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Empathy, the process of coming to know, understand, and care for another person, is a skill that can be learned; however, there is not a shared definition of empathy or understanding of how to operationalize empathy into practice. Healthcare worker empathy has been shown to have a beneficial effect on both patient health outcomes and the emotional wellness of healthcare workers. Empathic care is associated with more efficient, cost-effective, improved healthcare, and increased provider trust. The purpose of this rapid scoping review is to identify, compare, and contrast empathy training offered to select healthcare professional students (e.g., nurses, nurse practitioners, and pharmacists) as part of the general curriculum or as an elective. We utilized a rapid scoping review approach to identify potentially relevant peer-reviewed articles and studies for inclusion. Six electronic databases were searched, including: MEDLINE; EMBASE; PUBMed; CINAHL; EBSCOHOST; and ERIC, covering the past 10 years. A total of 4977 citations, 3480 abstracts, and 428 papers were screened. Fifty studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Of those, 21 primarily non-randomized experimental studies published between 2012 and 2021 were included in the final review. Over 80 percent of the training took place in the classroom setting and utilized active learning strategies. There is little consensus on how to best train future healthcare providers to provide empathic care to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using light and electron microscopic techniques, we studied the unique occurrence of fibrillar cell wall deposits in mature xylem fibres from poplar. These cell wall deposits lined the lumen-facing side of the wall, mainly in fibres next to vessel elements. Different lines of evidence point to the pectin-like nature of these fibrillar cell wall deposits. First, specific staining by Alcian Blue 8GX, a dye with high affinity for pectic substances. Second, the strongly reduced staining of the cell wall deposits in microscopic sections treated with pectolytic enzyme. Third, concomitant staining of pits, which are known to consist mainly of pectic substances. Given the pectin-like nature of the fibrillar cell wall deposits as well as their preferred occurrence in fibres neighbouring water-conducting vessel elements, a function for the fibrillar cell wall deposits in lateral water diffusion and stem water storage is hypothesised. The hypothesis is supported by the increased abundance of these cell wall deposits in wood tissue of a drought-sensitive poplar species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the lifetime of a generation of people now involved in work in the cattle and beef industry in South Dakota, the landscapes of social reproduction that support and give shape to life for people there have been rearranged. Many of the social and physical relationships that developed to support smaller-scale, diverse farms and their surrounding communities are being made redundant by a new system of beef production and retailing. The costs of these redundancies are felt in dwindling small towns and an ever sparser rural population. Considering these changes as parts of landscapes of social reproduction is a means to connect the political and corporate logic driving our food systems to the spatial production of difference in the conditions for livelihood, as well as the spatial production of livelihood itself for both producers and consumers. Such an analysis is necessary in order to address the injustices inherent within our current food system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Wood & Wood Products / Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The permeability to water of spruce heartwood has been measured by applying a known osmotic pressure difference across specimens in which the cell walls were water swollen and most of the void space was filled with paraffin wax. To ensure that solute molecules should not penetrate the cell wall aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 6,000 and dextran of molecular weight 40,000 were used to generate the osmotic pressures. The mean values of the permeability k×10 defined by the Darcy equation were 67.5 m for longitudinal flow, 7.12 m for radial flow and 4.03 m for tangential flow. Permeability was probably overestimated by about 10% owing to water entering some of the void space not filled by wax. The measured values are 10 to 100 times smaller than those calculated assuming all water in the cell walls is free to flow and this is probably caused by much of the water being bound to cell wall material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence is presented indicating that limits to ultimate tensile strength improvements on thin wood sections by grafting techniques are set by structural rather than chemical factors. For effective tensile strength increase in woods, the strength of which is strongly dependent on individual fiber strength, grafting must be operative on both inter-fiber bonding and intrinsic fiber strength. The requirement is more pronounced in products modified by radiation rather than heat/catalyst means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The observed axial flow of an inert fluid (heptance, octane, etc.) in Scots pine and spruce over lengths between 0.05 m and 0.4 m was correctly represented by a phenomenological model consisting of series of elements in which flow takes place, each element comprising a stagnant zone. Moreover, there is partial recycling of the fluid from the final to the initial element. The volume fraction occupied by the stagnant zone increases sharply with the length of the sample and this variation is probably the reason for the increased lineic pressure drop with the length of the samples. Test using pentachlorophenol as a tracer showed that there is no irreversible fixation of this compound on sapwood of Pinus sylvestris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]