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Aim: To evaluate the lipid profiles among type 2 diabetes and hypothyroid patients for establishing relation between dyslipidemia, diabetes and thyroid disorders. Background: Dyslipidaemia is the leading cause of death in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. Diabetes and hypothyroidism are the two main endocrine risk factors for dyslipidaemia. Diabetes is associated with altered metabolism of triglyceride (TG) levels and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Hypothyroidism leads to decreased clearance of TG and catabolism of LDL. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional with 288 subjects that include normal population, diabetic and hypothyroid patients. The plasma lipid levels, thyroid profile and glucose levels were collected from the patients. The data were subjected to an unpaired t-test for statistical analysis. The P < 0.05 is indicative of statistical significance. Results: The study included 288 patients out of which 104 were with type 2 diabetes, 81 were hypothyroid and 103 were controls. Dyslipidaemia cases found among them were 63, 26 and 32, respectively. The mean values of lipid levels in type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism and control population were total cholesterol (TC) (211.4 ± 4.24, 190.5 ± 3.57 mg/dl and 187.3 ± 1.91 mg/dl), LDL (134.5 ± 3.01, 120.8 ± 2.035 and 115.8 ± 1.64 mg/dl), TG (188.6 ± 4.14, 169.9 ± 0.74 and 163.2 ± 2.42 mg/dl), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (39.64 ± 0.45, 38.78 ± 0.49 and 38.64 ± 0.12 mg/dl) and non-HDL (171.75 ± 1.52, 151.75 ± 0.99 and 148.84 ± 1.99 mg/dl), respectively. Lipid levels of type 2 diabetes and hypothyroidism patients were found to be significantly more than the control population. The mean levels of TC, LDL, TG in type 2 diabetes and LDL, TG in hypothyroidism patients were found to be more than the normal range. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism and dyslipidaemia. Routine lipid profile monitoring in patients with diabetes and hypothyroid disorders is advisable for the primary prevention of dyslipidaemia and CVD.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune demylination disorder of central nervous system. Although the etiology and pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis remains still unclear but the present study shows that the cause of multiple sclerosis is multifactorial and also includes several environmental factors like Vitamin D deficiency, infectious agents, smoking etc. Advancement of disabilities can be prevented by early diagnosis and treatment. Current search in neuropathology, neuroimmunology, neurobiology, neuroimaging together with clinical neurology provide information that multiple sclerosis is a spectrum not a single disease. There are many number of multiple sclerosis treatments available today which show a decrease in the frequency of relapses and disease progression. Conventional treatment for multiple sclerosis depends on the use of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory drugs, and improves neuronal function and stop the disease progression. Clinical studies have shown that when compared to the known side effects of injectables such as glatiramer acetate and beta interferon, newer drugs have acceptable side effects. Clinical evaluation and monitoring of efficacy and safety of the available drugs is necessary for achieving better quality of life for the patient. In this article recent approaches and advancements in treatment of multiple sclerosis is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observational studies indicated a negative association between the risk of vegetable protein and cardiovascular disease, but less robust intervention studies. Many interventional studies that measured soy protein's effects relative to animal protein have used casein. Relative to casein, soy protein tends to have a variable and less dramatic effect on lipids and lipoprotein than originally reported. Compared to animal proteins other than casein, relatively large soy protein intakes (almost 25 g/d) tend to have a consistent hypocholesterolemic effect, although small (almost 5%). No significant additional benefit of soy protein on other risk factors for cardiovascular disease has been identified when assessed; Lp(a), inflammatory markers, oxidative stress biomarkers, and endothelial function. The available data on the effect of dietary protein on plasma lipids, lipoprotein levels, and risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease is difficult to interpret and insufficient to account for the discrepancy between observational and interventional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]