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Fluorescent iron nanoclusters are emerging fluorescent nanomaterials. Herein, we synthesized hemoglobin-coated iron nanoclusters (Hb−Fe NCs) with a significant fluorescence emission peak at 615 nm and investigated the inner-filter effect of fluorescence induced by a manganese dioxide nanosheet (MnO2 NS). The fluorescence quenching of Hb−Fe NCs by a MnO2 NS can be significantly reversed by the addition of ascorbic acid. On the basis of fluorescent recovery by ascorbic acid, we proposed a system that consisted of Hb−Fe NCs, a MnO2 NS and ascorbate phosphate, and the proposed system was successfully used for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) detection in the range of 0–20 μg/mL based on the significant fluorescence recovery achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model is presented where a GeV axion‐like‐particle (ALP) is predicted in a large portion of the parameter space due to the presence of explicit Peccei–Quinn (PQ) symmetry‐breaking terms in an exotic leptonic sector. The latter provides a solution to the muon g−2$g-2$ anomaly, within the framework of the Linear Seesaw neutrino mechanism. The spectrum is extended by a complex scalar singlet only transforming under the PQ symmetry, which generates the ALP. Its couplings with fermions can continuously span over many orders of magnitude, which constitutes a specific feature of this model in contrast to generic ultraviolet constructions. Interestingly, these couplings are suppressed by the ALP characteristic scale that can be as low as the TeV scale, which represents a novel feature of the model and opens up to several phenomenological consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instability of the signal intensity of fluorescent biosensors and the false signals have been significant factors affecting the performance of biosensors. Herein, a novel signaling system is devised through the application of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with monomers containing the tetraphenylethylene (TPE) groups. TPE exhibits an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon in certain solvents, mainly due to the blockage of the rotation of its four benzene rings, which also exist in the aggregated state. With this property, a series of molecules are modified based on click chemistry for RAFT polymerization using Fe3O4 magnetic beads as the carriers, and stable aggregated luminescent TPE polymers are formed on the surface of magnetic beads to realize the transformation of fluorescence signal from "0" to "1". In addition, the fluorescence signal demonstrates a positive correlation with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, which can be quantified by measuring the fluorescence intensity. The biosensor exhibits high sensitivity and good linearity in the range of 0.1–5 U/L, with a LOD of 0.079 U/L. Furthermore, the designed strategy demonstrated satisfactory performance in the quantitative determination of ALP activity in serum samples, indicating that the signaling system developed by combining RAFT polymerization and AIE molecules has an important application in the field of fluorescent biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatment for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) was defined by its singular relationship with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) for decades. However, nearly 40% of patients fail to achieve adequate biochemical response with UDCA, necessitating second-line therapies. Aims: The aim of our review was to assess the efficacy and safety of second-line therapies for PBC from phase three trials. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of PubMed, Medline, and ClinicalTrials.gov for published phase three trial data of second-line PBC therapies. Results: Four phase three clinical trial evaluating obeticholic acid, bezafibrate, seladelpar, and elafibranor, were identified. All trials but one defined the treatment endpoints of an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) less than 1.67 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), a 15% decrease of ALP from baseline, and normal total bilirubin (TB) after 12 months. All therapies demonstrated statistically significant achievement of primary endpoints relative to placebo. Reduction in ALP from baseline ranged from 113 to 133.9 U/L (− 34.6% to − 50%) across all trials. Primary endpoint treatment differences relative to placebo ranged between 31 and 47%. ALP normalization rates were described for three treatments and varied between 15 and 67% in treatment cohorts,compared to 0% to 2% of placebo cohorts. Only elafibranor and seladelpar demonstrated significant reduction in total 5D itch scale scores. Discontinuation rates across studies ranged from 1 to 14% due to adverse effects. Conclusion: All reviewed therapies met their respective study endpoints. Effective second-line therapies area available and continue to receive long-term evaluation in patients with PBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that works by preventing the synthesis of proteins in plants. Glyphosate exposure in aquatic organisms can cause oxidative stress, cell damage, developmental impacts, physiological and behavioral changes, plant death, reduced biodiversity, bioaccumulation and synergetic effects. In this study, we assessed the effects of the relevant concentrations of glyphosate (100-300 ppb) on young Poecilia sphenops through biochemical endpoints. During 50 days of glyphosate exposure increasing doses of Alkaline Phosphatase Assay (ALP), peaks at 150-200 ppb and subsequently falls. In contrast, the SOD activity reached a maximum between 250 and 300 ppb. The glutamic pyruvate transferases test shows that fish GOT and GPT activity rises at values of 250 and 300 ppb, peaking at these levels. Defense-related enzyme activity showed enhanced activity at 250-300 ppb doses. Overall, there was increase in the tissue damaging enzymes and cellular damage. The study shows that fish tissues exposed to commercial herbicide formulations containing glyphosate exhibit altered enzyme activities, suggesting an adaptive and controlled response against herbicidal toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies show that photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) boosts cellular ATP production and cell growth and reduces inflammation. Additionally, mechanical tension affects gene expression, impacting cellular functions like proliferation and migration. Objective: We investigated the impact of PBMT on OCCM-30 cementoblast cells under tensile stress, focusing on cell survival, differentiation, and inflammatory responses, particularly relating to orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption. Methods: Cultured OCCM-30 cells under negative pressure received PBMT with a 10.6 lm wavelength in continuous mode at 1.0 W power for 3, 5, or 10 sec, corresponding to energy densities of 3, 5, or 10 J/cm2. We assessed cell viability with the Presto Blue assay and inflammatory markers Interleukin 6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through