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The academic achievement of students is influenced by the leadership capabilities of school administrators and the commitment and efficacy of teachers in their roles. However, within the Program Vokasional Menengah Atas (PVMA) context, there has been a concerning rise in students failing to meet minimum qualifications. This underscores the urgent need to assess the effectiveness of principals' instructional leadership as well as teachers' commitment and self-efficacy. This study aims to identify the interrelationships between instructional leadership, teacher commitment, and self-efficacy, as well as how instructional leadership and teacher commitment impact teacher selfefficacy. The research utilized three questionnaires adapted from previous studies that had been validated through face, content, and construct validation. The sample consisted of 318 PVMA teachers, and the data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study directly address the research problem by demonstrating the significant impact of principals' instructional leadership on teachers' commitment and self-efficacy. Significant correlations were found between instructional leadership and teacher self-efficacy, instructional leadership and teacher commitment, and teacher commitment and self-efficacy. The study highlights the positive influence of instructional leadership and teacher commitment on enhancing teacher self-efficacy, emphasizing the pivotal role of principals in fostering a supportive environment that prevents student underachievement. It provides actionable insights for principals, teachers, and education stakeholders to prioritize instructional leadership, improve teacher commitment, and enhance overall effectiveness in educational outcomes. Future research could expand by incorporating additional variables influencing instructional leadership and diversifying the sample population to enrich understanding and applicability across diverse educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recruitment is a process of identifying individuals who have the potential to create a quality staff that will ensure the achievement of a company's goals and mission. Many employers are interested in recruiting capable graduates. However, there are still employers who do not offer a salary equivalent to the student's qualifications. Accordingly, this study aims to determine the recruitment pattern for Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) graduates from 2015 until 2020. It identifies graduates of UTHM, a public technical university who receive salaries equivalent to their qualifications at the Diploma level. It also aims to identify employers who consistently hire UTHM graduates from the designated years. This empirical study analyzed raw data from the Graduate Tracer Study online system administered by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. The respondents consisted of 1302 diploma graduates at UTHM. The results of the study show that only 32% of graduates receive a salary commensurate with their diploma qualification. This shows a high mismatch between the job salaries and qualifications of graduates. Further results also found that there are 43 companies consistently recruiting UTHM Diploma Graduates from 2015 to 2020. Attentively, JST Connector (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd is the most consistent company in recruiting UTHM Diploma graduates with a total of 15 employees in that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical appearance of leachate when it emerges from a typical landfill site is a strongly odoured black, yellow or orange colored cloudy liquid which contains organic and inorganic pollutants which makes it unsatisfactory to be released in water bodies without any prior treatment. The goal of current study was to examine the effectiveness of waste green mussel shell (WGMS) for the removal of pollutants from stabilized leachate. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen (NH3-N) was investigated as the two major contaminants in leachate. In this study, adsorption method employed for the treatment of landfill leachate. Static batch experiment was carried out with 100 mL leachate sample with pH 7, contact time 120 min, dosage 4.0 g with 200 rpm shaking speed. The best removal was achieved at 2.0 g with the removal percentage of COD and N-NH3 were 58% and 48%, respectively. Langmuir isotherm adsorption model showed best fitted with coefficient of determination for COD with the value of R² = 0.9944 and NH3-N with the value of R² = 0.9918 respectively as compared to Freundlich model shows the value for COD with the value of R² = 0.9825 and NH3-N with the value of R² = 0.9508. Thus, it indicates adsorbent adsorption occurs monolayer adsorption on homogeneous surface. The WGMS provides a significantly lower cost medium for reduction of COD and NH3-N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid generation rate of solid waste is due to the increasing population and industrialization. Nowadays, solid waste has been a major concerning problem in handling and disposal thus adsorption treatment process has been introduced which is