XRD, SEM, AFM, and TEM. The ability of modified cellulose nanocrystals (MCNCs) to adsorb cationic golden yellow dye and methylene blue dye was investigated. The MCNCs exhibited high adsorption affinity for the two different cationic dyes. The maximum adsorption efficiency of NCNCs and MCNCs towards the cationic dye was 0.009 and 0.156 wt%. The investigation for adhesive properties is based on the strength and toughness of MCNCs. MCNCs demonstrated improved tensile strength (2350 MPa) and modulus (13.9 MPa) using E−51 epoxy system and a curing agent compared to 3 wt% composites. This research lays the groundwork for environmentally friendly fabrication and consumption in the industrial sector. [Display omitted] • Succinic anhydride was used in adhesives and sealant chemicals. • The ability of modified cellulose nanocrystals to adsorb cationic golden yellow dye was investigated. • The MCNCs exhibited high adsorption affinity for the two different cationic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile and printing industries play a vital role in the economy of any country. But the effluents of these industries, which contain toxic Methylene Blue (MB) dye when mixed with fresh water, make it unfit for human health and aquatic life. For the removal of MB, different adsorbents were used, but they were expensive, non-biodegradable or less effective. In this research, novel carboxymethyl starch grafted poly 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CM-St-g-P2CEtA) was synthesized by reacting carboxymethyl starch with 2-carboxyethyl acrylate. The reaction followed a free radical polymerization mechanism. The structure and properties of CM-St-g-P2CEtA were investigated by advanced analytical techniques. The CM-St-g-P2CEtA was employed for the remediation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from wastewater. The removal percentage (%R) of MB was checked under different parameters, like different pH levels, different initial concentrations of dye, different adsorbent doses, and different contact times. The results obtained during the experiment were subjected to different adsorption and kinetic models. In the kinetic investigation, the experimental results were best represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model due to its high R2 value of 0.999. Similarly, with a regression coefficient (R2) value of 0.947, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was best represented by the experimental results. The Langmuir adsorption model showed that MB dye was adsorbed on the surface of CM-St-g-P2CEtA in a monolayer pattern. The pseudo 2nd order kinetic model suggested that the adsorption process favored chemisorption mechanism. The CM-St-g-P2CEtA showed maximum percentage removal efficiency (%R) of 99.3% for MB dye. • The carboxymethyl starch grafted poly (2-carboxyethyl acrylate) was synthesized and characterized. • The CM-St-g-P2CEtAs was bio-based, cost effective and environmentally friendly. • The CM-St-g-P2CEtAs was used for the removal of Methylene Blue dye. • The CM-St-g-P2CEtAs showed a removal percentage of 99.3% towards Methylene Blue. • Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo second order models were best suited for adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of inorganic and organic materials in polymer has contributed well towards the development of advanced reverse-osmosis membranes; with greater permeation, and salt rejection potential. We are reporting, Zeolite/GO/PVDF based thin-film composite membranes that were successfully synthesized by solution casting process, an eco-friendly, low-cost, and biocompatible technique. PVDF membranes modified with different ratios of GO/Zeo (0.03, 0.05 and 0.07) were characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA, and DSC. Membranes were then tested for its potential for water permeation and salt rejection abilities. As prepared membranes owe better pore-distribution, a moderate degree of crystallinity and high absorption capability that is highly needed for micro-filtration phenomena used for desalination of saline water. The modified membranes exhibited enhanced water permeability up to 28.9 L/m2h as compared to pure PVDF membrane having water permeability flux of 15.6 L/m2h. Salt-rejection ability was found increasing for the membranes (up to 98%) modified with different concentration of GO/Zeo, as compare to pure PVDF membrane (82%). During water permeation and salt rejection studies, no deleterious impact was noted for modified PVDF membranes. This development will entail an efficient approach to furnish high-level performance reverse-osmosis membranes, with greater osmotic-pressure bearing capacity and higher stability. [Display omitted] • Polyvinylidene fluoride membranes with enhanced properties have been prepared. • Properties have been enhanced by adding GO and Zeolite nanofillers. • Membranes have been characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD and TGA techniques. • The membranes exhibited excellent desalination potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]