western blots at 1, 12, 24 h, and 7 days postirradiation. Results: PBMT improved cell viability over time while maintaining levels of inflammatory markers. alkaline phosphatase levels dropped initially but increased after 7 days, suggesting enhanced cementoblast differentiation. IL-6 levels rose gradually, with 3J and 5J treatments showing significantly higher levels than the control. iNOS levels spiked within the first 24 h, then declined by day 7. COX-2 levels consistently rose, with the 5J treatment showing greater increases. Conclusions: PBMT appears to support cementoblast survival and differentiation while managing inflammation, potentially aiding root repair during orthodontic treatments and reducing inflammatory root resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that has led to the nanomedicine development, which involves nanoparticles that exist in the natural world. Nanoparticle is an ultrafine unit with dimensions measured in nanometers. They are created as a result of human activities, and have recently been used in various biomedical applications, consumer products, and commercially, etc. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs), among the known metal oxides, have attracted a vast scientific interest. Therefore, human health can be at risk of continuous exposure. However, the toxic effects of MgO NPs should be assessed with their increased applications. The present study aimed to investigate the physiological and histological, alterations induced by the MgO nanoparticles in hepatocytes of male rats through oral route with (250, and 1000) mg/kg for (14, 28, and 56) days. Fifty four male mature rats, (2.5 - 3 months old) were divided randomly into nine groups of six rats each, gavaged with MgO NPs (which were purchased from US Research Nanomaterials, Inc). The results obtained revealed highly significant increase (p<0.01) in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin. The histopathological examinations showed sinusoidal dilatation, atrophy of hepatocytes, depletion of glycoprotein, focal area of necrosis, inflammatory cells infiltration and apoptosis. MgO NPs demonstrated potential harm to liver tissue, and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an innovative approach for the real-time and efficient detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, using a calcein fluorescence probe and leveraging the static quenching properties of calcein fluorescence by Ce3+ metal ions. In this method, calcein serves as the signal element, with its fluorescence effectively preserved through energy transfer or charge transfer when coordinated with Ce3+. Conversely, ALP catalyzes the phosphopeptide substrate to generate a substantial amount of Pi, preventing calcein fluorescence quenching due to the higher affinity between Pi and Ce3+ compared with that between calcein and Ce3+. The fluorescence intensity ratio (F-F0/F0) exhibited excellent linearity, facilitating sensitive ALP detection. The proposed ALP detection method covers a range from 0 to 1.4 mU/mL (R2 = 0.9942), with the limit of detection at 0.069 mU/mL (S/N = 3). Additionally, this method was successfully applied for detecting ALP in serum samples and studying its inhibitors. This research introduces a novel clinical diagnosis approach for ALP sensing while broadening the potential applications of calcein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aluminum phosphide (ALP) is one of the most significant reasons of fatal poisoning globally. Many ALP-poisoned patients deteriorate even in high-level specialized hospitals with advanced life-support equipment & a known antidote do not exist. Objectives: This study aimed to focus on the role of central venous oxygen saturation as a prognostic factor in aluminum phosphide-poisoned patients. Patients and methods: A prospective study had been carried out on 84 AlP-poisoned cases who met the inclusion criteria. Clinical sheets had been created and contained data collection such as sociodemographic data, history and physical examination. Hemodynamic assessment, laboratory tests, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF%) by transthoracic echocardiography, and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) were measured on admission, following six hours of therapy, following 24 hours, and on discharge or mortality and were compared between nonsurvivors and survivors. Results: A statistically significant variance had been detected among the groups under investigation in terms of LVEF% after 6 hrs, LVEF% after 24 hrs, LVEF% on discharge or death, ScvO2 after 6 hrs, ScvO2 after 24 hrs, and ScvO2 on discharge or death. Cutoff value of 50.5 LVEF% on admission had a sensitivity of 73% & specificity of 77% for predicting AlP-poisoned patients’ survival with a statistically significant difference. Cutoff value of 41.5 LVEF% after 6 hrs had a sensitivity of 80.5% and a specificity of 75% for expecting AlP-poisoned patients’ survival with a statistically significant difference. Cutoff value of 47.5 LVEF% after 24 hrs had a sensitivity of 80.5% & a specificity of 74.4% for expecting AlP-poisoned patients’ survival with a statistically significant difference. Cutoff value of 39 LVEF% on discharge or death had a sensitivity of 90.2% and specificity of 99% for expecting AlPpoisoned patients’ survival with a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: ScvO2 had a prognostic role for expecting of mortality in cases that had ALP poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is characterized by low activity of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). The enzyme replacement therapy asfotase alfa has been approved for childhood-onset forms of HPP. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a novel disease biomarker, with potential application in therapy monitoring. Circulating miRNAs were analyzed at baseline, months 1, 2, 4, and 16 in a 49-yr-old woman with childhood-onset HPP, chronic musculoskeletal pain, and non-traumatic fractures prior to enzyme replacement therapy. Serum RNA was extracted and sequenced using miRNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany), RealSeq Biosciences Kit (Santa Cruz, US) together with miND spike-in control kit (TAmiRNA, Austria) and Illumina NovaSeq 6000 SP1 flow cell (San Diego, US). Brief Pain Inventory Severity and Interference scores (BPI-S/BPI-I), fatigue severity scale (FSS), Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I), Western Ontario and McMaster university hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (WOMAC), fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ), 6-Minute Walking Test (6-MWT), chair-rise-test (CRT), and handgrip dynamometry (HD) were performed at baseline and different timepoints during the therapy. Out of >800 screened, 84 miRNAs were selected based on differences in expression profiles between 24 HPP patients and 24 healthy controls. Six miRNAs showed a clear graphic trend and were up- or downregulated by ≥50% reads per million (rpm). These included hsa-let-7i-5p (+50%), hsa-miR-1-3p (−66.66%), hsa-miR-1294 (+63.63%), hsa-miR-206 (−85.57%), hsa-miR-375-3p (−71.43%), and hsa-miR-624-5p (+69.44%). hsa-miR-1-3p and hsa-miR-206 were identified as muscle-specific miRNAs. hsa-mir-375-3p, which negatively regulates osteogenesis, was significantly downregulated. In terms of patient-reported outcomes, BPI-S, BPI-I, FSS, PGI-I, WOMAC, and FIQ showed a reduction by −58.62%, −68.29%, −33.33%, −75.00%, −63.29%, and −43.02%, respectively. 