an effective and low-cost method in removing organic and inorganic compounds from leachates such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N). A most commonly adsorbent used for the removal of organic and inorganic compounds is activated carbon (AC), yet the main disadvantage is being too expensive in cost. Many researchers tried to use low-cost adsorbent waste materials, such as peat soil, limestone etc. This review article reveals a list of low-cost adsorbent and their capacity of adsorption for the removal of COD and NH3-N. Furthermore, the preparation of these low-cost adsorbents as well as their removal efficiencies, relative cost, and limitation are discussed. The most efficient, cost-effective, and environment-friendly adsorbent can be used for the removal of COD and NH3-N thus can be provided for commercial usage or water treatment plant.Implications: The concentration of organic constituents (COD) and ammonia nitrogen in stabilized landfill leachate has significant strong influences of human health and environmental. This review article shows the list of low-cost adsorbent (i.e., Activated carbon, Peat soil, Zeolite, Limestone, and cockle shell and their capacity of adsorption for the removal of COD and ammonia nitrogen. This would be greatly applicable in future research era as well as conventionally minimizing high-cost materials use and thereby lowering the operating cost of leachate wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfill leachate is a liquid generated due to rainwater percolation through the waste in a landfill or dumping site that may contain high levels of organic matter, both biodegradable and non-biodegradable, which are the major sources of water pollution. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) contents have been relevant indicators of severity and pollution potential of landfill leachate. The reductions of COD and NH3-N were investigated in this study using different combinations of media ratios of green mussel (GM) and zeolite (ZEO). Generally, ZEO is considered as a renowned adsorbent but with a relatively high in cost. In Malaysia, mussel shell is abundantly available as a by-product from the seafood industry, is regarded as waste, and is mostly left at the dumpsite to naturally deteriorate. Its quality and availability make GMs a cost-effective material. In this research study, leachate samples were characterized and found to contain high concentrations of COD and NH3-N. The adsorption process was conducted to find out the best combination media ratio between GM and ZEO. The removing efficiency was determined at different amounts of composite media ratios. The optimal adsorbent mixture ratios between (GM: ZEO) of 1.0:3.0 and 1.5:2.5 were considered as a more efficient technique in removing COD and NH3-N compared to exploiting these adsorbents individually. The optimal extenuation removal reduction was found at an approximately 65% of COD and 78% of NH3-N. The adsorption Isotherm Langmuir model exhibited a better fit with high regression coefficient for COD (R² = 0.9998) and NH3-N (R² = 0.9875), respectively. This means that the combination of GM: ZEO adsorption of landfill leachate in this analysis is homogeneous with the monolayer. The mixture of GMs and ZEO was observed to provide an alternative medium for the reduction of COD and NH3-N with comparatively lower cost.Implications: The concentration of organic constituents (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen in stabilized landfill leachate have significantly strong influences of human health and the environment. The combination of mixing media green mussel and zeolite adsorbent enhancing organic constituents (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen reduction efficiency from leachate. This would be greatly applicable in future research as well as conventionally minimizing high cost materials like zeolite, thereby lowering the operating cost of leachate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the inevitable generation of waste is considered as hazardous to health, damaging ecosystem to our environment, it is important to develop an innovative technologies to remediate pollutant sources for the safety and environmental protection. The development of adsorption technique for the reduction of extremely effective pollutants in this regard. Green mussel and zeolite mixing media were investigated for the reduction of the concentration of organic constituents (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen from leachate. The leachate treatability was analyzed under various stages of treatment parameter, namely mixing ratio, shaking speed, contact time, and pH. Both adsorbent were sieve values in between 2.00–3.35 mm particle size. The optimum pH, shaking speed, contact time, and mixing ratio were determined. Leachate samples were collected from influent untreated detention pond at Simpang Renggam landfill site in Johor, Malaysia. The result of leachate characterization properties revealed that non-biodegradability leachate with higher concentrations of COD (1829 mg/L), ammoniacal nitrogen (406.68 mg/L) and biodegradability value (0.08) respectively. The optimal reduction condition of COD