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The composition and properties of the milk fat of mares' milk is interesting from a nutritional standpoint. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional value of Lipizzaner mare's milk for possible human consumption and identity the influence of the parity and stage of lactation on its fatty acid (FA) composition. This study was conducted on 17 Lipizzaner mares from a state stud farm in the Slavonian region (eastern Croatia). Mares were hand-milked twice during lactation in the fourth and sixth months. Significantly higher contents of MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids) and PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and lower ratios of n-6/n-3 were found in the fourth month of lactation. This parity significantly affected the PUFA/SFA ratio (polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids), with lower values found in older mares. The fatty acid composition of mare's milk that is especially high in UFAs (unsaturated fatty acids) is considered to be beneficial for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to determine the variability in stress indicators due to horse age and competitive season (May, July, September) in jumping horses in parkour, research was performed on 14 studs (7 younger, and 7 older) trained and bred in the same conditions. The stress indicators (heartbeats, cortisol, glucose, and lactate concentrations in saliva) were measured or sampled before, during and at the end of the training - parkour jumping. The significance of the differences in stress indicators between the horse age classes regarding the competitive season was tested by Tukey's test. Based on determined results it could be concluded that all stress indicators, during the entire competitive season, were higher in younger (less experienced) than in older (more experienced) horses. Furthermore, all stress indicators, with the exception of heartbeats, were highest in the peak of competitive season (July), while the lowest values of all stress indicators were determined at the end of competitive season (September). Monitoring of stress indicators, especially heartbeats, could be used for routine evaluation of horse preparedness for a particular activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Krmiva is the property of Croatian Society of Agronomists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Equestrian sports are in connection, firstly with the physical stress that can induce mental horse's stress. Horse training is not easy to define. It is achieving concentration and fitness for a certain type of equestrian sport where a preservation of health, psychological condition, physical condition and longevity is a necessity. In equestrian sport, the better result is needed over the long period of time. Many authors describe the lactate concentrations as a parameter of fitness of the horse, which means, in equestrian sports, a result. A horse with a lower lactate level is fitter, which means that the muscle tissue produces less lactic acid which is converted in blood into the lactate ion. Researches have been made on Holstein studs and a Croatian sports horse breeding type that have been trained and bred in the same conditions. There were two groups of jumping horses in training. Younger horses gain uniformity throughout the competition season and come closer to the older group of horses in results. Younger horses gain experience through training and physical work understand as a routine; their body gains better fitness demanded by show jumping sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to test the effect of two different teat cup liners (difference in: head diameter, length, body shape and with / without of air vent) on the teat condition score after milking (hyperkeratosis, color and swellings) and somatic cell count (SCClog) on the Holstein primiparous cows. The cows in control group had significantly (P<0.0001) better teat condition, and lower somatic cell count compering to the cows in experimental group. The obtained results indicate that liner type affects teat skin condition and somatic cell count, and therefore the risk of mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Krmiva is the property of Croatian Society of Agronomists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Krmiva is the property of Croatian Society of Agronomists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Krmiva is the property of Croatian Society of Agronomists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Krmiva is the property of Croatian Society of Agronomists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Milk, an essential source of offspring nourishment, varies in it's composition and properties significantly across species. In human nutrition, fresh milk and dairy products are valuable sources of protein, fat and energy, and are an important part of daily meals. Most of the world's milk production (85 %) comes from cows followed by buffaloes, goats, ewes, mares and donkeys. However milk related food allergies in infants may be a reason for health problems and may cause a decrease in milk. The objective of this paper was to give an overview of the overall composition of milk and fat from different species in comparison to women milk. Regarding the overall milk composition remarkable differences in energy content, fat, lactose, protein and ash of the various milks were found, but also some similarities among milk from ruminants and non-ruminants were detected. The structures of fat globule membranes were similar among non-ruminants and women milk, while the milk fat globule structure in ruminants differed significantly. The size of fat globules was significantly different between species and highly correlated to the milk fat content, regardless of the specie. The amount of triacylglycerols was notably higher, while the amount of free fatty acids and phospholipids was notably lower in milk from ruminants and women compared to milk from mares and donkeys. The triacylglycerol structure in women and non-ruminants ˈ was similar. The percentage of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids was lower, while the unsaturated fatty acid content was higher in milk from non-ruminants, with a remarkably higher percentage of C-18:2 and C-18:3. The cholesterol content was similar in women and ruminants ˈmilk, but lower in that of non-ruminants. This review indicates that milk from non-ruminants could be more suitable for human nourishment than milk from ruminants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anatomical characteristics of dairy cattle are not equal for all breeds, meaning that the morphological traits of udder and teats could favor an individual performance or a determined breed. Changes in teat tissue after machine milking occur because of the negative influence of the vacuum and mechanical forces of the teat cup liner. Duration and performance of machine milking also depend on the udder and teat conformation and milkability traits of cows. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in morphological characteristics of Simmental and Holstein cows before and after machine milking, as well as to elaborate the differences in some of milkability traits of the cows during process of milking. A correlation (from -0.30 to 0.37) was determined between exterior and interior traits of teats and the performance of milkability traits. In both cow breeds, statistically significant difference (p<0.0001) was found between the pre- and post-milking values in all investigated traits, with exception of teat end width. Holstein cows had significantly (p<0.001) higher amount of milk per milking, maximum and average milk flow, while cows of the Simmental breed had longer milking time duration, but without statistical significance. In comparison to Holstein breed, results of internal morphological traits of teats showed that cows of Simmental breed had longer teat canals and wider teat ends for both front and rear teats. Holstein breed compared to Simmental had thinner teats wall, but wider teat cistern. If compared to pre-milking stage, differences in teat cistern width and teat wall thickness that occur after milking were more expressed in the Holstein breed than in Simmental. Simmental cows had significantly (p<0.05) longer and wider rear teats. Future research should focus on proving the differences in changes of teat tissue due to milking between different groups of cows, as depending on the milk flow. Ultrasound method of recording can be applied in such assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milkability traits have an increasing importance in modern cattle production, although they are the secondary selective trait. The machine milking of cows has indicated that there is no complete alignment between the machine and the animals, what lead to increasing duration of milking and disturbances in health of udder. Because of that, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the ordinal number of lactation and stage of lactation on milkability traits (amount of milk per milking (KMM), maximum milk flow rate (MPM), average milk flow rate (PPM), duration of the start of milk flow (tS500), duration of the ascending phase of milking (tUFM), duration of the plateau phase of milking (tPFM), duration of the descending phase of milking (tSFM), duration of the main phase of milking (tGFM)), and recommend the same for the selection work. The study was done on 322 Holstein cows in the period from the first to third lactation, arranged in three stages of lactation (the first of the 50-90 day, the second stage of the 91-135 day and a third of 136-180 day of lactation). The results showed that the ordinal number of lactation had a highly statistically significant influence (P<0.01) on KMM and MPM, and on the PPM and tGFM (P<0.05). Statistically significant influence of the stage of lactation on the KMM was recorded in the first and second lactation (P<0.05) respectively in the third lactation (P<0.01). Was recorded a significant positive influence of KMM (P<0.05) on the MPM, tPFM, tSFM and tGFM (r = from 0.22 to 0.52). The negative correlation of the MPM (P<0.05) was recorded with some parts of the milking phase duration (r = -0.14 to -0.47). The results indicate that there are opportunities for selection work to improve milkability traits, which can have 10 a positive impact on the economy of expenditure of time during milking, and indirectly improve the health of the udder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with celiac disease represent susceptible population that can be cured only by "gluten-free" diet, while dairy products have been recognized as exceptionally recommended. Therefore, it is very important for dairy products not to contain gluten in concentrations that could be harmful for them. The aim of this research was to investigate risk exposure to gluten from dairy products for the population with celiac disease in the Republic of Croatia by usage of referent analytical methods and scientifically based methods of risk assessment. Total number of 19 subgroups of standard dairy products (n=40) and four subgroups of "gluten-free" dairy products (n=53) labelled with crossed cereal or quotation "gluten-free" and without quantity of gluten labelled were analysed by ELISA-R5 method. Adult population with celiac disease (n=57) was interweaved on eating habits, while intake of dairy products for infants and children was calculated based on recommended intakes and menus. The results have shown that number of standard dairy products that according to their nature should not contain gluten, as well as "gluten-free" dairy products contain certain amount of gluten that can be estimated in certain unfavourable scenarios and in susceptible subpopulations as risky to sick individuals. Dairy products represent very low risk to adult population with celiac disease and can be consumed in quantities that do not differ from the recommended quantities for healthy population. On the other side, dairy products for infants in the age from 6 to 12 months represent increased risk for infants with celiac disease and require implementation of risk management activities in order to reduce risk. Dairy products for infants and children from 1 to 6 years represent moderate risk depending on eating habits. The obtained results point out neediness of risk management methods implementation through information and education of population with celiac disease, as well as producers of dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyse dairy production traits (milk yield in full lactation, milk fat content, daily milk yield and length of lactation) of Balkan goats raised under "low-input" production systems, data on 440 lactation records from 118 does raised on 9 farms in south-east part of Serbia were used. General linear model, used for analysing variability of lactation length, was consisting of following fixed effects: farm, year of birth, year of production and number of lactation. Model for milk yield in full lactation, milk fat content and daily milk yield was consisting of farms, year of birth, year of production and number of lactation as fixed effects and length of lactation as covariate. The highest milk yield (392 kg) and the highest milk fat content (3.89 %) were achieved in III lactation. Effects of farm, year of production and number of lactation were very significant sources of variation (P<0.001) for milk yield, daily milk yield and milk fat content, while the year of birth as factor of phenotypic variation in these traits expressed no such consistency. Highly significant sources of variation (P<0.001) for the length of lactation were farm and year of production, while the length of lactation had a significant influence (P<0.001) only for total milk yield variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]