6-MWT improved by +33.89% and CRT by −44.46%. Mean hand grip strength of the right/left hand measured by HD improved by +12.50% and + 23.53%, respectively. miRNA profile changes during the therapy with asfotase alfa, accompanying improvements in functionality tests and quality of life scores. Lay Summary: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic bone disease characterized by low activity of an enzyme involved in mineralization of bony tissues, the nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). The enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant asfotase alfa has been approved recently. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small signaling molecules, which are involved in the regulation of gene expression and signaling pathways. They emerged as a novel disease biomarker, with potential application in therapy monitoring. We analyzed the levels of miRNAs of a 49-yr-old woman with childhood-onset HPP during the therapy. The patient suffered from musculoskeletal pain and non-traumatic fractures before the begin of enzyme replacement therapy. miRNAs in blood and clinical tests were performed at baseline and different timepoints. Blood levels of 6 miRNAs showed a clear graphic trend and were elevated or lowered by ≥50% units (reads per million) during the therapy. Patient-reported questionnaires showed a reduction of at least a third, reflecting clinical improvement of symptoms during the therapy. The scores of 6-MWT and CRT and hand grip also improved, signaling improvements in muscle functionality under asfotase alfa. miRNA profile changes during the therapy with asfotase alfa, accompanying improvements in functionality tests and quality of life scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical importance of understanding the intricate relationship between micronutrient levels and disease outcomes. This study explores the impact of Vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) on COVID-19 severity and mortality. The study involves 200 participants (100 COVID-19 patients, 100 controls), we meticulously analyzed micronutrient dynamics. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and ALP was measured spectrophotometrically. Vitamin D was measured using Chemiluminescent method. The study reveals that diminished levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and with elevated ALP, are significantly associated with COVID-19 cases. Whereas the Vitamin D levels in severe group was increased when compared to mild cases but decreased than control group. Disease severity correlated with declining calcium (r = − 0.35, p < 0.01), phosphorus (r = − 0.26, p < 0.05), and magnesium (r = − 0.21, p < 0.05), and increased ALP (r = 0.42, p < 0.001). Post-discharge, calcium (p < 0.05) and phosphorus (p < 0.01) showed positive trends, while ALP (p < 0.001) decreased. Notably, calcium (OR = 0.63, p < 0.05) and ALP (OR = 1.87, p < 0.001) emerged as significant predictors of disease severity. The findings not only illuminate potential therapeutic avenues but also emphasize the need to optimize nutrient levels, including magnesium, for COVID-19 prevention and management. Given the complexities of these relationships, further rigorous exploration, including well-designed trials and understanding underlying mechanisms, is imperative to unravel the dynamics of these nutrient interactions in the context of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we propose a new technique involving the modification of commercial screen-printed carbon electrodes with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide to serve as the starting point of a future electrochemical biosensor for the detection of two osteogenic biomarkers: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). The electrodes were characterized after each modification by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, showing the appropriate electrochemical characteristics for each modification type. The results obtained from scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements are well correlated with each other, demonstrating the successful modification of the electrodes with graphene oxide and its subsequent reduction. The bioreceptors were immobilized on the electrodes by physical adsorption, which was confirmed by electrochemical methods, structural characterization, and contact angle measurements. Finally, the functionalized electrodes were incubated with the specific target analytes and the detection relied on monitoring the electrochemical changes occurring after the hybridization process. Our results indicated that the pilot platform has the ability to detect the two biomarkers up to 1 nM, with increased sensitivity observed for RUNX2, suggesting that after further optimizations, it has a high potential to be employed as a future biosensor.

Background: Hemophilia is a genetic condition of bleeding that is more common in males. Although females are more likely to be carriers of hemophilia, they are not immune to the disease's severe bleeding tendencies and associated symptoms. Bleeding, especially those that reach the joints, have dire consequences if not treated properly. Aim: study the relationship of some hematological and biochemical values in hemophilia patients with arthropathy and healthy persons, and what the differences in those values between the two cases. The study: People suffering from hemophilia have undergone treatment at the Center of Hematology at Al-Karama teaching hospital, which is affiliated with Waist University. There were 50 patients engaged in this study, ranging in age from 3 years-45 years. It was determined that 16 of them had mild hemophilia, while the remaining 34 had severe hemophilia. While the healthy control group consisted of 25 individuals. Results: The Hemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) level in Hemophilia patients (13.2 ± 2.4), (4.52 ± 0.79), (76.4 ± 9), (24.7 ± 4) and (32.3 ± 2.1) respectively are significantly decrease at (p<0.05) when compare with control (14.4 ± 1.6), (4.78 + 0.46), (84.2 ± 3.8), (27.4 ± 2.5) and (33.3 ± 1.4) to same tests. While results revealed that the Liver enzyme Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Total Serum Bilirubin (TSB) levels in Hemophilia patients (6.1 ± 2.7), (154.9 ± 6.5), and (0.3 ± 0.2) respectively is significantly increase at (p<0.05) when compared with control group values (19.0 ± 4.7, 331.7 ± 1.5, and 0.6 ± 0.3). Conclusions: Hepatotoxicity was intimately related with hemophilia patients with arthropathy clearly raised when increased of liver enzyme values. And decreasing in hematological values (Hb, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC in hemophilia patient with arthropathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bakground: Vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency is common in patients with hyperparathyroidism, but the importance of replacement before surgery is controversial. It can be predicted that hypocalcemia risk will be higher in patients with high bone turnover. Aim: In this study, the effect of preoperative ALP/Vit D ratio on postoperative hypocalcemia was investigated. Methods: Among the primary hyperparathyroidism cases who were operated between 2015 and 2022, 158 patients with complete data were included in the study. Preoperative laboratory results, radiological images, and pathology reports of the patients were evaluated retrospectively. The cross-sectional value of the ALP/Vit D value predicting hypocalcemia was calculated. The effect of these parameters on postoperative hypocalcemia was investigated. Results: The mean age of our patients was 54 (21–81 years). When factors affecting postoperative hypocalcemia were evaluated by univariable analysis, Vit D deficiency and insufficiency (p < 0.001), ALP (p < 0.001), ALP/Vit D ratio (p < 0.001), and T score (p = 0.026) found to be factors affecting postoperative hypocalcemia. In multivariate analysis, the ALP/Vit D ratio was found to be an independent variable in predicting hypocalcemia. It was found that hypocalcemia was 45 times more common in patients with ALP/Vit D > 6.34 (p < 0.001). ALP/Vit D ratio predicts patients who will develop postoperative hypocalcemia with 87.2% sensitivity and 87.1% specificity. Conclusions: Vit D deficiency increases the risk of postoperative hypocalcemia, but it is not sufficient alone to predict it. The risk increases more in patients with high bone turnover. The preoperative ALP/Vit D ratio is the strongest predictor of postoperative hypocalcemia risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of GnRH analogue, buserelin, on the semen quality of subfertile male dogs. Six male dogs between two and seven years of age with a history of subfertility presented for breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) at the University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai were selected for the study. A comprehensive BSE with emphasis on previous six month breeding history and current semen quality was performed for all animals to confirm subfertility. Estimation of libido score, serum testosterone and semen evaluation parameters viz., volume and pH of sperm-rich fraction, sperm progressive motility, concentration, viability, abnormality, HOS response and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in seminal plasma of spermrich fraction of each of the subfertile dogs was performed before (Day 0) and after treatment (Days 60 and 90). The animals were treated with intramuscular administration of buserelin at the rate of 10 µg per dog, weekly once, for six weeks. Significant improvement was observed in libido score, serum testosterone levels and all the semen parameters except semen pH on Day 60. However, there was a moderate decline in the aforementioned parameters except semen volume on Day 90. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of Pt(II) complexes of 1-methyl-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazole-5-thiol (Hmtzt) with phosphine ligands have been prepared and characterized and then evaluated as potential anti-cancer and ALP enzyme inhibitor agents. The complex [Pt(mtzt)2]2 was prepared by the reaction of 1-methyl-H1-tetrazole-5-thiol (Hmtzt) with K2PtCl4. This complex was treated with equivalent molar amounts of diphosphine ligands to afford complexes of the type [Pt(mtzt)2(PPh2(CH2)nPPh2)] in good yield, {PPh2(CH2)nPPh2, where n = 1 (dppm), n = 2 (dppe), n = 3 (dppp), n = 4 (dppb) and (PPh2((C5H4)2Fe)PPh2) (dppf)}. The prepared complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H-{31P} and 31P-{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The resulting data suggested that the prepared complexes were mononuclear with chelating diphosphines while the mtzt ligands were monodentate coordinating via the sulfur atom to give a square planner arrangement around the Pt(II) ion. This was confirmed by a single crystal structural analysis of the [Pt(mtzt)2(dppe)] complex. The Pt(II) complexes underwent structural optimization through the utilization of the DMol3 tool within the material studio package. A comparison of the results of molecular modelling with those of the X-ray structural analysis indicated that the structures were almost identical. The free ligand and two selected complexes were tested for inhibition activity against an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme, which was found to be active inhibitors, and the inhibition rate (37–88 %) range. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of the complexes (1, 3, and 6) was tested against human liver cancer (HepG2). The results showed that the prepared complexes have moderate activity but are lower than cis-platin. Complex 1 has the highest activity with an IC50 of 34.78 ± 1.75 M against the HepG2 cell line..

California legislation (AB705, signed 2017) mandated accelerated community college writing education and implementation to begin just before the COVID-19 pandemic. This study captures faculty experiences with mandated pandemic-era acceleration via analysis of 131 open-ended faculty survey responses representing 60 of the 116 California community colleges. Using an activity system framework to analyze responses, we find that while faculty navigated a new simplified acceleration activity system due to legislation focused on accelerating writing education, their commentaries suggest that a more complicated, dynamic acceleration activity system emerged in which time became a determinate force that pushed and pulled on actors, objects, and outcomes. We argue that acceleration and basic writing both require a more inclusive conception of time to be leveraged as the tools of educational equity and open admissions they aspire to be. We advocate learning from faculty, holistic and contextual assessment of the initiative, fuller funding of the initiative to include support, and appreciation for the multiplicity of student experience and purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler is a bioactive glass filler capable of releasing various ions. A culture medium to which was added an S-PRG filler eluate rich in boron was reported to enhance alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in human dental pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSC). To clarify the role of boron eluted from S-PRG fillers, the modified S-PRG filler eluate with different boron concentrations was prepared by using an anion exchange material. Therefore, elemental mapping analysis of anion exchange material, adsorption ratio, hDPSCs proliferation and ALP activity were evaluated. For statistical analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test was used, with statistical significance determined at p<0.05. ALP activity enhancement was not observed in hDPSC cultured in the medium that contained the S-PRG filler eluate from which boron had been removed. The result suggested the possibility that an S-PRG filler