and ammoniacal nitrogen was obtained at 200 rpm shaken speed, 120 minute shaken time, optimum green mussel and zeolite mix ratio was 2.0:2.0, and pH 7. The isothermic study of adsorption shows that Langmuir is best suited for experimental results in terms of Freundlich model. The mixing media also provided promising results to treating leachate. This would be greatly applicable in conventionally minimizing zeolite use and thereby lowering the operating cost of leachate treatment.Implications: The concentration of organic constituents (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen in stabilized landfill leachate have significant strong influences of human health and environmental. The combination of mixing media green mussel and zeolite adsorbent COD and ammoniacal nitrogen reduction efficiency from leachate. This would be greatly applicable in future research era as well as conventionally minimizing high cost materials like zeolite use and thereby lowering the operating cost of leachate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfills are an important physical facility to disposing municipal solid waste in developing countries. Although, such landfills are correlated with leachate production, which if left untreated, can pose a serious threat to human health and affect the ecosystem in the aquatic life. In the present research study, green mussel adsorbent was explored for the treatment of stabilized landfill leachate. To remove the organic constituent (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3–N). The optimum agitation speed, pH, and adsorbent dosage were tested using particle size ranges from 2.00 mm to 3.35 mm. The physicochemical characterization was then determined. The best optimum shaking condition was determined at 200 rpm, pH and adsorbent dosages were 7 and 2.0 g. The optimum percentage removal values for COD are 40% at 200 rpm, 60% at pH 7, and 65% at 2.0 g and the optimum percentage removal values for NH3–N are 30% at 200 rpm, 50% at pH 7, and 45% at 2.0 g, respectively. Generally, the finding results revealed that the Langmuir model adsorption was slightly better fitted and suitable for organic constituent (COD) and Freundlich was good for ammoniacal nitrogen reduction in terms of coefficient of determination (R²). Langmuir adsorption coefficient of determination (R²) for COD are 0.9979 and Freundlich adsorption coefficient of determination (R²) for ammoniacal nitrogen are 0.9938 respectively. This implies that adsorbate adsorption occurs by monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. Therefore, it is proposed that kinetic adsorption be taken into account for further research to examine the organic constituents (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen process on to the green mussel (Perna viridis) media respectively. Landfills are an important physical facility to disposing municipal solid waste in developing countries. Although, such landfills are correlated with leachate production, which if left untreated, can pose a serious threat to human health and affect the ecosystem in the aquatic life. In the present research study, green mussel adsorbent was explored for the treatment of stabilized landfill leachate. To remove the organic constituent (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3–N). The optimum agitation speed, pH, and adsorbent dosage were tested using particle size ranges from 2.00 mm to 3.35 mm. The physicochemical characterization was then determined. The best optimum shaking condition was determined at 200 rpm, pH and adsorbent dosages were 7 and 2.0 g. The optimum percentage removal values for COD are 40% at 200 rpm, 60% at pH 7, and 65% at 2.0 g and the optimum percentage removal values for NH3–N are 30% at 200 rpm, 50% at pH 7, and 45% at 2.0 g, respectively. Generally, the finding results revealed that the Langmuir model adsorption was slightly better fitted and suitable for organic constituent (COD) and Freundlich was good for ammoniacal nitrogen reduction in terms of coefficient of determination (R²). Langmuir adsorption coefficient of determination (R²) for COD are 0.9979 and Freundlich adsorption coefficient of determination (R²) for ammoniacal nitrogen are 0.9938 respectively. This implies that adsorbate adsorption occurs by monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. Therefore, it is proposed that kinetic adsorption be taken into account for further research to examine the organic constituents (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen process on to the green mussel (Perna viridis) media respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfills leachate always has been considered the utmost problem and is an issue in the management of municipal solid waste. Generally, landfill leachate contains a high concentration of organic and inorganic matter that caused an origin of hydro-geological pollution. In this research analysis, the combination of granular activated carbon (GAC) and green mussel (GM) was determined for the reduction of organic constituents' chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) from stabilized landfill leachate. This study was investigated to achieve the maximum optimum