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In the current work Plasticized sodium ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on polyvinyl alcohol: methylcellulose (PVA: MC) and sodium iodide (NaI) as the electrolytic salt are fabricated. The SPE films are created using a renowned solution casting procedure, and the results of the experiments are provided. The development of polymers-salt complexes is supported by the Fourier-transform infrared transform (FTIR) analysis. The degrees of crystallinity of the polymers are noticeably decreased as a result of the glycerol plasticizer, according to X-ray diffraction test. The sample inserted with 40 wt% glycerol has the maximum ionic conductivity, according to electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrical equivalence circuits (EEC) are used to explore the electrolytes circuit components. For the highest conducting electrolyte, the number density (n), mobility (µ), and diffusion coefficient (D) of ions are found to be 2 × 1021, 1.79 × 10−6, and 4.59 × 10−8, respectively. A high dispersion of the real component of dielectric permittivity at a lower frequency are used to infer the space charge influence induced by stainless-still (SS) electrodes. The tangent loss spectra show that the bouncing chance per unit time decreases as the glycerol concentration rises.

This paper studies the structural and electrical properties of solid polymer blend electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and methylcellulose (MC) incorporated with sodium iodide (NaI). The polymer electrolyte films were assembled through a solution casting technique. The host matrix, which is doped with different NaI salt concentrations between 10 and 50 wt%, utilizes the most amorphous blend compositions (60 wt% Polyvinyl alcohol and 40 wt% methylcellulose). The structural behaviour of the electrolyte films was examined utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) techniques. The semi crystalline nature of PVA:MC with inserted NaI was derived from the X-ray diffraction studies, while the XRD analysis suggests that the highest ion conductive sample displays the minimum crystalline nature. The interaction between polymer blends and inserted salt was conceived from the FTIR investigation. Shifting of peaks and variation in the intensity of FTIR bands was detected. To investigate the structural properties and calculate the degree of crystallinity of the films, the (XRD) technique was employed, while electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was utilized for studying the conductivity of the samples. In order to comprehend all of the electrical properties of the ion-conducting systems, the EIS outcome of each electrolyte was matched with Equivalent Electrical Circuits (EEC) s. Ion transport parameters including mobility, carrier density and diffusion are well assessed for the samples and the dielectric properties were compared with the conductivity measurement. At lower frequencies, the dielectric constant was elevated and dielectric loss was detected. Loss tangent and electric modulus plots were used to study the relaxation nature of the samples. The highest ambient temperature conductivity of PVA loaded 50 wt% of NaI was determined to be 1.53 × 10−5 S/cm. The loss tangent relaxation peak shifts towards high-frequency side which indicates the decrease of relaxation time and faster ion dynamics.

The polymer electrolyte system of methylcellulose (MC) doped with various sodium bromide (NaBr) salt concentrations is prepared in this study using the solution cast technique. FTIR and XRD were used to identify the structural changes in solid films. Sharp crystalline peaks appeared at the XRD pattern at 40 and 50 wt.% of NaBr salt. The electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study illustrates that the loading of NaBr increases the electrolyte conductivity at room temperature. The DC conductivity of 6.71 × 10−6 S/cm is obtained for the highest conducting electrolyte. The EIS data are fitted with the electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) to determine the impedance parameters of each film. The EEC modeling helps determine the circuit elements, which is decisive from the engineering perspective. The DC conductivity tendency is further established by dielectric analysis. The EIS spectra analysis shows a decrease in bulk resistance, demonstrating free ion carriers and conductivity boost. The dielectric property and relaxation time confirmed the non-Debye behavior of the electrolyte system. An incomplete semicircle further confirms this behavior model in the Argand plot. The distribution of relaxation times is related to the presence of conducting ions in an amorphous structure. Dielectric properties are improved with the addition of NaBr salt. A high value of a dielectric constant is seen at the low frequency region.