eluate with controlled boron release could be useful for the development of novel dental materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observational studies have shown an association between liver dysfunction and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the causality relationship between them is unclear. We aimed to determine whether there is a bidirectional causal relationship between liver function indicators (alanine aminotransferase, ALT; aspartate aminotransferase, AST; alkaline phosphatase, ALP; γ-glutamyltransferase, GGT) and HCC. Our two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study acquired single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with liver function indicators (ALT, n = 134,182; AST, n = 134,154; GGT, n = 118,309; ALP, n = 105,030) and with HCC (n = 197,611) from publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of East Asian ancestry in Japan (BioBank Japan, BBJ). Univariable MR analyses were performed to identify whether the genetic evidence of exposure was significantly associated with outcome. Multivariable MR analysis was conducted to estimate the independent effects of exposures on outcome. Univariable MR analysis indicated that the level of ALT, AST, and GGT was the risk factor for HCC incidence. Meanwhile, multivariable MR analysis revealed that AST was an independent risk factor for HCC. The hazard ratio (HR) of the probability of HCC was 3.045 [95% confidence interval (95%CI), 1.697-5.463, p = 0.003] for AST. The results of reverse MR analyses showed that gene-predictive HCC incidence could increase the levels of AST (HR = 1.031, 95%CI: 1.009-1.054, p = 2.52 × 10-4) and ALT (HR = 1.040, 95%CI: 1.019-1.063, p = 0.005). Meanwhile, HCC may be negatively correlated with ALP levels (HR = 0.971, 95%CI: 0.947-0.995, p = 0.018). This study provides evidence to support that genetically predicted higher levels of AST are related to increased risk of HCC, with no strong evidence of a causal effect of genetically predicted ALP, ALP, and GGT on HCC. In addition, genetic predisposition to HCC could influence blood concentration of ALT, AST, and ALP. Thus, this may create a vicious cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The Osteoblast differentiation is an essential process that causes bone stability and homeostasis. Zingerone (ZG) 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone isolated from the ginger plant is involved in many biological processes and can be used to treat diseases as an anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic agent. This study aims to identify ZG potential to bone tissue regeneration by investigating the effect of Zingerone on human umbilical cord stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and their differentiation into osteoblasts. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the effect of Zingerone toxicity on 2×106 hUC-MSCs cells was investigated in 4 groups; one control group without any ZG and 3 groups threated with 50µM, 100µM and 200µM ZG. Cell viability was evaluated by the MTT method after 24, 48 and 72 hours. The gene expression of miR-590 and Smad7 and differentiation markers such as Osterix (OSX) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) were investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression level of this enzyme was checked by an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) reaction. Findings: Zingerone has significant proliferative effects on hUC-MSCs cells in 200µM (p<0.05). Zingerone positively affects the differentiation process of osteoblasts by influencing the expression of specific markers such as ALP (p<0.05 in 200µM), RUNX2 (p<0.001 in 200µM), and OSX (p<0.001). The expression of miR-590 is increased in 200µM (p<0.05), while that of Smad7 is decreased under the influence of different Zingerone concentrations (p<0.001). In fact, miR-590 suppresses Smad7 and helps the differentiation of osteoblast cells. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Zingron causes the differentiation of osteoblast cells by increasing the expression of specific markers of osteoblasts (OSX, RUNX2 and ALP). In addition, increasing the expression of miR-590 suppresses Smad7 and helps the differentiation of osteoblast cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osseous disease accounts for over half of chronic pathologies, but there is a limited supply of autografts, the gold standard; hence, there is a demand for new synthetic biomaterials. Herein, we present the use of a promising, new dairy-derived biomaterial: whey protein isolate (WPI) in the form of hydrogels, modified with the addition of different concentrations of the biotechnologically produced protein-like polymeric substance poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) as a potential scaffold for tissue regeneration. Raman spectroscopic analysis demonstrated the successful creation of WPI-γ-PGA hydrogels. A cytotoxicity assessment using preosteoblastic cells demonstrated that the hydrogels were noncytotoxic and supported cell proliferation from day 3 to 14. All γ-PGA-containing scaffold compositions strongly promoted cell attachment and the formation of dense interconnected cell layers. Cell viability was significantly increased on γ-PGA-containing scaffolds on day 14 compared to WPI control scaffolds. Significantly, the cells showed markers of osteogenic differentiation; they synthesised increasing amounts of collagen over time, and cells showed significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity at day 7 and higher levels of calcium for matrix mineralization at days 14 and 21 on the γ-PGA-containing scaffolds. These results demonstrated the potential of WPI-γ-PGA hydrogels as scaffolds for bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alveolar bone resorption is a post-extraction complication wherein there is a reduction in the dimensions and quality of the alveolar bone. This study aimed to examine the effects of implantation of a combination of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHA) and injectable platelet-rich fibrin (IPRF) on the expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and new bone formation. A total of 32 male rats had their upper right incisors extracted under general anesthesia and were then divided into a control group, nHA group, IPRF group, and nHA-IPRF group. Decapitation was carried out on day 14 and day 28 in each group and the jaws of each rat were subjected to immunohistochemical and histological analysis. The results showed a decrease in TRAP expression in the nHA-IPRF group compared with the control group on day 14 (p = 0.074) and day 28 (p = 0.017). The study also showed an increase in ALP and OCN in the HA-IPRF group on day 14 and day 28 compared with the control group. New bone formation suggested a significant increase in the nHA-IPRF group compared with the control group on day 14 (p = 0.001) and day 28 (p = 0.001). nHA-IPRF implantation can suppress alveolar bone resorption, which is indicated by decreased TRAP expression, and it can increase bone growth, as indicated by increased expression of ALP, OCN, and new bone formation.