conditions, speed, time, dose and pH. The characterized result revealed that leachate contains a high concentration of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)/COD ratio (0.09), COD (1,829 mg/L) and ammoniacal nitrogen (406.68 mg/L), respectively. The reduction result revealed that the maximum mixture ratios of media GAC:GM for COD and NH3-N reduction are 2.0:2.0, 200 rpm, 120 min, and 57 g. The findings from isotherm adsorption analysis, the obtained result revealed that the Langmuir adsorption data better fit than Freundlich adsorption. The mixing media provides a strong result for the treatment of leachate wastewater and potentially used as economical good and sustainable adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammoniacal nitrogen and organic constituent (COD) are two crucial problematic parameters in leachate wastewater treatment. To achieve the objectives of this research, isotherm parameters for adsorption of COD and ammoniacal nitrogen by activated coconut shell carbon, green mussel (Perna viridis), zeolite and newly composite mass were investigated. All the adsorption materials were crushed and sieved to obtain the desired particle size of 150 µm. The optimum batch adsorption study condition was reported at 120 min contact time, 200 rpm shaking speed and pH 7. The result shows that all the adsorbents were well fitted with two different models namely Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model whereas the coefficient of determination (R2) value is greater than 0.9 for COD. A comparison research study indicates that the adsorption ability of composite adsorbents shows a higher tendency reduction of both COD and ammoniacal nitrogen than granular activated carbon, green mussel and zeolite. Generally, the results of the findings revealed that the Langmuir adsorption model was slightly better fitted and suitable for organic constituents while Freundlich was good for ammoniacal nitrogen. Langmuir adsorption coefficient of determination (R2) for COD are 0.9968, 0.9914, 0.9944 and 0.9991 and Freundlich adsorption coefficient of determination (R2) for ammoniacal nitrogen are 0.9514, 0.7136, 0.9568 and 0.9667, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suitability of micro peat (MP) and activated carbon (AC) mixed media as a composite adsorbent for the landfill leachate treatment in terms of COD reduction and color removal was investigated in this study. All the adsorption media was pulverized and sieved to a particle size of 150 µm. The MP-AC composite media efficiently removed 87% COD at optimal ratio 1.5:2.5 and 74% color at optimal ratio 2.0:2.0, within 120 min of contact time, 200 rpm of shaking speed at pH 7. The findings revealed that Langmuir isotherm best described the uptake of COD and color which implies that the adsorption of leachate in this study onto MP-AC composite media was homogeneous on a mono layer surface. The kinetic data and the factor controlling adsorption process fitted better to the pseudo-second- order model. Energy of adsorption (E) were observed as 267.26 kJ mol-1 and 79.06 kJ mol-1 for COD and color respectively indicating chemisorption as the limiting controlling step for the reduction of COD and color onto MP-AC composite media. The overall rate of the COD and color adsorption processes onto MP-AC composite media appears to be dominated by chemisorption. The pattern of adsorption showed that micro peat offers a cost effective alternative and can be utilized as partial replacement of conventional media (AC) for the removal of organic matters from landfill leachate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kitchen wastewater that is discharged to the environment is one of the contributing factors to water pollution in Malaysia and other developing countries. Various techniques have been employed to remove the pollutants namely, physical, chemical and biological treatment. Biosorption is one of the biological treatments that has emerged as a new technology for the removal and recovery of pollutants, which is more environmental friendly. This study focuses on the effectiveness of the kitchen wastewater treatment systems using low-cost natural fibre of banana trunk (Musa sapientum) as biofibre to remove COD, ammonia nitrogen, suspended solids, turbidity, colour, and oil and grease from kitchen wastewater. The optimum adsorption capacities of banana trunk biofibres were investigated under several conditions, namely, pH, absorbent dosage, speed and contact time. The optimum pH was found to be 6. The experimental results obtained were satisfactory at a dosage of 2 g at 150 rpm. The banana fibres show satisfactory COD removal of 88%, ammonia nitrogen of 84%, suspended solids of 83%, turbidity of 75%, the colour of 67% and oil and grease of 68% respectively. Maximum removal was achieved at 2 hours contact time. The study reveals that the banana fibres could be acceptable for efficient removal of organics and nutrients present in the kitchen wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanitary landfills are important means of disposing municipal solid waste in developing countries. However, these landfills are associated with the generation of leachate, which if untreated