In this research, a biopolymer-based electrolyte system involving methylcellulose (MC) as a host polymeric material and potassium iodide (KI) salt as the ionic source was prepared by solution cast technique. The electrolyte with the highest conductivity was used for device application of electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) with high specific capacitance. The electrical, structural, and electrochemical characteristics of the electrolyte systems were investigated using various techniques. According to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the bulk resistance (Rb) decreased from 3.3 × 105 to 8 × 102 Ω with the increase of salt concentration from 10 wt % to 40 wt % and the ionic conductivity was found to be 1.93 ×10−5 S/cm. The dielectric analysis further verified the conductivity trends. Low-frequency regions showed high dielectric constant, ε′ and loss, ε″ values. The polymer-salt complexation between (MC) and (KI) was shown through a Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The analysis of transference number measurement (TNM) supported ions were predominantly responsible for the transport process in the MC-KI electrolyte. The highest conducting sample was observed to be electrochemically constant as the potential was swept linearly up to 1.8 V using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) profile reveals the absence of a redox peak, indicating the presence of a charge double-layer between the surface of activated carbon electrodes and electrolytes. The maximum specific capacitance, Cs value was obtained as 118.4 F/g at the sweep rate of 10 mV/s.

Compatible green polymer electrolytes based on methyl cellulose (MC) were prepared for energy storage electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) application. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted for structural investigation. The reduction in the intensity of crystalline peaks of MC upon the addition of sodium iodide (NaI) salt discloses the growth of the amorphous area in solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). Impedance plots show that the uppermost conducting electrolyte had a smaller bulk resistance. The highest attained direct current DC conductivity was 3.01 × 10−3 S/cm for the sample integrated with 50 wt.% of NaI. The dielectric analysis suggests that samples in this study showed non-Debye behavior. The electron transference number was found to be lower than the ion transference number, thus it can be concluded that ions are the primary charge carriers in the MC–NaI system. The addition of a relatively high concentration of salt into the MC matrix changed the ion transfer number from 0.75 to 0.93. From linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), the green polymer electrolyte in this work was actually stable up to 1.7 V. The consequence of the cyclic voltammetry (CV) plot suggests that the nature of charge storage at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces is a non-Faradaic process and specific capacitance is subjective by scan rates. The relatively high capacitance of 94.7 F/g at a sweep rate of 10 mV/s was achieved for EDLC assembly containing a MC–NaI system.

The current study was conducted on Melanoides tuberculate in three stations for the period from December 2017 to November 2018 (Al-Sharash, Al-Salhiya and Al-Dweab), as the samples were collected monthly. Some environmental factors were measured, such as the water temperature. The lowest water temperature was 12°C during January and the highest temperature was 33°C during July, both in Al-Salhiya station. The pH values ​​were between 7.5 in the three stations and 8.9 during July in Al-Sharash, and the lowest was recorded. The salinity value was 0.5‰ in April and November at Al-Sharash station, and the highest value was recorded at 39.3‰ during July for Al-Dweab station. The values ​​of the current speed ranged between 0.01)-95 (0.0 m/s in Al-Sharash and Al-Salhiya stations, respectively, while the values ​​of dissolved oxygen ranged between (12.1) -5.1) mg/liter during August and May in Al-Salhiya and Al-Sharash stations respectively, As for the bottom sediments, all the stations were alluvial with few and different proportions of sand and clay. The study also showed that the environmental factors have an impact on the distribution and spread of this species in the intertidal zone. It also found a significant direct relationship between density of M. tuberculata with dissolved oxygen and an inverse relationship with salinity in Al-Sharash station, while in Al-Salhiya station a direct relationship was recorded between the density of M. tuberculata and dissolved oxygen and an inverse relationship between the density of M. tuberculata with salinity.

The current study was conducted on N. indica in three stations for the period from December 2017 to November 2018 (Al-Sharsh, Al-Salhiya and Al-Dweab), as samples were collected monthly. Some environmental factors were calculated, such as water temperature. The lowest water temperature was 12 °C during January and the highest temperature was 33 °C during July, both in Al-Salhiya station. The lowest value of salinity was 0.5‰ reached in April and November in Al-Sharsh station, while reached highest value ‰ 39.3 were recorded during July for Al-Dweab station, the light transmittance values ranged between (63-18) cm, recorded during July and November for Al-Salhiya and Al-Sharsh stations, respectively. As for the values of dissolved oxygen, it ranged between (12.1-5.1) mg/liter during August and May in the two stations. Al- Salhiya and Al-Sharsh, respectively. As for the bottom sediments of all the stations, they were alluvial with few and different percentages of sand and clay. The study showed that the studied environmental factors have an impact on the distribution and spread of this species within the horizontal and vertical sections in the tidal zone. The total density and density were measured within the horizontal distribution pattern in each station and the monthly total density ranges were 592-32 individuals/m2. The density of the three species was calculated within the horizontal distribution after dividing the area into three sections for each station. The results of the study indicated that there were significant differences at the level of P