Simple Summary: Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy is a well-established therapy for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Therapy typically consists of four cycles administered in 8–10 week intervals, resulting in an average treatment length of 8–10 months. Given the extensive treatment length, early identification of patients with disease progression could help to optimize disease management. Blood-based biomarkers such as chromogranin A, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), or the De Ritis ratio (aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase) are continually assessed during treatment and represent a noninvasive and easily accessible source for the intratherapeutic monitoring of patients. Our exploratory analysis indicates that a considerable intratherapeutic increase in ALP may serve as a tool to identify patients who are at a higher risk of early disease progression after PRRT. If our results can be confirmed by other studies, these patients might benefit from intensified follow-up. Background: Pretherapeutic chromogranin A, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), or De Ritis ratio (aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase) are prognostic factors in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NET) undergoing peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). However, their value for intratherapeutic monitoring remains unclear. We evaluated if changes in plasma markers during PRRT can help identify patients with unfavorable outcomes. Methods: A monocentric retrospective analysis of 141 patients with NET undergoing PRRT with [177Lu]Lu-DOTATOC was conducted. Changes in laboratory parameters were calculated by dividing the values determined immediately before each cycle of PRRT by the pretherapeutic value. Patients with low vs. high PFS were compared with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results: Progression, relapse, or death after PRRT was observed in 103/141 patients. Patients with low PFS showed a significant relative ALP increase before the third (p = 0.014) and fourth (p = 0.039) cycles of PRRT. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed a median PFS of 24.3 months (95% CI, 20.7–27.8 months) in patients with decreasing ALP values (Δ > 10%) during treatment, 12.5 months (95% CI, 9.2–15.8 months) in patients with increasing ALP values (Δ > 10%), and 17.7 months (95% CI, 13.6–21.8 months) with stable ALP values (Δ ± 10%). Conclusions: Based on these exploratory data, a rise in plasma ALP might indicate disease progression and should be interpreted cautiously during therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical enzymology studies the enzyme activity in serum or other body fluids for the diagnosis, prognosis or monitoring of a variety of diseases. Clinical enzymology has greatly benefited from advances in technology and is now an integral part of laboratory analysis. However, to maximise the clinical benefits of serum enzyme measurement, clinicians and clinical pathologists must have a good understanding of the pathophysiology behind serum enzyme alterations. They must also be aware of the preanalytical and analytical factors that can affect the accuracy of serum enzyme activity measurement. This review article first covers the basic concepts of clinical enzymology and the general mechanisms related to serum enzyme alterations. Then, the review discusses the potential effects of various preanalytical and analytical factors on enzyme activity measurement. Lastly, it explores the pathophysiology and clinical use of various serum enzymes in canine and feline medicine. The present review article aims to be a comprehensive one‐stop source for clinical pathologists and small animal practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Black Sea / Karadeniz is the property of Black Sea / Karadeniz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The superdense hexagonal phosphides BP and AlP, whose structures are formed by distorted tetrahedra and characterized by quartz-derived (qtz) topology, were predicted from crystal chemistry and first principles as potential high-pressure phases. From full geometry structure relaxations and ground state energy calculations based on quantum density functional theory (DFT), qtz BP and AlP were found to be less cohesive than the corresponding cubic zinc-blende (zb) phases with diamond-like (dia) topology, but were confirmed to be mechanically (elastic constants) and dynamically (phonons) stable. From the energy–volume equations of state, qtz phases were found to be energetically favorable at small volumes (high pressures), with zb-to-qtz transition pressures of 144 GPa for BP and 28 GPa for AlP. According to the electronic band structures and the site projected density of states, both phosphides exhibit larger band gaps of the zinc-blende phases compared to the qtz phases; the smaller values for the latter result from the smaller volumes per formula unit, leading to increased covalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic liver disease is one of the main public health problems, with a global prevalence of approximately 45% and mainly affects patients with diabetes and obesity. The aim of the study is to identify liver tests as diagnostic aids for liver disease. Adults over 50 years of age in Latin America. Methodology The type of research is descriptive and systematic documentary, and for its implementation the bibliographic search of indexed scientific articles from reliable sources such as PubMed, Elsevier, Scielo, Redalyc, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic was selected. The results obtained at the time of this publication show that hepatitis is one of the most frequently occurring diseases in the studies investigated, and increased mortality from liver disease has also been observed worldwide. Evidence suggests that one of the most common risk factors for developing liver disease in older adults is a family history of hepatitis C, followed by sociodemographic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bachground: Alveolar bone loss is a significant factor in the breakdown of tissues in periodontal disease. The condition compromises the structural integrity of alveolar bone by altering its microenvironment. Numerous molecular activities, such as Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), control the process. Aims: This study aims to assess the level of salivary Alkaline Phosphatase with healthy gingiva on the reduced periodontium and compare them to their level in periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: 75 participants, both male and female, who took part in this study had their salivary ALP assessed. There were three groups formed from the participants: the first group clinically healthy periodontium control group (n=15), second group consisted of generalized periodontitis stage II and III (n=30), and third group healthy gingiva on reduced periodontium (n=30). Each group systemically healthy. The entire unstimulated salivary samples were taken, and all subjects underwent a periodontal evaluation, which included the assessment of clinical periodontal parameters (PLI, GI, BOP, PPD, and CAL). The concentration of ALP in saliva is measured using the ELISA method. Results: A moderate positive significant correlation was found between ALP with CAL in periodontitis and positive weak significant correlation between ALP and CAL in excessive brushing group , as well as; the result revealed that The mean of salivary ALP was significantly lower in the control group(20.33IU/L) than both the periodontitis and the excessive brushing group, while between periodontitis(72.50 IU/L) and excessive brushing (68.73 IU/L) there was no significant difference. Conclusion: Healthy gingiva on reduced periodontium caused by excessive brushing is associated with high salivary levels of ALP.