may pose severe public health risk and may damage the ecosystem in the long term. In this study, cockle shells were explored as an adsorbent media for the treatment of a stabilized landfill leachate. The optimum shaking speed, pH, and dosage for chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter removal were investigated using the adsorbent media of particle sizes ranging from 2.00 mm to 3.35 mm. Leachate characteristics were then determined. Results indicated that leachate is non-biodegradable with high concentrations of COD (1763 mg/L), ammonia nitrogen (573 mg/L), and biochemical oxygen demand/COD (0.09). The optimum conditions for shaking were determined at 150 rpm according to the adsorption of COD by the media. Optimum pH and dosage was 5.5 and 35 g/L, respectively. The adsorption isotherms indicated that Langmuir isotherm is better fitted than Freundlich isotherm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is a country that is a rich source of agricultural waste material. Three different crops were studied here, including pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaf, corn (Zea mays) stalk, and Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum). These crops are characterized as agricultural waste materials in Malaysia and have a high potential to be used as alternative fibers for the paper making industry. The objective of this work was to analyze the chemical composition of pineapple leaf, corn stalk, and Napier grass and to investigate the fiber morphology of these crops. The chemical components analyzed include the following: cellulose (Kurshner-Hoffner method), holocellulose (chlorination method), hemicellulose (chlorination method), ash content (TAPPI method T211- om-93), lignin content (TAPPI method T222-om-98), and soluble sodium hydroxide (TAPPI method T203-om-98). All handsheets morphologies were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicated each crop has the potential for use as a fiber in paper making. SEM images indicated a condensed composition of the fiber structure. The observed chemical composition and morphology of these three crops indicate their suitability for use as fiber sources for the paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forest tree had become beneficial as the major source of raw materials for paper production. However, the main concern is the dwindling forest tree resources. Fibre substitution from non-wood sources can overcome this problem. The abundance of napier grass is characterized as agro waste material, and has a high potential to become one of the substitution fibres. The objective of this work was to analyse the chemical composition of napier grass and to investigate the morphological properties of napier grass fibre. The chemical composition of the fibre was analysed by the TAPPI test method, chlorination method and Kuchner-Hoffner method. The results indicate the potential of napier grass as a fibre. The napier grass morphology showed a condensed composition of fibre structure under a scanning electron microscope. This study of napier grass indicated the suitability for promoting the green technology in developing an eco-friendly product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leachate is a highly complex and polluted wastewater containing a high amount of dissolved and suspended matter produced by the introduction of percolation water through the body of the landfill. This problem can be solved by using the combination of granular activated carbon and zeolite as a filter medium. This research study is conducted to find an alternative treatment by combining low-cost adsorbent such as green mussel waste (Perna viridis) and ordinary adsorbent media, granular activated carbon, and zeolite. Both adsorption media were crushed and sieved to a particle size of 150 µm. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the optimal ratio of the adsorbent media. Granular activated carbon and green mussel have been classified as hydrophobic media whereas the optimal ratio was 2.5:1.5. Zeolite has no combination and is considered as hydrophilic media whereas the optimal ratio was 1.0. The best ratio for hydrophobic and hydrophilic media ratio have been selected as 7:3, according to the behavior of adsorption of organic constitutes (chemical oxygen demand (COD)) and ammoniacal nitrogen to the media. The batch experiment results indicate that the leachate concentration of COD was 310 mg/L with reduction percentage of 83% and ammonia nitrogen was 150 mg/L with reduction percentage of 63%. The optimum condition for reduction of ammonia nitrogen and COD were found with 200 rpm in shaking speed, 120 min of contact time at pH 7. The experimental result shows that both the models Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were best fitted and favorable; that is adsorption phase reached equilibrium. According to regression coefficients (R²), Langmuir isotherms were best fitted for COD reduction, and Freundlich isotherm was best fitted for ammoniacal nitrogen reduction. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm adsorption capacity for COD and ammonia nitrogen were 0.9971 and 0.9914, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]