Objective: To observe the expression of Runt-Related Transcription Factors 2 (RUNX2) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) markers in osteoblast cell cultures exposed to Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) combined with hydroxyapatite (HAp) material to improve osteointegration of bone implants. Methods: Sample of PMMA and HAp materials with a mixture of PMMA with HAp made from limestone as natural source which processed through Balai Besar Keramik (HApBBK) in the first group and a mixture of PMMA with HAp made from bovine bone which processed through Good Manufacturing Practice (HApGMP) in the second group. Twenty-four fetal rat calvarie osteoblast cell cultures were randomly divided into 6 groups: 7- and 14-day control group, 7 and 14 days PMMA-HApGMP group, 7 and 14 days PMMA-HApBBK group. The expression of RUNX2 and ALP was seen by immunocytochemical examination. Result: The one-way ANOVA with a significance value of 0.000 (p

Abstract Background Our present study aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium phosphate nanoparticles in chlorohexidine paste on the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells. The human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) were examined for viability and proliferation via trypan blue stain test and MTT assay. This was followed by evaluating the alkaline phosphatase assay and detecting the Dentin matrix protein (DMP-1) marker via immunofluorescence staining to confirm the odontogenic differentiation. Results In viability testing, nano calcium phosphate in Chlorohexidine (CHX) and nano calcium hydroxide showed no significant difference regarding trypan blue staining and MTT assay. Moreover, DMP-1 marker detection revealed a higher expression with nano calcium hydroxide compared to nano calcium phosphate in CHX, while ALP showed no significant difference. Conclusion Based on the analysis conveyed, it can be concluded that nano calcium phosphate in CHX can induce the proliferation and differentiation of HDPSCs.

The study was designed in order the effect of one class of lipophilic statins (Atorvastatin) in some biomarkers of bone formation (Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 1,25 (OH)2 D3, calcium, and phosphorous) in serum of ovariectomized female rats. Thirty adult female rats (2.5-3) months, weighing (200-220) gm were housed at conditions of controlled temperature (22-25°C), cycle (12h light - 12h dark) in the house of animals of Veterinary Medicine College of Mosul University. The animals were divided into three equal groups, sham group, ovariectomized (ovx) group, and ovx treatment orally with 20mg/kg/d of atorvastatin. After 60 days of treatment, blood from all groups was collected for ALP activity, 1,25 (OH)2 D3, calcium, and phosphorous estimation, and left femur bones were excised for histological examination. The results showed that the serum ALP, calcium, and phosphorus were significantly elevated, and a significant reduction in 1,25 (OH)2D3 was noticed in the ovx group. However, treatment with atorvastatin caused a significant reduction in ALP with a non-significant elevation in 1,25 (OH)2D3. Histological results showed a low density and thin trabecular bone, a few blood vessels, high numbers of osteoclast, with low numbers of osteoblasts in the ovx group. However, the treated ovx with atorvastatin increases the thickness of trabecular bone, medium developed osteogenic tissue, and a low number of osteoblasts. In conclusion, atorvastatin has a moderate effect on bone of ovx, affecting bone formation more than bone resorption.

In recent years, the extent of liver damage by hemodialysis with hepatitis C is critical interest and debate. In this research, Patients on hemodialysis and those with normal renal function had their biochemical profile, liver histology, and symptoms of the hepatitis C virus examined and analyzed. Alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP), is linked to high levels of hepatitis and end-stage renal disease. In this study, patients with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and thirty end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) were included. Gender, anticipated period of infection and age of infection were matched among ESRD patients. The aim of study is to measure and compare the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate lipase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in four groups: ESRD patients without hepatitis B, ESRD patients with hepatitis C, and healthy controls. The results demonstrated that hepatitis C patients with ESRD exhibited increases in their blood ALT and AST levels in contrast to hepatitis B patients with ESRD and the control group. Moreover, compared to chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients without hepatitis, individuals with ESRD had noticeably lower levels of these enzymes. The levels of Serum ALP were considerably greater in the hepatitis and ESRD groups than in the control group. Patients with HBV/HCV coinfection they often more vulnerable to liver-related morbidity and mortality compared to ESRD, HBV, or HCV patients.

Copyright of Turcology Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We aim to search for axion-like particles in the eV mass range using a variable-angle stimulated resonance photon collider (SRPC) with three intense laser beams. By changing angle of incidence of the three beams, the center-of-mass-system collision energy can be varied and the eV mass range can be continuously searched for. In this paper, we present the design and construction of such a variable-angle three-beam SRPC ( t SRPC ), the verification of the variable-angle mechanism using a calibration laser, and realistic sensitivity projections for searches in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthodontic treatment is relatively long and various efforts have been made to speed up the movement of orthodontic teeth. Coffee contains substances called caffeine (1,3,7 trimethylxanthine), chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, as well as flavonoids which have antioxidant effects. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are antioxidants that can reduce oxidative stress in osteoblasts and promote osteogenesis. The study aimed to analyze the expression of FGF2, Collagen 1 and ALP, on the movement of orthodontic teeth after administration of Robusta coffee extract. 24 wistar rats divided into 4 groups, namely groups C1 and C2: Rats were given orthodontic mechanical force (OMF) for 2 and 3 weeks and groups T1 and T2: Mice were given OMF and Robusta coffee extract for 2 and 3 weeks. OMF in mice (rats) was carried out by means of the right maxillary first molars teeth and on both maxillary incisors were given ligature wires. Then the right maxillary first molars moved to the mesial with a Niti closed coil spring. Observations were made on the day 15 and day 22 with immunohistochemical examinations to determine the expression of FGF2, Collagen 1 and ALP. The results indicated that administration of Robusta coffee extract for 2 and 3 weeks significantly increased the [expression of FGF2, Collagen 1 and ALP. The expression of FGF2, Collagen 1 and ALP (expression of GFß1, IGF1 and PDGF). The expression of TGFß1, IGF1 and PDGF during 3 weeks was greater than that at 2 weeks (p < 0.05. Robusta coffee extract can be used as an alternative ingredient in accelerating orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth eruption is the movement or process of the appearance of teeth towards the oral cavity which begins when the teeth are inside the alveolar bone. Calcium intake is very important for tooth growth, so a deficiency of this substance can cause in a delayed tooth eruption. Calcium signaling is important for the regulation of immune responses. ALP is assisting neutrophils in the nonspecific immune system. ALP is involved in the initiation stage of tissue mineralization and increases during times of proliferation and differentiation in the process of tooth formation. Nutrition is an important factor in the growth and development of teeth and jaws. Chronic nutritional deficiency has an impact on growth disorders known as stunting. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between calcium intake and alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels with delayed eruption of permanent canine in stunting children. The method of this research was analytic with a cross-sectional to 50 stunting children that their age was 10 to12 years who were divided into two groups, the normal and delayed eruption of permanent canines. Based on the results of this reseach, there was no relationship between calcium intake and delayed eruption of permanent canines with a p>0.05. There was a relationship between ALP levels and delayed eruption of permanent canines with a p <0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver is an essential organ of our body. Bile secretion, detoxification, metabolism of fat and carbohydrates, storage of proteins, vitamins, iron and glycogen are the vital functions of the liver. Liver involves the biochemical pathways like supply of nutrients, growth, reproduction and production of energy. Liver injury is caused by certain antibiotics, carbontetrachloride, chemotherapeutic agents, thioacetamide, chronic alcohol consumption, antitubercular drugs, autoimmune diseases and microbes. Corticosteroid and immunosuppressive agents are used as drugs but they have adverse effects. Though these are developments in allopathy, there is no effective medicine that enhances hepatic function and protects liver. In Ayurveda system, plant materials have been used to protect liver injuries. Herbal medicines have gained popularity because they are easily available, safe, efficient and cost effective. The current research work laid down avenues to the production of novel herbal medicines for jaundice and reports the work on Ayurveda plants that have been proved and tested in hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Mounting experimental evidence has shown that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of mastitis, and clinical investigations have found that the occurrence of mastitis is correlated with ruminal dysbiosis. However, the underlying mechanism by which the ruminal microbiota participates in the development of mastitis remains unknown. Results In the present study, we found that cows with clinical mastitis had marked systemic inflammation, which was associated with significant ruminal dysbiosis, especially enriched Proteobacteria in the rumen. Ruminal microbiota transplantation from mastitis cows (M-RMT) to mice induced mastitis symptoms in recipient mice along with increased mammary proinflammatory signature activation of the TLR4-cGAS-STING-NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways. M-RMT also induced mucosal inflammation and impaired intestinal barrier integrity, leading to increased endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. Moreover, we showed that M-RMT mirrored ruminal microbiota disruption in the gut of recipient mice, as evidenced by enriched Proteobacteria and similar bacterial functions, which were correlated with most proinflammatory parameters and serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in mice. Recurrent low-grade LPS treatment mirrored gut dysbiosis-induced endotoxemia and caused severe mastitis in mice. Furthermore, we found that gut dysbiosis-derived LPS reduced host alkaline phosphatase activity by activating neuraminidase (Neu), which facilitates low-grade LPS exposure and E. coli-induced mastitis in mice. Conversely, treatment with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase or the Neu inhibitor zanamivir alleviated low-grade LPS exposure and E. coli-induced mastitis in mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that ruminal dysbiosis-derived low-grade endotoxemia can cause mastitis and aggravate pathogen-induced mastitis by impairing host anti-inflammatory enzymes, which implies that regulating the ruminal or gut microbiota to prevent low-grade systemic inflammation is a potential strategy for mastitis intervention. Video Abstract

Alkaline phosphatase is used as the main marker in the evaluation of successful milk pasteurization, although there is concern about whether this method is appropriate for non-cow milk. We systematically reviewed articles related to ALP in non-cow milk and dairy products. From a total of 183 studies retrieved, 31 articles were included in the review. Our study shows that most research is focused on goat and sheep milk, while other species are rather neglected as far as the use of ALP as a milk safety marker is concerned. More evidence on ALP kinetics is required for non-cow milk and its products and on alternative pasteurization-efficiency markers, such as other enzymes, as these issues are crucial for consumer health.

Background: One of the main risk factors for cardiovascular illnesses and a widespread health issue, is hypertension which can result in improper calcium metabolism. Vitamin D may lessen the prevalence of hypertension as it has been suggested that rickets and osteomalacia are frequently brought on by vitamin D insufficiency. Objective: the present study aims to assess bone minerals density in hypertensive patients with vitamin D deficiency. Materials and Methods: this is a cross-sectional study conducted in April through June of 2019. Eighty-eight hypertension patients were included in the study, 46 men and 42 women, and they were divided into two groups depending on their vitamin D results: normal, >20 ng/ml, and case, 20 ng/ml. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version20. Serum vitamin D level was determined by using an ELISA competitive assay, serum ALP and Mg level was determined by using spectrophotometric methods, and serum Ca and Ph level was determined by using dye colorimetric methods. Results: Females, overweight subjects and more than 5 years patients showed a decrease in vitamin D level, with P-values (0.000, 0.003 and 0.041) respectively. The mean serum level of ALP and Mg were significantly increased in overweight group (P-values 0.048 and 0.041). The mean serum levels of ALP, Ca, Ph and Mg showed insignificant differences in the study group classified based on gender P-values (0.844, 0.546, 0.173 and 0.716) respectively. Patients with long history of disease (> 5 years) have significant increase in Ca levels p-value (0.019). Conclusion Patients with obesity have lower vitamin D levels, while having higher levels of ALP and Mg. Patients with long histories of disease (> 5 years) have higher levels of Ca. Females are more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency. There is no discernible difference in serum ALP, calcium, phosphate, or magnesium between hypertensive patients with normal or lower of levels vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]